Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Rubella”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1965

RUBELLA AND THE RUBELLA SYNDROME. NEW EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND VIROLOGIC OBSERVATIONS.

The importance of rubella lies in the 15 to 20 per cent incidence of damage to the fetus when infection occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy. The "rubella syndrome" appears as various combinations of congenital defects, chiefly cardiac anomalies, cataracts and impaired hearing. Now that the rubella virus has been isolated and grown in tissue culture, it is possible to study the spread of the disease, to determine apparent and inapparent infection rates and to investigate the nature of fetal infection. It has been found that the disease is a highly contagious one in the family setting, and that inapparent infections are more common than overt cases with rash. Infection of the fetus in the early weeks of intrauterine life may become chronic, and virus has been recovered from placenta and fetal specimens collected at induced abortions many weeks after the maternal disease. Infants born with the rubella syndrome are still shedding virus at birth and may continue to do so for at least several months. Gamma globulin, which is effective in preventing measles and hepatitis, has not been highly effective in the prevention of rubella when given to those exposed to the disease. Successful control of the rubella problem will depend upon the development of an active vaccine, which is a possibility now that the virus can be grown in tissue culture.

Cataract↗
PubMed2003

[New goal for vaccination programs in the Region of the Americas: to eliminate rubella and congenital rubella syndrome. 2003].

The vaccination programs of the countries in the Region of the Americas have produced notable results over the last several decades. In recognition of those accomplishments, in June 2003 the 132nd session of the Executive Committee of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) called on the Member States of PAHO to prepare, within one year, national action plans for the elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) by the year 2010. During the Executive Committee discussions, praise was given for the sustained efforts of the countries of the Region in the struggle to eradicate measles. The Executive Committee discussions also reiterated the recommendation that the countries establish specific line items for immunization within their national budgets, in order to protect the investments in immunization that the Region's countries have made. The analysis of results of mass vaccination against rubella indicates that the benefits coming from accelerated control greatly exceed the costs associated with the treatment and rehabilitation of children with CRS. Various factors have created an environment that supports the goal of eliminating rubella and CRS from the Americas by the year 2010. These factors include the rapid reduction in morbidity that has come from the accelerated rubella control strategy; the availability of a safe, affordable, efficacious vaccine; the evidence of the cost benefit of vaccinating against rubella; and the broad support provided by the public and by health authorities in the Member States of PAHO.

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rubella embryopathy after previous maternal rubella vaccination.

This report concerns a boy with congenital rubella infection and features of the classical and expanded rubella syndrome who was born to a mother who had been successfully vaccinated with Cendehill vaccine seven years previously. The diagnosis of rubella embryopathy was confirmed by demonstrating rubella-specific serum IgM antibodies using four different methods, by the persistence of rubella HAI and IgG antibodies in serum taken between three and eight months of age and by the isolation of rubella virus from throat secretion, urine and blood mononuclear cells. The child died at eight-and-a-half months of age. This case is discussed in relation to the persistence of vaccine-induced immunity with particular respect to the protective quality of low levels of antibodies against intrauterine infection in the event of re-infection during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Congenital rubella infection following rubella outbreak in northern Italy, 2002: need for an effective vaccination programme.

Presented here are the details of a rubella outbreak that occurred in 2002 in the Lombardy region of northern Italy followed by a discussion of rubella vaccination policy in this country. From 13 maternal cases of rubella infection, congenital rubella infection was diagnosed in three fetuses and three newborns. Of the three infected fetuses, one was aborted and two died in utero, while of the three infected newborns, two were born with severe disease and one was subclinically infected. Follow-up revealed that one of the two symptomatic newborns had died at 4 months of age with disseminated rubella infection, while the other suffered from bilateral blindness and deafness and was severely retarded at 15 months of age. The remaining infant remained asymptomatic at 14 months. Congenital rubella remains a serious health problem in Italy and a successful vaccination strategy is required.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Persistence of rubella antibodies 15 years after subcutaneous administration of Wistar 27/3 strain live attenuated rubella virus vaccine.

The rubella-specific antibody levels of children vaccinated with RA 27/3 rubella vaccine have been determined over the 15 years since vaccination. Over the period monitored, titres have declined at a comparable rate to those observed in children who had experienced natural rubella infection. In both cohorts the mean rate of decay was similar throughout the 15 years of the study. One in eleven vaccinated children monitored for the entire period of the study reverted to a state of susceptibility to rubella as judged by routine rubella antibody tests used in practice today. The implications of the findings for rubella prophylaxis are discussed.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2005

Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles and rubella-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity following measles-mumps-rubella-II vaccination.

