Welfare provisions under Social Security.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Dentistry↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “SOCIAL SECURITY”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Assessing dissimulation among Social Security disability income claimants.
Social Security disability income programs have been tested by increasingly politicized concerns regarding widespread fraud among claimants. This study was an initial investigation of malingering among claimants in Los Angeles seeking disability income on psychological grounds. After a review of 100 disability income applications, a population-appropriate instrument was developed from established psychometric indices of malingering. The Composite Disability Malingering Index was completed by 167 disability claimants (possible malingerers), a sex, age and IQ cognate group of 63 psychologically disabled individuals without incentive to malinger (disabled nonmalingerers), and 45 disability examiners with instructions to malinger (instructed malingerers). The mean score of instructed malingerers and the score at the 95th percentile of the disabled nonmalingerers converged, indicating 8 as the critical score. This cutting score found 32 (19%) of disability claimants to be malingering. Self-reported substance abuse history was the only participant variable that significantly predicted higher malingering scores.
Adult↗
Projecting Social Security earnings: past is prologue.
Accurate projections of lifetime earnings are useful in projecting Social Security benefits, trust fund balances, and economic resources of the elderly and the effects of changes in Social Security policy. This article projects lifetime Social Security earnings until retirement using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) matched to Social Security records of annual earnings from 1951 through 1993. We first develop, estimate, and test gender-specific multiple regression models of 10-year earnings intervals using the matched 1984 SIPP panel. We find strong relationships predicting the mean indexed monthly earnings level in the 10-year period of 1984-93. We then use the models to project (unobserved) Social Security earnings from 1994 through retirement for persons born between 1931 and 1955. By adding projected earnings to observed annual earnings to date, we forecast lifetime Social Security earnings for persons retiring early in the 21st century.
Adult↗
Social Security and SSI as safety nets for the elderly poor.
Partial privatization of Social Security is being considered as an integral part of the future Social Security program for American retirees. Because privatization creates uncertainty about the amount of retirement income that future retirees may expect to receive, the issue of a safety net is critical. This article presents the findings from an empirical study that investigated the degree to which the current Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs provide a safety net, separately and in combination, to the elderly poor. The major findings were that the Social Security program not only increases the income statuses of both posttransfer and pretransfer poor elderly people considerably, but that the program also significantly equalizes the distribution of income among them. In addition, the SSI program supplements the Social Security program in establishing an even greater safety net, especially for posttransfer poor elderly people. On the other hand, Social Security benefits make the income disparity among races greater between both posttransfer and pretransfer poor elderly people. Implications for policy are discussed.
Age Distribution↗
Pension integration and Social Security reform.
Many employer-provided pensions plans explicitly account for Social Security in their benefit formulas-a practice known as integration. Because integrated pensions are directly linked to Social Security, both the incidence and design of explicitly integrated plans are likely to be affected by changes in the current Social Security program. While integration has been mentioned as an important issue in discussions of Social Security reform, researchers have largely ignored the concept of pension integration. This article provides basic information about pension integration and addresses, in general terms, the relationship between Social Security reform and pension integration.
Female↗
Social security reform ideas in Japan.
Japan has a complex social security system. This article discusses the demographic and economic situation in Japan as background for understanding the setting in which the social security system functions. Japan has a three-pillar system for retirement income. The first pillar is the social security pension plan; the second pillar is the voluntary occupational pension plan; and the third pillar is personal savings, including the personal pension plan. The most important part of the retirement income system is the social security pension plan, which paid benefits accounting for 64% of the total income of elderly households in 1998. The five Employees' Pension Plans are established on a compulsory social insurance basis. Most large Japanese employers have a mandatory retirement age. Over 90% of all employees, including public sector ones, must retire from their career jobs at age 60.
Aged↗
Social Security and the emigration of immigrants.
Each year the Social Security Administration forecasts the financial status of the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) programs by projecting trends in key variables such as the labor-force participation and earnings of the U. S. population. In the difficult task of projecting the long-term financial status of Social Security, assumptions are made concerning the relationship of immigrants to Social Security. An important aspect of that relationship is the emigration of immigrants. This article describes the general assumptions related to the level and timing of emigration that underlie projections of Social Security's financial status and examines how closely these assumptions fit research findings based on a variety of data sources. Previous trends in emigration and factors that may affect current and future levels of emigration are described. The article also presents theoretical expectations and empirical evidence concerning the timing of emigration.
Adult↗
What rehabilitation counselors should know to assist Social Security beneficiaries in becoming employed.
The 1999 Ticket to Work and Work Incentive Improvement Act (TTWWIIA) has opened new employment opportunities for vocational rehabilitation professionals. The legislation minimized longstanding disincentives in the return to work efforts of beneficiaries collecting Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). Although some of these key disincentives have been eliminated, rehabilitation counselors working with this population will find some interesting new challenges posed by this population. This article will outline the Social Security Administration's SSI/SSDI programs and process for applying; characteristics of beneficiaries; and information regarding the psychological and physiological aspects of beneficiaries with psychiatric disabilities and musculoskeletal disorders.
