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The justification of investments in air traffic control systems has typically been based on risk-benefit analyses of the safety of air traffic. But the lack of empirical evidence concerning collisions between aircraft, and the problems of very small numbers make risk analysis inadequate. The pitfalls of risk analysis are discussed in this paper. A framework for safety analysis is proposed where safety is to be assured rather than traded off in the economic sense against other expenditures on the system. The trade-off in the analysis of large investments on control technologies should be between economy and efficiency and should no include safety.
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This paper reports on the MORSE project that aims to produce a coherent approach to the development of reusable software for safety critical systems. Within the project there are three case studies, each using RAISE, a formal language and formal development method. The case study dealing with the redevelopment of a clinical laboratory system is used for illustration.
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A group of microbiology and public health experts including regulatory and medical expertise was convened in Geneva, Switzerland, 25-26 April 2002 to consider the utility of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) measurements in addressing drinking water quality and safety. The group was convened following the NSF International/World Health Organization Symposium on HPC Bacteria in Drinking Water--Public Health Implications? The Expert Meeting was attended by 31 participants from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, South Africa, Switzerland, UK and USA.
As it is conventionally done, strategies for incorporating accident--prevention measures in any hazardous chemical process industry are developed on the basis of input from risk assessment. However, the two steps-- risk assessment and hazard reduction (or safety) measures--are not linked interactively in the existing methodologies. This prevents a quantitative assessment of the impacts of safety measures on risk control. We have made an attempt to develop a methodology in which risk assessment steps are interactively linked with implementation of safety measures. The resultant system tells us the extent of reduction of risk by each successive safety measure. It also tells based on sophisticated maximum credible accident analysis (MCAA) and probabilistic fault tree analysis (PFTA) whether a given unit can ever be made 'safe'. The application of the methodology has been illustrated with a case study.
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