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PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the performance of role-play and non-role-play students at interview.

This article compares the performance of role-play and non-role-play students at an interview resembling a viva voce examination. Diagnostic and therapy radiography students were given a mock viva voce examination at which they were asked how they would respond to patients showing emotional difficulties during a radiographic procedure. Voce questions showed that students who had experienced role-play during training were more likely to cope with the patient's difficulties. The results of this survey are believed to indicate the value of role-play in radiography student training and to corroborate the use of the viva voce examination for assessing aspects of the affective domain.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

General medicine expanded role nurse: role description.

In an effort to cope with the changing health care environment, University Hospital, London, Canada provided the opportunity for two nurses to develop expanded nursing roles in general internal medicine. Direct care functions centre on the expert practitioner role. Whereas, indirect care functions include educator, consultant/resource person and researcher. Although the expanded roles are in the beginning stages of development, these nurses have articulated their activities and responsibilities as expanded role nurses in the medicine service.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Beyond common features: the role of roles in determining similarity.

Historically, accounts of object representation and perceived similarity have focused on intrinsic features. Although more recent accounts have explored how objects, scenes, and situations containing common relational structures come to be perceived as similar, less is known about how the perceived similarity of parts or objects embedded within these relational systems is affected. The current studies test the hypothesis that objects situated in common relational systems come to be perceived as more similar. Similarity increases most for objects playing the same role within a relation (e.g., predator), but also increases for objects playing different roles within the same relation (e.g., the predator or prey role in the hunts relation) regardless of whether the objects participate in the same instance of the relation. This pattern of results can be captured by extending existing models that extract meaning from text corpora so that they are sensitive to the verb-specific thematic roles that objects fill. Alternative explanations based on analogical and inferential processes are also considered, as well as the implications of the current findings to research in language processing, decision making, and category learning.

Child↗
PubMed2003

The receptors and role of angiotensin II in knee joint blood flow regulation and role of nitric oxide in modulation of their function.

OBJECTIVES: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) upregulation in the stroma cells of arthritis rheumatoid joints may produce a higher tissue concentration of angiotensin II (angII), which is a vasoconstrictor and mitogen factor that causes local hypoxia and synovial proliferation. No study in the literature has examined the role of angII in joint blood flow (JBF) regulation and the potential effect of ACE inhibitors on JBF. METHODS: The study was performed on 20 Dutch white rabbits to examine the JBF response to angII, angII receptor subtypes, and the role of nitric oxide (NO) in angII effects in knee joint blood vessels. Drugs were administered locally through retrograde saphenous artery cannulation. Joint vascular resistance (JVR) was calculated by dividing the arterial blood pressure by the JBF. RESULTS: AngII increased JVR dose dependently. The angII type 1 (AT(1)) receptor antagonist losartan did not change the basal JVR but completely blocked the effect of angII on JVR. N(omega)-nitro-L-arginin methyl ester (L-NAME) increased JVR by a mean (+/-SEM) of 25.8 +/- 8.7% (p < 0.05) but did not affect the joint vessel response to angII and losartan. CONCLUSIONS: AngII receptors are from the AT(1) subtype in normal joint blood vessels, but angII plays no significant role in JBF regulation. The basal release of NO plays a role in resting JBF regulation, but NO does not affect the AT(1) receptor-mediated vasoconstriction of joint blood vessels.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2002

Role of Ca2+/calmodulin regulated signaling pathways in chemoattractant induced neutrophil effector functions. Comparison with the role of phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase.

