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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Scalp blood lactate: a new test strip method for monitoring fetal wellbeing in labour.

OBJECTIVE: To determine fetal scalp blood lactate with a new test strip method in parturients with normal and abnormal cardiotocograms during labour and to describe the relation to maternal lactate, fetal scalp blood pH, cord artery lactate and acid-base balance. SETTING: Labour wards at the University Hospitals of Huddinge and Lund and at the County Hospital of Ostersund, Sweden. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Fetal scalp blood was sampled for lactate (n = 269) and pH (n = 285) determination in 177 parturients with abnormal intrapartum CTG. Lactate and pH were also analysed in a group of 64 women with normal pregnancies and with a reactive fetal heart rate tracing prior to sampling of fetal scalp blood. At fetal blood sampling lactate was also determined in maternal capillary blood, while at birth lactate and acid-base balance in cord artery blood was performed in almost all cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Medians and percentiles (lactate and acid-base balance). Correlation between fetal scalp blood lactate (dependent) and scalp blood pH, cord artery blood lactate and acid-base parameters and labour time prior to fetal blood sampling. RESULTS: In the group with abnormal cardiotocograms, fetal scalp and umbilical artery blood lactate and acid-base parameters differed significantly from the same parameters in the normal group. The fetal-maternal lactate gradient changed from negative in the normal group to positive in the fetal distress group. Multiple regression analysis, with scalp lactate as the dependent parameter, revealed a significant correlation with fetal scalp blood pH (P < 0.001) and umbilical artery lactate (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Intrapartum scalp blood lactate was significantly correlated with pH and cord artery lactate. The results indicate that increased lactate levels in fetal blood sampling describes fetal lactacidosis. The new disposable test strip requiring only 5 microliters of blood for lactate determination may be better than traditional methods for monitoring fetal wellbeing in labour.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1999

Generation of scalp discharges in temporal lobe epilepsy as suggested by intraoperative electrocorticographic recordings.

OBJECTIVES: To study the variability, topography, polarity, duration, and incidence of interictal epileptiform discharges (EDs) in the scalp EEG and electrocorticogram (ECoG) from 16 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent surgical treatment. METHODS: Preoperative scalp EEGs during quinalbarbitone induced sleep were compared with preresection ECoGs obtained under general anaesthesia. The analysis was based on the initial ECoG record obtained before activation by intravenous thiopentone, and the EEG during stages I and II of sleep. RESULTS: On the scalp, 15 patients had a single discharge pattern, spikes were predominantly negative, EDs were of largest amplitude at the anterior temporal electrode in 13 patients and mean discharge incidence was 4.0 (SD 4.2) discharges/min. In ECoG recordings, nine patients had two independent ECoG patterns, the polarity of spikes was negative, positive-negative, or positive, the site of maximal amplitude varied greatly between subjects, discharge incidence was 7.3 (SD 3.9) discharges/min. There was no relation between the topography of the largest spikes on the scalp and in the ECoG. In 14 patients, scalp spikes showed statistically significant longer duration on the scalp than in the ECoG. In seven patients who had frequent widespread ECoG discharges, averaging spikes across ECoG channels generated spiky patterns of duration similar to that of scalp spikes. CONCLUSION: It seems that, in temporal lobe epilepsy, scalp discharges originate from widespread ECoG discharges and tend to produce a stereotyped pattern on the scalp with largest amplitudes at the anterior temporal electrodes. This is probably due to local anatomical peculiarities in the brain coverings, such as skull discontinuities, rather than to the location of neuronal generators within the temporal lobe. Due to spatiotemporal averaging, widespread cortical discharges which become asynchronous during propagation appear with increased duration and blunted waveform in the EEG, whereas sharply localised phenomena such as positive focal spikes are not recorded from the scalp.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Observation on therapeutic effect of scalp acupuncture combined with body acupuncture on stroke].