Counseling↗
The use of medical records by adjudicators in processing Social Security disability insurance benefit claims.
The Social Security Administration contracts with state agencies to process disability claims filed under the Social Security Act. These state agencies employ physicians and lay adjudicators who secure medical reports from physicians, hospitals and clinics, and use these reports in awarding or denying disability benefits. This nationwide study showed that well over half of the lay adjudicators are involved in developing and interpreting medical information independently. This suggests that appropriate hiring practices, adequate training and certification procedures should be instituted to ensure that the lay disability adjudicators are able to conduct their job efficiently and correctly.
Disability Evaluation↗
Family Social Security taxes compared with Federal income taxes, 1979.
Increases in Social Security taxes during the past decade or so have prompted frequent comparisons of Social Security taxes and Federal personal income taxes. In this article, new evidence is brought to bear on this issue. Two specific questions are addressed: For 1979, what percentage of family units paid more in Social Security tax than in Federal income tax? How did this relationship between Social Security and income tax payments vary with family unit income and other family unit characteristics?
Adolescent↗
Does social security support for medical care weaken public health programs?
Social security programs for medical care in Latin American countires have long been regareded as rivals to the Ministries of Health. Although they typically cover only a small fraction of the population theoretically served by the Ministries, they often have larger health budgets; on a per beneficiary basis, their expenditures are invariably much higher. Analysis of relative strengths of social security programs (percentage of economically active persons covered and national per capita outlays), in twelve Latin American countries, however, shows them to have correlation (virtually zero) to the strengths of Ministries of Health (percentage national budgets devoted to public health). It appears that both social security and Ministry of Health expenditures correlate in a strongly positive direction with a country's per capita gross domestic product. There is no evidence that stronger social security programs are associated with weaker Ministries of Health.
Health Expenditures↗
Social security in Africa: a brief review.
Africa is the poorest region of the world and has the youngest and least developed social security programs. Most Africans are not covered by social security programs. The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in some sub-Saharan countries and internal armed conflicts in others have created difficult problems in some countries for social security programs. As a result, some countries do not have functioning social security programs. The social security programs that do exist in Africa are influenced by their colonial heritage, with the programs in English-speaking Africa differing from those in French-speaking Africa. Six different patterns of social security provision can be identified.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
A profile of clients referred for psychiatric evaluation for Social Security Disability Income and Supplemental Security Income: implications for psychiatry.
A study of the psychiatric evaluations of 248 consecutive clients whose cases were in the process of adjudication for approval or renewal of Supplemental Security Income and/or Social Security Disability Income in 1982 and 1983 showed an overrepresentation of individuals with chronic moderate to severe psychiatric impairment. The author suggests that the criteria and guidelines for eligibility for these two programs are too stringent for individuals with psychiatric impairment and that some of these individuals are unable to provide information necessary to build a proper case for disability because of their psychopathology. The implications for psychiatrists, other mental health professionals, and social policy planners are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Social security: does it have a future?
Social Security has been available to Americans since 1937. The current administration is proposing a system overhaul to avoid a predicted bankruptcy by 2017. Nurses are frequently asked to help patients understand benefits or to complete disability paperwork. Nurses can also influence future legislation. This article will review the current Social Security System and attempt to explain the proposed changes.
Bankruptcy↗
Social Security must be reformed.
Today's Social Security system must be reformed not only because it will soon be in financial crisis but also because it is simply a bad deal for most Americans, this author believes. She argues that it should be transformed into a system of personal retirement accounts and uses the example of San Diego, which opted out of Social Security in 1981 and replaced it with a mandatory defined contribution program for city employees, to show the benefits of private accounts.
Aged↗
Social security and strategic inter-vivos transfers of social capital.
"This paper explains public provision of social capital in an overlapping generations model with 'gerontocracy', without resort to any bequest motive. The old generation has an incentive to provide education and infrastructure because these goods shift the Laffer curve of social security taxation, thereby increasing old-age income in the political equilibrium. The incentive is stronger if population growth is larger. The marginal productivity of social capital in the political equilibrium may exceed or fall short of the marginal productivity of social capital in an efficient allocation."
Demography↗
Old-age, survivors, and disability insurance and supplemental security income for the aged, blind, and disabled; substantial gainful activity amounts. Social Security Administration. Final rules.
We are revising the rules for determining when earnings demonstrate the ability to engage in substantial gainful activity (SGA). This rule change applies to Social Security disability benefits provided under title II of the Social Security Act (the Act) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits based on disability under title XVI of the Act. (Eligibility for benefits under titles II and XVI also confers eligibility for related Medicare and Medicaid benefits under titles XVIII and XIX of the Act.) Specifically, we are raising from $500 to $700 the average monthly earning guidelines used to determine whether work done by persons with impairments other than blindness is SGA. We are raising this level as part of efforts to encourage individuals with disabilities to attempt to work, and to provide an updated indicator of when earnings demonstrate the ability to engage in SGA. This increase reflects our assessment of the amount that roughly corresponds to wage growth since the last increase in 1990.
Eligibility Determination↗