In human neutrophils, both changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations, [Ca(2+)]i, and activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PtdIns3K) have been proposed to play a role in regulating cellular function induced by chemoattractants. In this study we have investigated the role of [Ca(2+)]i and its effector molecule calmodulin in human neutrophils. Increased [Ca(2+)]i alone was sufficient to induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2), p38 mitogen activated kinase (p38 MAPK), protein kinase B (PKB) and glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha (GSK-3alpha). Inhibition of calmodulin using a calmodulin antagonist N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W7), did not effect N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) induced ERK, p38 MAPK or GSK-3alpha phosphorylation, but attenuated fMLP induced PKB phosphorylation. PCR analysis of human neutrophil cDNA demonstrated variable expression of members of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase family. The roles of calmodulin and PtdIns3K in regulating neutrophil effector functions were further compared. Neutrophil migration was abrogated by inhibition of calmodulin, while no effect was observed when PtdIns3K was inhibited. In contrast, production of reactive oxygen species was sensitive to inhibition of both calmodulin and PtdIns3K. Finally, we demonstrated that chemoattractants are unable to modulate neutrophil survival, despite activation of PtdIns3K and elevation [Ca(2+)]i. Taken together, our data indicate critical roles for changes in [Ca(2+)]i and calmodulin activity in regulating neutrophil migration and respiratory burst and suggest that chemoattractant induced PKB phosphorylation may be mediated by a Ca(2+)/calmodulin sensitive pathway in human neutrophils.

Calcium Signaling↗
PubMed1995

A direct regulatory role for troponin T and a dual role for troponin C in the Ca2+ regulation of muscle contraction.

Troponin (Tn), containing three subunits: Ca2+ binding (TnC), inhibitory (TnI), and tropomyosin binding (TnT), plays a crucial role in the Ca2+ regulation of vertebrate striated muscle contraction. These three subunits function by interacting with each other and with the other thin filament proteins. Previous studies suggested that the primary role of TnT is to anchor the TnI.TnC complex to the thin filament, primarily through its interactions with TnI and tropomyosin. We propose here a new role for TnT. Our results indicate that, when TnT is combined with the TnI.TnC complex, there is an activation of actomyosin ATPase that is Ca(2+)-dependent. To determine whether the latter results from a direct effect of TnC on TnT or indirectly from an effect of TnC on TnI which is transmitted to TnT, we prepared a deletion mutant (deletion of residues 1-57) of TnI, TnId57 (Sheng et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 25407-25413), which interacts with TnC but not TnT. Both wild type (TnI.TnC.TnT) and mutant (TnId57.TnC.TnT) Tn complexes demonstrated equivalent activity in the Ca2+ regulation of actomyosin-S1 ATPase activity. Similarly, both TnI and TnId57 could equally reconstitute TnI-depleted skinned muscle fibers. Therefore, since TnId57 does not interact with TnT, these results suggest that TnT reconstitutes native Ca2+ sensitivity via direct interaction with TnC. Thus Ca2+ binding to TnC would have a dual role: 1) release of the ATPase inhibition by TnI and 2) activation of the ATPase through interaction with TnT.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Expression and functional role of syntaxin 1/HPC-1 in pancreatic beta cells. Syntaxin 1A, but not 1B, plays a negative role in regulatory insulin release pathway.