OBJECTIVE: To search for the best acupuncture and moxibustion treatment program for stroke. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-three cases of stroke were divided into a scalp-body acupuncture group of 62 cases, a scalp acupuncture group of 60 cases and a body acupuncture group of 61 cases. They were treated for 2 months and then their therapeutic effects were compared. RESULTS: In the scalp-body acupuncture group, 13 cases were basically cured, 32 cases improved obviously, 15 cases improved, 2 cases was ineffective, and corresponding figures in the scalp acupuncture group were 8, 21, 24, 7, and in the body acupuncture group were 11, 28, 19, 3, with a significant difference between the scalp-body acupuncture group and the scalp acupuncture group (P<0.05) , and with no significant differences between the scalp-body acupuncture group and body acupuncture group, and between the body acupuncture group and the scalp acupuncture group. CONCLUSION: Scalp acupuncture combined with body acupuncture has a better clinical therapeutic effect than that of simple scalp acupuncture for the patient of stroke.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed2006

Lipedematous alopecia of the scalp.

Lipedematous scalp is a rare disorder, mainly described in adult African-American females. We report 2 adult caucasian males with lipedematous scalp associated with androgenetic alopecia. Patients were studied by dermoscopy and histopathology; they were treated with finasteride 1 mg. In our patients, lipedematous scalp affected the occipital and the vertex areas and pathologically exhibited mild edema and thickening of the adipose subcutaneous layer. At videodermoscopy, lipedematous scalp areas showed linear areas of teleangiectasia within the scalp creases, possibly caused by compression of the superficial blood capillaries by the increased volume of the subcutaneous fat layer within the thickened scalp. Finasteride at a dose of 1 mg per day for 1 year induced mild improvement of androgenetic alopecia in one patient and stabilization of the disease in the other. The lipedematous scalps remain unchanged. Lipedematous scalp is apparently a rare disease even though the condition is probably underdiagnosed. As a matter of fact, we diagnosed lipedematous scalp in our patients during a clinical examination for androgenetic alopecia, which was the patients' complaint. The association of lipedematous scalp and androgenetic alopecia in our two patients appears to be coincidental.

3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1994

[Cross transposition of expanded scalp flaps for the treatment of postburn cicatricial alopecia].

When the area of alopecia is very large, the normal scalp is not sufficient to cover the defect resulting from excision of the alopecia. From August 1987 to December 1989, 8 cases with large defect of scalp are repaired by means of expanded cross scalp flaps with good result. Among 8 cases, 7 are male and 1 female, and the largest area of alopecia is 300 cm2 and the smallest 112 cm2, with a mean of 191 cm2. Two expanders are buried under the galea aponeurotica on both sides of alopecia, and the scalp is expanded. The central part of the expanded scalp is chosen to form the "major flap", the lateral part of the expanded scalp to form the "adjuvant flap". Two flaps are then crossed and the defect is repaired. The method of scalp expansion and "axial flap" is used in marginal alopecia. An expander is buried under the galea aponeurotica on each side of the alopecia. After the scalp is expanded, the central part of the expanded scalp is chosen to from "axial flap" with the pedicle consisting of superficial temporal artery or occipital artery and the lateral part of the expanded scalp to form the "adjuvant flap". Then two flaps are transposed and the defect is thus repaired.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Intracranial EEG substrates of scalp ictal patterns from temporal lobe foci.

