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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Attempt to classify glial cells by means of their process specialization using the rabbit retinal Müller cell as an example of cytotopographic specialization of glial cells.

The rabbit retinal Müller cell is one of the most widely studied glial cell types, and it has all forms of contacts that a glial cell can express, viz. 1) to a (ventricular) fluid space, 2) to a mesenchymal borderline (basal lamina), and 3) to neuronal compartments. This cell demonstrates the local adaptation of cell processes to the microenvironment with which they are in contact. Summarizing available data on Müller cells and other glial cell types, it is concluded that the structure with which the process is in contact determines the type of glial cell process that develops. The type I process has microvilli, desmosome-like junctions, and high Na+,K+-ATPase activity; this type of process is in direct contact with a fluid such as cerebrospinal fluid. The type II endfoot-bearing process contains gliofilaments and has a high K+ conductivity; this type of process is covered by a basal lamina and is in contact with mesenchyme. The type III sheath-bearing process insulates neuronal compartments and expresses suitable membrane properties for glia-neuronal communication. Since structurally similar processes have been shown to have similar physiological properties, a new systematic classification of glial cells is proposed, based on the presence or absence of defined types of cell processes. This approach is believed to provide new insights into the function of neuroglia in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, in vertebrates and invertebrates, and even during ontogenetic development.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Leukotriene C synthetase, a special glutathione S-transferase: properties of the enzyme and inhibitor studies with special reference to the mode of action of U-60,257, a selective inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis.

The cytosolic glutathione S-transferases of rat liver have been fractionated by chromatofocusing into 10 distinct fractions based on their reactivity with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. All these fractions were capable of generating leukotriene C4 (LTC4) from leukotriene A4 (LTA4) to some extent. An inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis, U-60,257, inhibited the activity of these enzymes. The cytosolic glutathione S-transferases of rat basophil leukemia (RBL) cells have been similarly fractionated. U-60,257 inhibited the activity of some of these fractions but not that of others. None of the fractions of the enzyme from RBL cells formed LTC4 from LTA4. The microsomal glutathione S-transferase from rat liver also produced LTC4 from LTA4. It differs from the microsomal LTC synthetase of RBL cells in at least two respects: (1) The enzyme from RBL cells did not react with chromophoric substrates like dinitrochlorobenzene while the enzyme from liver did react. (2) Triton X-100 potentiated the activity of the enzyme from basophil leukemia cells and solubilized it, while it inhibited the activity of the leukotriene-synthesizing enzyme in the rat liver preparation. These results, along with a distinctly different inhibitor profile, indicate that LTC synthetase is a new and distinct glutathione S-transferase.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

EMS for children: recommendations for coordinating care for children with special health care needs. Emergency Medical Services for Children, National Task Force on Children With Special Health Care Needs.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To address the need for coordinated care for children and their families during the acute care phase of their hospitalization. METHODS: A multidiscipline task force developed this concept paper through a consensus process. The process was coordinated by the Emergency Medical Services for Children Program (a program of the Health Resources and Services Administration and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration). The task force included representatives from prehospital care, acute care, rehabilitation, primary care, and education, as well as consumers. This representation provided a broad perspective on the needs of children and their families in the transition from hospital care to home. CONCLUSION: One designated individual is essential during the acute care phase who can assist the family with gaining information and resources to ensure a successful transition to community services and resources. This article provides a framework for acute care facilities and providers to use in planning services and working with acutely ill and injured children. Several recommendations highlight the need for care coordination to be initiated early in the child's hospitalization. An overview of services and resources (both health and educational) that a child and family may need is also provided. Such services and resources include identifying a care coordinator, working with the family to identify a primary care provider before hospital discharge, and building bridges with community-based health and education services.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Special HATs for special occasions: linking histone acetylation to chromatin assembly and gene activation.

Post-translational acetylation of the core histone amino-terminal tails has long been associated with both chromatin assembly and the regulation of gene expression. The recent identification and cloning of histone acetyltransferase genes represents a significant breakthrough in our understanding of how specific acetylation states are established. Ongoing characterization of these enzymes and their molecular cohorts supports a direct role for acetylation in a signaling pathway that modulates chromatin structure to create new patterns of transcription.

Acetylation↗