We examined associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes and both rubella-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies and lymphoproliferative responses after measles-mumps-rubella-II (MMR-II) vaccination, in a population-based sample of 346 schoolchildren. The DPB1*0301, DPB1*0401, DPB1*1301, and DPB1*1501 alleles were significantly associated with rubella vaccine-induced antibodies. Alleles suggestive of being positively associated with rubella-specific lymphoproliferative stimulation indices were DPB1*0301, DQB1*0501, DRB1*0101, and DRB1*1104. Conversely, the DPB1*0401, DPB1*1001, DPB1*1101, DQB1*0202, and DRB1*0701 alleles were negatively associated with rubella-specific lymphoproliferation. This study of HLA class II-restricted humoral and cellular immune responses to rubella provides significant insight into mechanisms of vaccine response and new vaccine development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The impact of a rubella prevention policy on the outcome of rubella in pregnancy.

Surveillance of rubella vaccination in schoolgirls has continued intensively in Edinburgh since 1970. Screening for rubella antibody of all women attending antenatal clinics has been available since 1974. The analysis of cases of rubella occurring in pregnancy during an outbreak in 1979 confirmed the efficacy of schoolgirl vaccination in the city but indicated poor implementation of postnatal vaccination. Eighteen (67%) of 27 proven cases occurred in women who were screened in previous pregnancies and not immunized. Of the total of 13 liveborn infants the only two with congenital rubella defects were born to mothers in this group. Rubella immunization of schoolgirls and women of childbearing age must receive continued intensive effort if the problems of rubella in pregnancy are to be eradicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Use of rubella virus E1 fusion proteins for detection of rubella virus antibodies.

Two glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins containing 44 (p1503) and 75 (p1509) amino acid residues of the rubella virus E1 glycoprotein were expressed in Escherichia coli with the aim of producing a recombinant rubella virus antigen for use in serological assays. p1503 contained three neutralizing and hemagglutinating epitopes (G. M. Terry, L. M. Ho-Terry, P. Londesborough, and K. R. Rees, Arch. Virol. 98:189-197, 1988); p1509 contained the putative neutralization domain described by Mitchell et al. (L. A. Mitchell, T. Zhang, M. Ho, D. Decarie, A. Tingle, M. Zrein, and M. Lacroix, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1841-1847, 1992) in addition to the three epitopes present in p1503. Both fusion proteins were soluble and affinity purified on glutathione-Sepharose 4B. In Western blots (immunoblots), p1503 and p1509 reacted with human sera containing rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G. When used as antigens in indirect enzyme immunoassays to detect rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G, p1503 correctly identified the rubella virus antibody status of 43 (76.8%) and p1509 correctly identified that of 48 (85.7%) of 56 serum samples received for routine rubella virus antibody screening. The results obtained with p1509 compare well with those obtained with a latex agglutination assay.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2003

Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (Priorix; GSK-MMR): a review of its use in the prevention of measles, mumps and rubella.

GSK-MMR (Priorix) is a trivalent live attenuated measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine which contains the Schwarz measles, the RIT 4385 mumps (derived from the Jeryl Lynn mumps strain) and the Wistar RA 27/3 rubella strains. GSK-MMR as a primary vaccination demonstrated high immunogenicity in clinical trials in >7500 infants aged 9-27 months, and was as immunogenic as Merck-MMR (MMR II). However, antimumps seroconversion rates and geometric mean titres (GMTs) were significantly higher in infants receiving GSK-MMR compared with Berna-MMR (Triviraten trade mark ) recipients. Coadministration of GSK-MMR with a varicella vaccine (Varilrix; GSK-MMR/V) did not significantly affect the immunogenicity of GSK-MMR. A persistent immune response to GSK-MMR has been demonstrated in follow-up data from several randomised trials. GMTs for measles, mumps and rubella antibodies remained high in GSK-MMR recipients 1-2 years post-vaccination and were similar to those in Merck-MMR recipients. The immunogenicity of GSK-MMR was high, and similar to that of Merck-MMR, when used as a second dose in children aged 4-6 or 11-12 years who had received a primary vaccination with Merck-MMR in their second year of life. Although there are no protective efficacy data concerning the GSK-MMR vaccine to date, the rubella Wistar RA 27/3 rubella and Schwarz measles strains have well established protective efficacy; the new RIT 4385 mumps strain is expected to afford similar protection from mumps to that achieved with mumps vaccines that contain the Jeryl Lynn mumps strain (e.g. Merck-MMR). GSK-MMR was well tolerated as a primary or secondary vaccination, and in most clinical studies comparing GSK-MMR with Merck-MMR as a primary vaccination in infants, GSK-MMR was associated with significantly fewer local adverse events (e.g. pain, swelling and redness). The incidence of local adverse events with GSK-MMR, GSK-MMR/V or Berna-MMR was similar. GSK-MMR and Merck-MMR were associated with similar rates of fever, rash and parotid gland swelling, but Berna-MMR was associated with a lower incidence of fever. In conclusion, GSK-MMR is a highly immunogenic MMR vaccine with good tolerability. In clinical trials, the immunogenicity of GSK-MMR was similar to that of Merck-MMR, and the mumps component was more effective at eliciting seroprotection than that of Berna-MMR. Furthermore, GSK-MMR causes fewer injection-site adverse events than Merck-MMR. As such, GSK-MMR is an attractive alternative for immunisation against measles, mumps and rubella.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Epidemiology of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Greece, 1994-2003.