Syntaxin 1/HPC-1 is an integral membrane protein, which is thought to be implicated in the regulation of synaptic neurotransmitter release. We investigated syntaxin 1 expression in pancreatic beta cells and the functional role of syntaxin 1 in the insulin release mechanism. Expression of syntaxin 1A, but not 1B, was detected in mouse isolated islets by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction procedure. An immunoprecipitation study of metabolically labeled islets with an anti-rat syntaxin 1/HPC-1 antibody demonstrated syntaxin 1A protein with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 35 kDa. Immunohistochemistry of the mouse pancreas demonstrated that syntaxin 1/HPC-1 was present in the plasma membranes of the islets of Langerhans. In order to determine the functional role of syntaxin 1 in pancreatic beta-cells, rat syntaxin 1A or 1B was overexpressed in mouse beta TC3 cells using the transient transfection procedure. Transfection of beta TC3 cells with either syntaxin 1 resulted in approximately 7-fold increases in their immunodetectable protein levels. Glucose-stimulated insulin release by syntaxin 1A-overexpressing cells was suppressed to about 50% of the level in control cells, whereas insulin release by syntaxin 1B-overexpressing and control cells did not differ. Next, we established stable beta TC3 cell lines that overexpressed syntaxin 1A and used them to evaluate the effect of syntaxin 1A on the regulatory insulin release pathway. Two insulin secretogogues, 4-beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or forskolin, increased insulin release by untransfected beta TC3 cells markedly, but their effects were diminished in syntaxin 1A-overexpressing beta TC3 cells. Glucose-unstimulated insulin release and the proinsulin biosynthetic rate were not affected by syntaxin 1A overexpression, indicating a specific role of syntaxin 1A in the regulatory insulin release pathway. Finally, in vitro binding assays showed that syntaxin 1A binds to insulin secretory granules, indicating an inhibitory role of syntaxin 1A in insulin exocytosis via its interaction with vesicular proteins. These results demonstrate that syntaxin 1A is expressed in the islets of Langerhans and functions as a negative regulator in the regulatory insulin release pathway.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiple roles of women and role strains.

Women are likely to experience multiple roles, often several at the same time, for which different sets of responsibilities are designated. Expectations that others have of us in any one of our roles may differ from our own, and conflict with our goals as individuals. The multiplicity and overlapping of roles often provoke conflict and stress. Depending on a number of variables, growth of the individual is either impeded or promoted. Vignettes of women experiencing overlapping roles, at various stages of the life cycle, are cited to illustrate the complexities of the issues and coping styles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Custodial grandparenting and the impact of grandchildren with problems on role satisfaction and role meaning.

This study compared three groups of grandparents, attempting to disentangle grandparental role demands from child-specific problems as sources of role-specific and grandchild-relationship distress. Those grandparents raising grandchildren reported to demonstrate neurological, physical, emotional, or behavioral problems exhibited the most personal distress, the least role satisfaction and role meaning, and the most deteriorated grandparent-grandchild relationships. Custodial grandparents raising grandchildren reported to have few difficulties also differed in the ways listed above from those grandparents not raising their grandchildren and from those raising grandchildren displaying problems. For men, but not women, more positive grandparent meaning was associated with raising a grandchild. Significantly, custodial grandparents were more likely to be raising boys, suggesting that boys may be either more difficult for grandparents to raise or that boys react more negatively to the adverse circumstances under which grandparents assume care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Role of nurses in cancer chemotherapy administration. Retrospective record analysis to improve role performance.

The purpose of this quality assurance project in the University Hospitals in Leuven, Belgium, was to describe, analyse and improve the actual routine practice of chemotherapy administration. The article focuses on analysis and improvement of role performance of nurses. The process of chemotherapy was systematically assessed by means of a retrospective analysis of patient records. This was done for 61 patient records receiving 453 chemotherapy administrations. Five aspects of the role of oncology nurses were described and analysed: data collection for prescription of chemotherapy, communication of instructions, preparation of the cytotoxic treatment, administration of cytotoxics and post-chemotherapy assessment. Data analysis showed variability in relation to several role aspects. Standardization of procedures and information was introduced to improve role performance in several areas.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2005

The role of insecure attachment and gender role stress in predicting controlling behaviors in men who batter.

The authors hypothesized that masculine gender role stress would mediate the relationship between insecure attachment and controlling behaviors in a sample of men who batter. To examine this hypothesis,143 men who were court mandated to attend a batterers' intervention program in a northeastern state completed measures including the Controlling Behavior Index, the Gender Role Stress Scale, the Relationship Questionnaire, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. After controlling statistically for social desirability, results indicated that both fearful attachment and gender role stress significantly predicted controlling behaviors, with gender role stress partially mediating the relationship between fearful attachment and controlling behaviors. The discussion focuses on the importance of understanding partner abuse through a gendered context.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A study of role ambiguity and role strain among school nurses.

