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PubMed1997

A novel submandibular gland peptide protects against endotoxic and anaphylactic shock.

Submandibular glands release peptides and proteins that, through exocrine and endocrine actions, facilitate tissue repair in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and more distal sites such as liver. It has been shown that salivary gland factors also modulate inflammatory responses, because we found that removal of the submandibular glands increases the hypotensive responses to endotoxin. From this observation we proposed that these glands contain a factor that regulates cardiovascular response to shock. With the use of classical peptide isolation procedures, a heptapeptide (TDIFEGG) called submandibular gland peptide T was identified in rat submandibular glands. A synthetic form of this peptide reduced endotoxic shock in sialadenectomized rats by 50% at doses as low as 1 microgram/kg and prevented allergen-induced hypotension by 90% in rats with intact salivary glands at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg. This novel peptide is probably generated from a prohormone, submandibular gland rat 1 protein, a product of the VCSA1 gene. These data indicate that submandibular glands participate in the regulation of systemic homeostasis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Immunohistochemical demonstration of epidermal growth factor in the lacrimal and submandibular glands of rats.

The extraorbital and intraorbital lacrimal glands, the Harderian glands, and the submandibular glands of five rats were excised after ethanol perfusion under general anesthesia. Indirect immunohistochemistry with antibodies specific to epidermal growth factor (EGF) was performed. EGF-like immunofluorescence (EGF-LI) was shown to be present both in the lacrimal glands (extra- and intraorbital) and in the submaxillary gland. In the lacrimal glands the specific immunoreaction appeared within the lumen of the acini and the cells of the tubular ducts close to the acini. Only faint EGF-LI was observed within the acinar cells. The submandibular glands showed intense EGF-LI only in the cells of the granular convoluted tubules. The Harderian gland did not show any EGF-LI. The results strongly support the idea that the lacrimal gland is a source of EGF in tear fluid (TF). Diseases of the lacrimal gland therefore may lead to decreased concentrations of EGF in tears. This may account in part for the pathophysiology of tear deficiency syndromes and may serve as the basis of a new rationale for the external application of EGF.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Submandibular gland excision: a five-year review.

Excision of the submandibular gland is a surgical procedure often undertaken. The procedure is the treatment of choice for patients with neoplasm of the submandibular gland and those with non-neoplastic submandibular disorders which are not controlled with conservative medical measures. Extirpation of the submandibular gland may also be undertaken for diagnostic purposes. This retrospective study of 93 consecutive patients who underwent excision of the submandibular gland in the Department of Otolaryngology, Singapore General Hospital over a five-year period was undertaken to study the indications of surgery, the pathology of the excised submandibular gland and the demographic profile of patients. Fifty-six (60.2 per cent) patients underwent submandibular gland excision for non-neoplastic salivary gland disease while 37 (39.8 per cent) had neoplastic submandibular gland disorders. The commonest pathology encountered was sialadenitis/sialolithiasis (53.76 per cent) followed by pleomorphic adenoma (33.33 per cent). Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was a valuable pre-operative investigation with a sensitivity and specificity of 94.7 per cent and 100 per cent respectively for neoplastic disease. The morbidity rate for this surgery was 4.3 per cent.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗

PubMed1994

The pathobiology of salivary gland. III. PCNA-localization of cycling cells induced in rat submandibular gland by low-dose x-radiation.

Application of ionizing radiation to adult rat major salivary glands tested tenets of the bicellular reserve cell hypothesis for the induction of salivary gland tumors, namely, that stem cells preferentially located to luminal cells of the intercalated duct and basal cells of the excretory duct in normal salivary glands. The effect of a single, low dose (3000 cGy) of x-radiation administered to the parotid and submandibular glands was followed with the use of immunocytochemistry and an antibody to the cell cycle-related protein proliferating cell nuclear antigen to detect the kinetics and localization of cycling cells up to 15 days postirradiation. Maximal responses occurred in acinar cells (12.6-fold increase) of submandibular glands on day 7 postirradiation. Similar but less dramatic concurrent increases in proliferating cells were evident in intercalated (3.4-fold) and striated (2.2-fold) duct cells, but little response was seen in basal or luminal cells of submandibular gland excretory ducts. A limited but maximal proliferative response again occurred on day 7 in the parotid gland. Neither in the steady state nor irradiated submandibular gland was there evidence of specific stem ("reserve") cells associated with the intercalated or excretory ducts. It appears unnecessary to invoke stem cells in a model of cellular proliferation in salivary glands. Therefore current concepts of salivary gland tumorigenesis require modification because all cell types, including acinar cells, are at risk in the carcinogenic process.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Cystadenocarcinoma (papillary cystadenocarcinoma) of the submandibular gland.