In 1993, there was a large epidemic of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Greece. The epidemiology of rubella and CRS after 1993 is described in this paper using information from surveillance data and published studies and reports. The incidence of rubella fell sharply after 1993, but a smaller outbreak occurred in 1999, mainly in young adults, and four CRS cases (4.0 per 100,000 live births) were recorded. A very high proportion of the child population in Greece are currently vaccinated for rubella, while teenagers are inadequately covered (60-80% in different studies). A substantial proportion of women of childbearing age are susceptible to rubella (10-20% in urban areas). This could lead to local or more extended outbreaks. This situation shows that a comprehensive preventive policy should be implemented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Congenital rubella in Israel following the 1978-79 rubella epidemic.

We conducted a retrospective survey of children who were born with congenital rubella syndrome (CR) resulting from a recent rubella epidemic. Sources of information were hospital and laboratory records and data collected in an active search for deaf children born following the epidemic and attending rehabilitation centers for the deaf (Micha). Criteria for inclusion in the survey were: 1) major clinical defects, and 2) one or more of the following positive laboratory findings--virus isolation, presence of rubella-specific IgM antibodies, or the presence of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in children beyond the age of 1 year. Excluded from the study were 28 children with persistent HI antibodies, but without clinically detected defects. CR was identified in 45, among them 43 with deafness. Other major defects were psychomotor retardation, microcephaly, cataracts and heart defects. Transient abnormalities included encephalitis, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, intrauterine grown retardation and failure to thrive. Thirty-one mothers (70%) reported a history of clinical rubella in pregnancy, the others having experienced subclinical infection. Multiple defects were found in children born following early gestational rubella (less than 2 months); abnormalities also occurred as a consequence of rubella as late as the fifth month of gestation.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1981

Rubella in Umbria (Italy): serological assessment of immunity in adult women and congenital rubella detection after 1978.

Antibody to rubella virus was measured in 3655 serum samples collected during 1973-1979 from females of child bearing age in Umbria (Italy). The overall incidence of seronegatives was 24 percent (hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody less than 1:16), with a higher proportion of seronegatives in the first years studied (1973-1976). A history of rubella infection was shown to be an unreliable index of immunity. One case of rubella congenital syndrome was detected following laboratory screening of newborn babies after the rubella virus circulation in Umbria during 1978. The persistence of a risk associated with rubella virus in women living in Umbria indicates the importance and the urgency of the adoption of a full-scale rubella control campaign.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Rubella surveillance to June 1994: third joint report from the PHLS and the National Congenital Rubella Surveillance Programme.

A downward trend in the incidence of acquired rubella in England and Wales was reversed in 1993 when there were local outbreaks. These affected young adult males in particular, especially those living in college residences. Some spread to local antenatal populations occurred. Twenty-five confirmed infections were reported in pregnant women, most of whom were young and in their first pregnancy; this compares with totals of 12 and two in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Reports of congenital rubella have not risen since the 1993 outbreaks. Diagnosis lags behind birth, however, and further evaluation may be needed. Notifications of 14 infants, including one set of triplets, born with congenital infection since the beginning of 1991 have been received. Nine of the 12 mothers were immigrants, and three of these acquired their infection abroad. Data on antibody prevalence have revealed a large pool of susceptible males aged 10 to 25 years, which indicates that outbreaks in males would continue for some years if no action were taken. The national measles and rubella vaccination campaign in schools this month should abolish the difference in susceptibility between boys and girls up to 16 years of age and hasten progress towards the interruption of rubella transmission in the United Kingdom. Susceptibility in girls aged 13 to 14 years rose to 5.8% in 1993 from an average of 3.6% between 1986 and 1992. This suggests that the vaccination of schoolgirls has recently declined, but this component of the selective rubella vaccination programme will be discontinued after the measles and rubella campaign.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Rubella in Vojvodina. VI. Serologic status of women of reproductive age during the time of endemic manifestations of rubella 1978-1985].