PURPOSE: To determine the intracranial EEG features responsible for producing the various ictal scalp rhythms, which we previously identified in a new EEG classification for temporal lobe seizures. METHODS: In 24 patients, we analyzed simultaneous intracranial and surface ictal EEG recordings (64 total channels) obtained from a combination of intracerebral depth, subdural strip, and scalp electrodes. RESULTS: Four of four patients with Type 1 scalp seizure patterns had mesial temporal seizure onsets. However, discharges confined to the hippocampus produced no scalp EEG rhythms. The regular 5- to 9-Hz subtemporal and temporal EEG pattern of Type 1a seizures required the synchronous recruitment of adjacent inferolateral temporal neocortex. Seizure discharges confined to the mesiobasal temporal cortex produced a vertex dominant rhythm (Type 1c) due to the net vertical orientation of dipolar sources located there. Ten of 13 patients with Type 2 seizures had inferolateral or lateral, temporal neocortical seizure onsets. Initial cerebral ictal activity was typically a focal or regional, low voltage, fast rhythm (20-40 Hz) that was often associated with widespread background flattening. Only an attenuation of normal rhythms was reflected in scalp electrodes. Irregular 2- to 4-Hz cortical ictal rhythms that commonly followed resulted in a comparably slow and irregular scalp EEG pattern (Type 2a). Type 2C seizures showed regional, periodic, 1- to 4-Hz sharp waves following intracranial seizure onset. Seven patients had Type 3 scalp seizures, which were characterized by diffuse slowing or attenuation of background scalp EEG activity. This resulted when seizure activity was confined to the hippocampus, when there was rapid seizure propagation to the contralateral temporal lobe, or when cortical ictal activity failed to achieve widespread synchrony. CONCLUSIONS: Type 1, 2, and 3 scalp EEG patterns of temporal lobe seizures are not a reflection of cortical activity at seizure onset. Differences in the subsequent development, propagation, and synchrony of cortical ictal discharges produce the characteristic scalp EEG rhythms.

Electrodes, Implanted↗
PubMed2000

Fine-needle aspiration of scalp lesions.

A variety of inflammatory and neoplastic scalp lesions are encountered in surgical pathology. However, the literature on fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) of the scalp is exceedingly rare. We report on a series of 70 FNAs involving cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions on the scalp. A total of 70 fine-needle aspirations of cutaneous and subcutaneous scalp lesions was reviewed to identify patterns of metastasis to the scalp and to demonstrate the effectiveness of FNA in diagnosing these lesions. There were 42 male and 28 female patients, ranging in age from 29-91 yr (mean, approximately 61 yr). Sixty-one patients had a previous history of malignancy. Of these aspirates, 59 were neoplastic, consistent with the patient's known primary. One case was an abscess, and the remaining case was unsatisfactorvy for cytologic evaluation. Follow-up biopsy revealed granulomatous inflammation. The most common primary tumor to metastasize to the scalp was lung carcinoma, which was seen in 18 cases, followed by hematopoietic malignancies in 14 cases. Melanoma was identified in 6 cases, head and neck tumors in 5 cases, renal malignancies in 4 cases, gastrointestinal tumors in 3 cases, sarcoma in 3 cases, breast and prostate malignancy in 2 cases each, and an olfactory neuroblastoma and meningioma in 1 case each. The remaining 9 aspirates were from patients who did not have a previous history of malignancy. These included 6 benign aspirates consisting of 3 epidermal inclusion cysts, 2 lipomas, and 1 neurofibroma. Two aspirates were malignant and included 1 primary squamous-cell carcinoma and 1 metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown origin. The remaining case was unsatisfactory for cytologic evaluation. Follow-up biopsy of this lesion showed noncaseating granulomas. Of the aspirates from patients with a previous history of malignancy, 97% were neoplastic. Lung carcinoma and hematopoietic malignancies were the most common neoplasms that metastasized to the scalp. Since the scalp is a common site for metastasis, awareness of this fact is useful to both oncologists and dermatologists. It must be understood that FNA can provide a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the evaluation of scalp masses.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Malignant cutaneous tumors of the scalp: a study of demographic characteristics and histologic distributions of 398 Taiwanese patients.