Cystadenocarcinoma (papillary cystadenocarcinoma) of the salivary gland is a rare malignant neoplasm. Major locations of this neoplasm are the parotid gland, the sublingual gland, and minor salivary glands, while occurrence in the submandibular gland is extremely rare. As far as we know, only one report, written in the French language, has been published concerning cystadenocarcinoma of the submandibular gland, but no report is available in the English language. In this report, we describe a case of cystadenocarcinoma arising from the submandibular gland of a 54-year-old male patient. The neoplasm is a low-grade carcinoma, and pre-operative examination may not show typical characteristics of malignant neoplasms. Therefore, as was true in this case, the differential diagnosis from benign lesions is sometimes difficult. This is the first report on cystadenocarcinoma of the submandibular gland in the English language and the first to show a computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of this neoplasm in the submandibular gland.

Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary↗

PubMed2001

The influence of the laryngeal mask airway on the shape of the submandibular gland.

UNLABELLED: Although transient sialadenopathy of the submandibular gland associated with insertion of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) has been described, the influence of the LMA on the submandibular gland is unknown. We measured the width and length of the submandibular glands by using ultrasonography in patients in whom the LMA was used. An increased intracuff pressure of the LMA, up to 150 cm H2O, was used in a prospective study of adult patients scheduled for elective surgery. The width of the gland increased with an increasing intracuff pressure from 50 to 100 cm H2O (P < 0.01) and 100 to 150 cm H2O (P < 0.01) but did not change from 0 to 50 cm H2O. There was no change in the length of the gland. We conclude that the submandibular gland was deformed by the insertion of the LMA. IMPLICATIONS: The findings in our study show that the submandibular triangle can be easily compressed by the insertion of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA). When inserting the LMA, it is important to consider that the LMA cuff may alter these tissues, which are situated between the lingual root and the submandibular triangle.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Endoscope-assisted submandibular sialadenectomy: a new minimally invasive approach to the submandibular gland.

PURPOSE: Although submandibular sialadenectomy with a minimal incision improves overall cosmetic outcomes, visualization of the surgical field exposure is relatively limited as compared with that in the conventional procedure. To overcome this limitation, we applied the endoscope system to submandibular sialadenectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility and potential role of our endoscope-assisted submandibular sialadenectomy (EASS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed EASS on 5 patients, 3 of whom had intraparenchymal sialolithiasis and 2 of whom had pleomorphic adenomas. The dissection was carried out by bipolar dissection with a 4-mm nasal endoscope system. RESULTS: The procedure achieved successful results for all 5 patients except for 1 who had severe adhesion to the adjacent tissues; this patient suffered from postoperative lingual nerve paresthesia. All the patients achieved good cosmetic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: An EASS with bipolar dissection is technically feasible and secures a better surgical view through a minimal incision. However, for patients with severe adhesion to the adjacent tissues, conversion to the wide-open procedure would be safer.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗

PubMed1997

[Submandibulectomy in the treatment of pathology of the submandibular gland: our experience 1970-1995].

Submandibular gland excision is proposed in the treatment of neoplastic and non neoplastic diseases; this surgical procedure can be performed by transoral or transcervical approach. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that cervical approach must be preferred because it is safer and allows a wider exposition of the surgical field. From 1970 to June 1995, 54 patients (47 with chronic sialadenitis, 7 with benign tumors and 7 with malignant tumors) were submitted to excision of the submaxillary gland. Of the 54 resections performed, 2 were completed with "functional" cervical lymphadenectomy and 1 with Radical Neck Dissection in pts. with malignant neoplasms. There were no postoperative deaths; complications occurred in 1 patient (1/54 = 1.8%) as a iatrogenic permanent lesion of the maxillary branch of the facial nerve (in detail 0/47 patients with benign disease and 1/7 (14.7%) patients with malignant disease). The cervical approach for the resection of the submaxillary gland is preferred to the transoral approach for the lower risk of iatrogenic lesions of the lingual and hypoglossal nerves and the possibility of curative resections in case of malignant neoplasms. A regulated and experimented technique through the cervical approach also lowers the risk of a lesion of the maxillary branch of the facial nerve.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Immunological studies of induced tumors of the rat submandibular gland.