In first phase of a study on congenital Rubella syndrome incidence in Vojvodina population, we examined serologic status of 1225 non-pregnant and 846 pregnant women of generative age, as well as the level of exposure to the Rubella virus. On the basis of antihemagglutinin antibody titre 93.2% of women were found to have antibody titre level above or equal to 1/8. There were no significant differences between the proportions of seropositive women in different age groups (x2 = 1.20; P = 0.88). The percentage of seropositive women varied from 82 to 97% (x2 = 29.85; P = 0.005), according to the year of the investigation. The lowest percentage was registered (1980). Rubella virus susceptibility index was 13.1%. On the basis of proven seroconversion the examination of even Rubella serum samples showed the morbidity rate of 7.18%. The level of exposure of pregnant women to the Rubella virus was 71.0%, during all the period of pregnancy. In such circumstances total Rubella morbidity of pregnant women was 2.13%; the highest level, 21%, was in persons form 18 to 19 years of age. It was not possible to make an analysis of pregnancy outcomes and the consequences in pregnant women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Acute neurologic rubella complications observed in children of southeastern Poland during rubella epidemics in 1986 and 1992].

During the last two rubella epidemics in 1985-1986 and 1992, 24 children (15 boys and 9 girls) were hospitalized with acute neurological complications manifested in the first week of clinical symptoms of rubella. Average age of patients was 9 years (3-15 years). Acute rubella encephalitis (ARE) was diagnosed in 22 cases. Most of these patients had sudden loss of consciousness lasting from several hours to 12 days and convulsions during the first stage of the illness. Two patients developed retrobulbar neuritis which led to a significant impairment of sight in one of them. One child suffers epilepsy as a result of ARE. The remaining children did not develop lasting complications. During hospitalization, active infection by the rubella virus was confirmed in 20 children by detecting specific IgM antibodies in serum using the ELISA method. Comparing the ARE cases in 1986 and 1992 rubella epidemics revealed a change in clinical course. Earlier manifestations of neurological symptoms and more marked changes in CSF were observed. The issue of immunoprophylaxis is discussed; these measures only started in 1989 by vaccinating 13 and 14 year old girls. This method of prophylaxis will neither stop the transmission of the virus among children nor prevent the occurrence of periodic epidemics and rubella-related complications.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Seroepidemiology study of rubella antibodies among pregnant women from seven Asian countries: evaluation of the rubella vaccination program in Taiwan.

During 2003-2004, approximately 13% of birth in Taiwan was given by foreign-born females. The aims of this study were to compare the seroprevalence of rubella antibodies between Taiwan-born and foreign-born pregnant women and evaluate the effect of rubella vaccination program in Taiwan. We reviewed the rubella antibody test results of 5007 women during routine pregnancy check-ups at Fooyin University Hospital during 1999-2002. In Taiwan-born women, rubella antibody was undetectable in 29.2%, 7.3%, and 8.3% of the cohorts born before 1971, between 1971 and 1976, and after 1976, respectively. In the cohorts born between 1971 and 1976 and after 1976, pregnant women born in China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Philippines had significant higher chances of being susceptible. Our results suggested that the voluntary adult vaccination program was not as effective as the school or wipe-out programs. Both Taiwanese women born before 1971 and foreign-born women were more likely to be susceptible to rubella. The introduction of 'catch-up' immunization program and enforcement of the checking of immunization record and/or blood test before pregnancy for these women are necessary in preventing CRS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Sequential studies on synovial lymphocyte stimulation by rubella antigen, and rubella virus isolation in an adult with persistent arthritis.

The response of synovial lymphocytes from a 65-year-old lady with persistent polyarthritis, to rubella antigen and a number of other microbial agents was studied over a period of 11 months by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The results were correlated with the ability to isolate rubella virus from both peripheral blood and synovial fluid during the same period. The patient showed initially a maximal stimulation index to rubella antigen assayed on five occasions over a five-month period. Rubella virus was detected in both peripheral blood and synovial fluid samples on three occasions during this period. Five months later the lymphoproliferative response of her synovial lymphocytes to rubella antigen had dropped to low levels, and virus could no longer be isolated from synovial exudates. At this time the patient's arthritis had become much less active, indicating that a good correlation existed between the presence of rubella virus, local lymphocyte sensitisation, and the inflammatory reaction.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Rubella IgM antibodies in sera from infants born after maternal rubella later than the 12th week of pregnancy.

The outcome of 338 pregnancies complicated by serologically confirmed rubella after the 12th week of gestation is reported. Therapeutic abortions were performed on 93 women, 1 pregnancy resulted in a spontaneous abortion and 5 in stillbirths. Cord blood or a sample collected at an age of 0--2 months from 209 liveborn infants were tested for rubella IgM antibodies after sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Such antibodies were detected in samples from approximately 33% of infants born after maternal rubella in the 4th and 5th month of gestation, but only in 11% of infants born after maternal rubella later in pregnancy. The classical symptoms of congenital rubella were not observed with the possible exception of a suspected unilateral hearing loss in 1 infant born after maternal rubella in the 5th month of pregnancy.

Antibodies, Viral↗