BACKGROUND: The scalp is a unique anatomic region, in which pilosebaceous follicles are concentrated. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate demographic characteristics and histologic distributions of malignant scalp tumors. METHODS: Primary and metastatic scalp malignancies diagnosed histopathologically between 1983 and 2003 were reviewed. Age at diagnosis, sex, and histologic types were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 398 Taiwanese patients (200 males, 198 females) were selected. Age at diagnosis ranged from 3 to 103 years. Most malignant scalp tumors (69.8%) occurred in those 50 years or older. Basal (41.2%) and squamous (16.6%) cell carcinomas were the most common histologic types. Surprisingly, metastatic tumors (12.8%) came in third, in which lung cancers were the most frequent primary tumor in both male and female patients. LIMITATIONS: In our series, the case number of metastatic scalp malignancies was underestimated because not all patients with metastatic scalp tumors received a scalp skin biopsy. CONCLUSION: Because a wide spectrum of primary and metastatic malignancies can occur on the scalp, scalp inspection should be included in general screening for either skin or internal cancers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Contrast enhanced phototrichogram pinpoints scalp hair changes in androgen sensitive areas of male androgenetic alopecia.

BACKGROUND/AIM: In male androgenetic alopecia (AGA), global changes of scalp hair observed on many years are the cumulative result of discrete changes. Such changes reflect structural and/or functional modifications occurring at the level of individual hair follicles. The patterning of scalp hair loss is the phenotypic expression of clusters of hormone sensitive follicles located in specific scalp areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in 21 untreated male subjects with AGA, the relation between various hair measurements using a new validated photographic method with clinical staging (modified Norwood-Hamilton scale) as compared with five controls. METHODS: As recently demonstrated by comparison with transverse sectioning of scalp biopsies, dynamic changes occurring at the level of individual hair follicles can be accurately explored with the contrast enhanced phototrichogram technique (CE-PTG). This is a further improvement of the PTG (combined analysis of two photographs taken at 48 h interval) using contrast enhancement together with the scalp immersion proxigraphy method. Visible hair counts per unit area were first evaluated on photographs without and with CE. Then other scalp hair variables (anagen hair counts and proportion of thin hair (<or= 40 microm thickness)) were established on CE-PTGs. Thickness of scalp hair sampled during the preparation of these sites was also calibrated against an objective ruler with a light microscope. RESULTS: We confirm that the CE improves hair detection. Controls showed higher densities in the top of the head sites as compared with the occipital ones. In the presumably less hormone responsive scalp occipital sites, AGA subjects did not differ from controls. The top of the head sites, i.e. highly androgen sensitive areas of AGA subjects showed a reduction of total and anagen hair counts as compared to controls. These changes were observed even in mildly affected subjects. The clinical severity of AGA seems to be related to the reduction of anagen counts and the associated relative increase of thin hair. Because the thinnest hair usually lacks pigmentation, they escape detection by PTG in the absence of contrast enhancement. The CE-PTG also detects higher proportions of thin hair at early stages of AGA as compared with light microscopy. This probably reflects lack of control during the sampling process, i.e. the clipping- collection-display sequence required for light microscopy observations. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that CE-PTG is a powerful tool for analysis of hair growth and loss and may cast some doubt on results obtained with other methods. The potential use of the CE-PTG method for calibration of innovative tools is also alluded to. Indeed encouraging results have been obtained with the scalp coverage scoring (SCS) method. These SCS scores were correlated with shortening of anagen phase and hair miniaturization, the two processes apparently involved in the clinical development of male AGA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Increased androgen binding capacity in sebaceous glands in scalp of male-pattern baldness.

Sebaceous glands were isolated by manual dissection under a microscope from surgical specimens of scalp skin with male pattern baldness and skin specimens of hairy and bald scalp obtained at autopsy. The 800 X g pellet (nuclear fraction) and the 164,000 X g supernatant fraction (cytosol) of homogenates of the sebaceous glands were used for measurements of androgen binding characteristics, using dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient methods. Scatchard plots showed high affinity binding for [3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and [3H]methyltrienolone (R1881). Nuclei prepared from bald scalp contained greater total androgen binding capacity than nuclei of hairy scalp, although Kd values of type I binding were similar (0.68 vs 0.56 nM, respectively). On sucrose gradient, the binding protein from cytosol was found in the 7 to 8S density range. Androgen binding by cytosol of sebaceous glands of hairy scalp had Kd of 1.89 +/- .79 and 2.05 +/- .56 nM for DHT and R1881, respectively, and Bmax of 18.7 +/- 4.4 and 20.0 +/- 4.6 fmol/mg protein for DHT and R1881, respectively. Cytosol from sebaceous glands of bald scalp had Kd values approximately half those of hairy scalp, and Bmax values 50%-100% higher. The bound 3H labeled DHT and R1881 could be partially displaced by testosterone (40-50%), moxestrol (28-32%), promegestone (19-26%), and delta 4-androstenedione (6-12%), but not by dehydroepiandrosterone. These data demonstrate the presence of specific androgen binding protein in sebaceous glands, and that sebaceous glands of bald scalp have greater binding affinity and capacity for androgens than those in hairy scalp. This difference may explain the greater androgenic response in androgenic alopecia.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Circumferential scalp reduction with a suture-in-place Silastic-Dacron extender.