The antigenic activity of rat submandibular gland carcinoma induced by 9,10 dimethyl-1,2 benzanthracene (DMBA) has been evaluated using rabbit antisera to normal submandibular gland extract and to extracts of the induced tumors. Extracts of all tumors and premalignant lesions show reduction in the concentration of several of the intrinsic antigens of the normal submandibular gland when they were evaluated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Although all the induced tumors, including those used for antisera preparation, are well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, a considerable variation is present in the antigenic pattern of each tumor. When antisera to several tumors, absorbed with rat serum and kidney extract, were used in studying extracts of all induced tumors, antigenic bands were observed. The number of these bands varies from three to five. All the induced carcinomas share the presence of two of these bands in the alpha and beta-globulin region, the remaining bands differ from one tumor to another.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed1997

Expression and localization of human kallistatin in rat submandibular gland after intracapsular gene injection.

Gene delivery into rat submandibular gland in vivo by direct intracapsular injection has been studied. After the administration of adenovirus constructs, Ad-RSV-LacZ and Ad-CMV-LacZ, beta-galactosidase expression was localized in the granular convoluted tubular and striated duct cells of rat submandibular gland by in situ enzyme histochemistry. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of the human kallistatin gene (Ad-RSV-HKBP) into rat submandibular gland results in the expression of human kallistatin in a time-dependent manner. The expression of immunoreactive kallistatin in submandibular gland was detected 1 day after the Ad-RSV-HKBP injection and it reached a plateau (1-2 ng/mg protein) 2 days after gene delivery. Higher levels of human kallistatin were found in the submandibular gland of 6-month-old rats than in one-month-old rats. After direct gene injection, human kallistatin was localized mainly in cells of the granular convoluted tubules and striated ducts of rat submandibular gland using a specific monoclonal antibody to human kallistatin. The results indicate that direct intracapsular gene delivery into the submandibular gland provides a simple and reliable method for introducing foreign genes into the gland. This method can be used for studying gene regulation in vivo and may have potential for gene therapy in oral diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

A pituitary-salivary mixed gland induced by tissue recombination of embryonic pituitary epithelium and embryonic submandibular gland mesenchyme in mice.

Renal subcapsular syngrafts of Day 9 to 11 mouse embryonic pituitary epithelium with Day 14 mouse embryonic submandibular gland mesenchyme produced mixed organs that include residual cleft structure surrounded by anterior pituitary cells some which are stained by anti-ACTH antiserum and submandibular gland-like structure with differentiated acinar cells which are stained by anti-alpha-amylase antiserum. However, when Day 8.5 or 12 embryonic pituitary epithelium was recombined with submandibular gland mesenchyme and syngrafted, development of submandibular gland-like or anterior pituitary tissues resulted, respectively. Thus, during organogenesis of the mouse anterior pituitary, there exists a developmental stage (Day 8.5-11 in utero), when prospective pituitary epithelium can respond to heterotypic submandibular gland mesenchyme with the development of a submandibular gland-like tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Oncocytomas of the submandibular gland. A series of 22 cases and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Oncocytomas are benign salivary gland neoplasms that represent approximately 1.5% of all salivary gland tumors. Oncocytomas of the submandibular gland, however, are decidedly uncommon. METHODS: Twenty-two cases of submandibular gland oncocytomas from the files of the Oral and Otolaryngic Tumor Registries of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology were reviewed, and analysis of the histologic criteria, histochemical and immunohistochemical reactions, and ultrastructural and clinical follow-up data was performed. RESULTS: The patients included 11 females and 11 males, age 21-88 years, with a mean age at presentation of 58.7 years. Clinically, the tumors were generally asymptomatic masses in the submandibular gland that increased in size over a period ranging from several weeks to 20 years and were occasionally associated with pain (n = 9). The tumors ranged in greatest dimension from 0.7 to 7 cm and were circumscribed to encapsulated. Histologically, the tumors were characterized by large epithelial cells with eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm. The cytoplasm stained positively with stains used to demonstrate mitochondria (phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin, Novelli, Cresylecht violet V, and Kluver-Barrera Luxol fast blue stains). Immunohistochemical reactions demonstrated an epithelial origin (keratin and epithelial membrane antigen), whereas markers for myoepithelial derivation (S-100 protein, actin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein) were not identified. At the time this study was conducted, all patients with submandibular oncocytomas were either alive without evidence of disease or had died without evidence of recurrent disease, with surgical resection the only treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Submandibular gland oncocytomas are rare, benign tumors. The tumor cells are filled with mitochondria, which are easily demonstrated by histochemical reactions. Complete surgical resection is adequate therapy.