BACKGROUND: Circumferential scalp reduction combined with a suture-in-place Silastic-Dacron extender is described as a viable alternative for those surgeons wishing not to perform extensive scalp-lifting. The primary advantage of the Silastic-Dacron extender is that it allows the time interval between surgeries to be shortened to 1 month. OBJECTIVE: To incur the benefits of circumferential scalp reduction (minimal stretch-back and decreased slot formation) and the decreased time between sessions offered by a suture-in-place Silastic-Dacron extender. METHODS: A circumferential scalp reduction is first performed and a tunnel is made under the central bald peninsula. Once this is completed, a 4-cm-wide Silastic-Dacron strip is passed through the tunnel and is sutured to both lateral edges of the galea under tension. The way to determine the proper length of the strip is described. RESULTS: The combination of circumferential scalp reduction with a suture-in-place Silastic-Dacron extender gives results that are comparable to scalp-lifting; however, more procedures are required and not as much upward movement into the crown is accomplished. The memory of the Silastic-Dacron extender has been found to eliminate stretch-back and quickly improve scalp laxity. CONCLUSION: Circumferential scalp reduction combined with a suture-in-place Silastic-Dacron extender is an extremely viable method to treat patients with extensive baldness. The decrease in slot formation and minimal stretch-back afforded by circumferential scalp reduction and the shortened 1-month time interval between surgeries brought about by the Silastic-Dacron extender make this a procedure that hair replacement surgeons should have in their armamentarium.

Alopecia↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of scalp acupuncture on regulative ability of oxidative stress reaction at operation stage].

OBJECTIVE: To study on regulative action of scalp acupuncture on oxidative stress reaction at operation stage. METHODS: Fifty two cases selected for radical operation of intestinal cancer were randomly divided into a scalp acupuncture plus general anesthesia (scalp acupuncture group) and a simple general anesthesia group (general anesthesia group), 26 cases in each group. The scalp acupuncture group were treated first with scalp acupuncture for 20 min, followed by general anesthesia, with scalp acupuncture lasted till the end of operation. The general anesthesia group were treated only with simple intratracheal anesthesia. Effects of scalp acupuncture on malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at the operation stage were observed. RESULTS: After operation, MDA levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the two groups, but with no difference between the two groups in the different values of MDA before and after treatment (P > 0.05); there was no significant change in SOD before and after treatment in the scalp acupuncture group, and significantly decreased in the general anesthesia group (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the two groups in the different value of SOD before and after the operation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Scalp acupuncture can inhibit the decrease of SOD activity, reducing oxidative stress reaction at operation stage.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1976

[Method of superimposing the angiographically located supratentorial lesion on the scalp prior to craniotomy].