Adenoma, Oxyphilic↗

PubMed1982

Salivary calculi as an aetiological factor in chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular gland.

During 1960-1975, 115 submandibular glands were removed for reasons other than neoplasia at the Ear, Nose and Throat department, Karolinska sjukhuset, Stockholm. The material was retrospectively analysed with regard to clinical and histopathological findings. The patients, 62 men and 52 women aged 13-77 years, exhibited in all cases but one a chronic sialadenitis. Salivary calculi were found in 82% of the patients. In one patient a mucous retention cyst was found. Microscopically some cases exhibited only a slight periductal inflammation, while others showed a complete destruction of the gland architecture. The duration of symptoms of the whole group before surgery varied from 1 week to 55 years but with a median value of almost 1 year. The conclusion of this study is that salivary calculus is the most important indication for removal of submandibular gland, for reasons other than neoplasia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Simple method to isolate the intact duct system of the rat submandibular gland.

The excurrent duct system of the rat submandibular gland consists of a number of distinct segments. Using the direction of salivary flow as a reference point, these segments are, in order, intercalated duct, granular convoluted tubule, striated duct, excretory duct, main excretory duct (MED), and salivary bladder (which is an expanded portion of the MED). Because these ducts (with the exception of the MED and the salivary bladder) are encased in secretory endpieces, they are difficult to locate and to observe by scanning electron microscopy. A simple method has been devised to rid the gland of these obscuring endpieces so that the detailed architecture of the duct system can be examined. Rat submandibular glands were fixed initially by vascular perfusion with half-strength Karnovsky's fixative. The connective tissue capsule was removed from extirpated glands and the glands remained in fixative for varying lengths of time. For our purposes, a 30-minute immersion in the aldehyde mixture was optimum. After the sublingual gland was removed, the submandibular gland was softly struck with forceps having rounded tips, then shaken in fixative or buffer. The tissue that remained was postfixed in osmium tetroxide. This method results in the complete divestment of nonductular parenchyma from the rat submandibular gland, leaving the duct system clean and ready for microscopic examination.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Histamine and calcium secretion in the submandibular gland of the cat evoked by two types of stimulation.

The aim of this work was to compare the pools of histamine and calcium in the submandibular gland of the cat during two kinds of stimulation of the gland. Submandibular glands of the cat were stimulated electrically (chorda tympani nerve) and by close arterial infusion of pilocarpine. Each stimulation was adjusted in such a way as to obtain a near maximal secretory response. Concentrations of histamine and calcium were measured in nonstimulated and stimulated glands, in saliva, secreted during stimulation and in the venous outflow from the gland before and during the stimulation. The experiments showed that: pilocarpine stimulation lowered the histamine concentration in the gland more than electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve. Calcium stores in the gland were depleted to the same extent by each type of stimulation. the concentration of histamine and calcium in the saliva produced by close arterial pilocarpine infusion was significantly higher than in the saliva secreted during nerve stimulation. histamine and calcium concentrations were higher in the venous outflow from stimulated glands than before stimulation. The results indicate a close relationship between histamine and calcium in salivary secretion, although the origins of the two substances are different.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effect of sodium restriction and corticosteroids on glandular kallikrein in plasma and in the submandibular gland.