One of the important points in operation of the intracranial supratentorial lesion is appropriate site and size of bony window made by craniotomy and this matter is also important first step in procedure of craniotomy. On the other hand, the site and size of bony window made in craniotomy for supratentorial lesion has relationship with perfectibility of operation. The detail intracranial situation and extent of supratentorial lesion is decided from the datas of various examinations and the findings in cerebral angiogram give a most important and valuable information to the neurosurgeon at present. The neurosurgeons used to decide the area of craniotomy from the findings of cerebral angiogram but there are some difficulty in transfer of findings related with situation of supratentorial lesion in angiogram to the patient's scalp, because the film of cerebral angiography is a projected picture of spheric head by X-ray to the plane. The author devised the planning method of site and size of bony window in craniotomy by transfer the location and extent of supratentorial lesion in cerebral angiogram to the patient's scalp and the author have been recognized for the past five years that this method is simple one and has clinical accuracy. The principle of the author's method are as follows. The film of cerebral angiography in lateral projection and the patient's scalp are divided into nine parts by same manner and the relation of the site and extent of lesion in cerebral angiogram with divided parts transfer to the division of the patient's scalp under special care to make minimize errors due to use the cerebral angiogram which is picture made by projection in a plane from spheric intracranial supratentorial space. Five points and seven lines are used to divide the film of cerebral angiography and the patient's scalp. Five divide points are most upper part of margin of external acoustic meatus, most posterior edge of auricle, upper, lower and lateral edge of orbit. The following divide lines are drawn by use of these five divide points. Two horizontal lines are eye-ear horizontal line and superior eye horizontal line. Three vertical line are external acoustic meatus vertical line, auricular vertical line and temporal orbital margine vertical line. Two oblique lines are anterior and posterior oblique lines. The film of lateral cerebral angiography and patient's scalp are divided into nine parts by these seven divide lines. In the areas above the superior eye horizontal line, following procedure for correction of error due to transfer the point of X-ray film to the patient's scalp is needed because of strong curved brain surface. One end of celluloid or steel scale place closely with the scalp below the superior eye horizontal line and the other end of scale make freely from curved scalp surface. The point of lesion on the divide line of X-ray film marks at correspond point on the scale...

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

[Should pH scalp blood sampling still be done during labor?].

OBJECTIVES: Determine whether the pH of fetal scalp blood gives a better evaluation of fetal status and whether cesarean section can be avoided in case of abnormal fetal heart rate. METHOD: For last 100 patients in which the scalp blood was sampled, scalp pH was compared with cord pH, Agpar score at birth and immediate neonatal outcome. RESULTS: Among the 100 cases, there were 75 vaginal deliveries. There was a good correlation between scalp pH, umbilical artery pH and the 5-min Apgar score. The specificity of scalp pH > or = 7.25 to identify infants with an umbilical artery pH > or = 7.25 and 5-min Apgar score > or = 7 was 98.5 and 90.7% respectively; the corresponding negative predictive values were 70.3 and 96.7%. Immediate neonatal outcome was favorable for all the vaginal deliveries (n = 75) even though fetal heart rate was abnormal. Scalp pH presumably helped avoid unnecessary cesareans in 60 cases as in 15 case delivery occurred within 30 min or less after fetal scalp blood sampling. CONCLUSION: Scalp blood sampling for determination of pH is questioned and other methods for evaluating fetal status are being examined. But until these methods can be validated, scalp pH provides a means of avoided some unnecessary cesareans in cases where the fetal heart rate is difficult to analyse.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Scalp necrosis with giant cell arteritis.

OBJECTIVE: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) often presents with devastating visual loss in the elderly, yet early diagnosis and treatment can prevent visual loss. The authors report two cases of GCA in which scalp necrosis, a rare finding not reported previously in the ophthalmic literature, played an important role in diagnosis. DESIGN: Observational case reports and literature review. PARTICIPANTS: Two patients with GCA had scalp necrosis. INTERVENTION: Intravenous steroid administration was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Vision and healing of scalp necrosis were measured. RESULTS: One patient had scalp necrosis that was diagnosed incorrectly preceding visual loss. Another patient had visual loss in one eye diagnosed as nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. He had scalp necrosis develop 2 weeks later, leading to the correct diagnosis of GCA. There are 21 previously reported cases of scalp necrosis with GCA, none in the ophthalmic literature, most of which were undiagnosed until the onset of visual loss. In addition, a higher rate of visual loss is seen in GCA with scalp necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Scalp necrosis is a valuable sign that frequently is misdiagnosed until visual loss occurs. In addition, it may indicate a more severe vasculitis. This finding should be added to the list of signs evaluated in patients for whom GCA is in the differential diagnosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Keratinocyte differentiation in psoriatic scalp: morphology and expression of epithelial keratins.

The morphology of hair follicles was examined in psoriatic scalp biopsies and compared with normal scalp. In scalp psoriasis the lower outer root sheath and hair matrix were not affected by the psoriatic changes, although there was an irregular expansion in the proximal lower outer root sheath. This area has been characterized, by the presence of keratin K19-containing cells, as the putative stem cell region. In addition, marked shrinkage of the sebaceous glands was seen in the psoriatic scalp, as previously reported. A panel of monospecific monoclonal antibodies to individual epithelial keratins was used to analyse scalp specimens immunohistochemically. Keratin expression in scalp was generally unaffected by psoriasis, except for widespread expression of suprabasal keratins K16 and K17 in suprabasal interfollicular psoriatic scalp epidermis. Simple epithelial keratins K8 and K18 were not found in follicular epithelium from either normal or psoriatic scalp, using multiple monospecific antibodies. This study shows that keratin K17 is induced suprabasally during epidermal hyperproliferation, and cannot therefore be considered a hair follicle-specific keratin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Performances of surface Laplacian estimators: a study of simulated and real scalp potential distributions.

This paper presents a study of the performance of various local and spherical spline methods currently in use for the surface Laplacian (SL) estimate of scalp potential distributions. The SL was estimated from simulated instantaneous event-related scalp potentials generated over a three-shell spherical head model. Laplacian estimators used planar and spherical scalp models. Noise of increasing magnitude and spatial frequency was added to the potential distributions in order to simulate noise presumed to contaminate scalp-recorded event-related potentials. A comparison of noise effects on various Laplacian estimates was made for increasing number of "electrode" positions in variants of the 10-20 system. Furthermore, to evaluate the error due to the use of unrealistic scalp models, the matching between SL estimates of human scalp-recorded movement-related potentials computed on spherical and realistically-shaped MRI-constructed models of the scalp was examined. With all methods the error of the SL estimate increased proportionally with the magnitude and spatial frequency of noise. Increased number of "electrodes" up to 256 significantly reduced the error (p < 0.05). In general, the best SL estimates were computed by second and third order splines including lambda correction, the performances of the second order spline being better with more than 64 "electrodes". Compared with spline Laplacians, the best local methods provided nearly equal estimates with low spatial sampling (19 and 28 "electrodes"), as well as high spatial frequency noise. The error of the SL estimate due to unrealistic scalp model was significant, and it augmented with increased spatial sampling from 64 to 128 electrodes.

Brain↗
PubMed1982

Fetal heart rate response to scalp blood sampling.

Fetal heart rate acceleration in response to various stimuli has long been considered to be a reliable sign of fetal well-being in both the intrapartum and antepartum periods. In an effort to define the correlation between fetal heart rate response and fetal blood pH, we analyzed 200 fetal heart rate tracings of fetuses who had undergone scalp blood sampling in early labor. Data in regard to fetal heart rate response to endoscope placement, scalp puncture, and resultant scalp pH were then analyzed. In no case did a fetus with a scalp blood pH less than 7.20 respond to scalp puncture with an acceleration (defined as an elevation above the baseline of 15 bpm for at least 15 seconds). Among fetuses with a scalp blood pH greater than 7.28, 142 of 144 responded to scalp puncture with an acceleration. Exception occurred in one fetus who was 32 to 33 weeks' gestation, and in one fetus who was moderately Rh isoimmunized. Fetuses with scalp pH in the range of 7.21 to 7.28 showed a variable response. The correlation noted between a reassuring fetal heart rate pattern and the absence of acidosis in conjunction with the inverse (73% of fetuses in whom no acceleration occurred were acidotic) is further verification of both the reliability and complementary nature of intrapartum fetal assessment by both biophysical and biochemical techniques.

Blood Specimen Collection↗