We investigated whether sodium restriction or mineralocorticoid influence the release of submandibular kallikrein into the blood and/or the concentration of kallikrein in glandular tissue. For this we measured submandibular gland blood flow, arterial and submandibular gland venous kallikrein, and kallikrein in glandular homogenates of male Sprague-Dawley rats after one week of either low sodium or deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) treatment. We also studied the effect of dexamethasone on the concentration of kallikrein in gland tissue and peripheral plasma. Kallikrein in plasma and in homogenates was measured by radioimmunoassay. Blood flow was determined by timed collections of venous outflow. Kallikrein release was calculated as the arteriovenous difference in kallikrein times the rate of submandibular gland plasma flow. The concentration of kallikrein in arterial plasma, the basal submandibular kallikrein release into blood, and the concentration of kallikrein in submandibular gland tissue were all higher during low sodium than during normal sodium intake (20.1 +/- 3.6 ng/ml vs 10.7 +/- 0.5, p less than 0.05; 0.40 +/- 0.09 ng/min/100 g bw vs 0.18 +/- 0.02, p less than 0.05, and 81.6 +/- 5.5 micrograms/mg protein vs 65.1 +/- 4.0, p less than 0.05, respectively). In contrast, DOCA treatment did not affect the concentration of kallikrein in arterial plasma, the basal release of kallikrein from the submandibular gland into blood, or the concentration of kallikrein in the gland. Dexamethasone in doses that did not affect the normal growth of the animals had no significant effect on the concentration of kallikrein either in submandibular gland tissue or in peripheral plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed2006

[Intraoral submandibular gland excision and how to deal with external maxillary artery].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and safety of intraoral submandibular gland excision. METHODS: Analyze the relationship between the external maxillary artery and submandibular gland, and offer a reliable anatomical base for 10 cases of intraoral submandibular gland excision, including 8 cases of chronic sialadenitis, 1 case of pleomorphic adenoma and 1 case of cyst of submandibular gland. RESULTS: The external maxillary artery went across the surface of gland submandibular, and its branches provided nutrition for the gland in most cases. The results of 10 cases intraoral submandibular gland excision were effective and satisfied, without major complications. The average time of operation was 50 minutes and the average hemorrhage of operation was 60 ml. CONCLUSION: Intraoral submandibular gland excision is safe and feasible for chronic sialadenitis and cyst of submandibular gland and some of benign tumor submandibular gland as long as indications strictly controlled and the external maxillary artery well coped with.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Ultrastructure of the unusual accessory submandibular gland in the fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus.

BACKGROUND: The phyllostomid fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus, is sui generis (in a family of ca. 138 species) in that it subsists in part on tropical frogs. These amphibians frequently possess highly toxic integument. We examined the salivary glands of this bat to determine if these glands could be the source of protective factors that permit consumption of seemingly unsavory prey. The parotid and principal salivary glands of this bat are similar to homologous glands in other phyllostomids, but the accessory submandibular gland is unique. METHODS: The accessory submandibular glands of live-trapped T. cirrhosus were fixed and processed for transmission electron microscopy by conventional means. RESULTS: The accessory submandibular gland consists of follicles and ducts. The principal cells of the follicular walls have an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), free ribosomes, and extensive Golgi apparatuses. Typically, these cells have relatively few serous secretory granules. The ells contain collections of peculiar lipid droplets, and some of their mitochondria have dense crystalloids within expanded cristae. A layer of irregular, moderately dense bodies lies immediately subjacent to the luminal plasmalemma; it is not clear if these structures are endocytotic or exocytotic. Clusters of mucous cells, some of which have a single, hugely distended RER cisterna, are ensconced in the follicular walls; mucus from these cells reaches the lumen via intercellular canaliculi. Ducts progress from simple cuboidal to simple columnar epithelium. They lack basal striations, and their constituent cells contain relatively few mitochondria. Follicles and ducts have numerous myoepithelial cells at their periphery, and both are heavily innervated by hypolemmal nerve terminals. CONCLUSIONS: The unusual accessory submandibular gland in T. cirrhosus documents the extreme modifications in gland histology and in cell ultrastructure that have occurred in mammalian families. The cells composing the follicle walls and ducts bear little similarity to typical acinar or duct cells. Duplication of the submandibular gland in some bat lineages might be the key innovation underlying such plasticity. The heavy innervation of both follicles and ducts also implies that these structures are sensitive to and capable of responding to various inputs, perhaps including dietary factors.

Animals↗