Two hundred fifty-one school nurses practicing in pennsylvania were surveyed regarding perceptions of their professional role. Findings demonstrated that role ambiguity and role strain occur when school nurses attempt to practice in a setting where two disciplines, education and nursing, may have different expectations regarding role performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Understanding the influence of gender role identity on the assumption of family caregiving roles by men.

Previous explanations of limited participation by males as family caregivers assume that socialization to dominant gender stereotypes is a universal barrier among men. Overlooked are 1) variations in the degree of internalization of gender typed attitudes that enable intense participation in a wide variety of personal care tasks and the assumption of the chief caregiver role among some men, and 2) social psychological processes used to resolve cognitive dissonance among men considering caregiver activities and/or role enactment. The present examination of these processes is responsive to calls for enhancing our understanding of the personal meaning that caregiving has for men. The introduction of Risman's view that current experience influences socialized predispositions, allows the delineation of conditions under which husbands, sons, and other male relatives who have internalized stereotypical self images of masculinity can also assume caregiver roles in the family. Drawing on interview data from a purposive sample of thirty-two men who were chief caregivers for elderly relatives, case study material is presented to illustrate several pathways by which male respondents gained access to family caregiving roles.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Field independence as a function of sex, sex-roles, and the sex-role appropriateness of the task.

Two experiments were conducted to explain the sex difference in field independence by reference to socialization factors. It was hypothesized that the sex-role appropriateness of the task as masculine or feminine-typed would influence the performance of masculine and feminine women in a manner congruent with their sex-role orientation. 28 pilot subjects and 100 subjects in Study 2 were equally divided between the sexes. Both studies used the Bem Sex-role Inventory, but different versions of the Embedded Figures Test. The over-all results suggested that feminine women varied their performance according to task appropriateness, although not always in a manner congruent with their sex-role orientation. Androgynous individuals and masculine men did not alter their performance.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expanded role of nursing in ambulatory managed care. Part I: Literature, role development, and justification.

New expanded roles in nursing are developing in response to the health system switch from private, episodic care of individuals to health maintenance organizations (HMO's) focusing on disease prevention and promotion of health for populations of persons with chronic illness. This evaluation project explored the role of the nurse clinician in population and case management at a large HMO in the Northwest United States. In Part I of this two-part series, a literature review, is presented on chronic illness, ambulatory nursing, expanded role nursing, and nursing in HMOs. The development of the expanded role nurse clinician at the managed care organization is also described. Results could be used by HMOs to attract and retain nurses, improve care processes, and decrease costs in ambulatory care.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2001

The role of sociology in the study of mental health ... and the role of mental health in the study of sociology.

This essay considers the dual roles occupied by the sociologist of mental health. These roles involve the articulation of social causation in the study of mental health outside of the discipline, coupled with the articulation within the discipline of the importance of mental health in the study of sociology. I consider these roles both through examples and speculation, emphasizing the unique combination of conceptual and methodological tools that define the intellectual terrain of this area of sociology. The advantage of this dual role--of looking outward while also looking inward--is that we are able to draw from the essential developments and innovations from one source and "move" these insights toward the other. The difficulties of this position are also clear: As an area, we may be structurally marginal from both perspectives, at the same time that we offer considerable analytic power that could significantly impact the direction of research involving mental health in both realms.

Causality↗
PubMed1998

The role of the triage nurse practitioner in general medical practice: an analysis of the role.

A 2-year pilot study was undertaken in a group general practice to evaluate the nurse practitioner triage role. The study was undertaken in several stages which included a patient satisfaction questionnaire survey, follow-up interviews with 30 patients from the questionnaire survey, and analysis of the nurse practitioner's work at different points over the 2-year study period. This paper describes the work of the nurse practitioner in comparison with that of seven general practitioners in a group general medical practice over a 5-day period in February 1996 and included patients' perceptions of their consultation. In this particular group medical practice, as in others throughout the country, many patients request same day appointments, often for self-limiting conditions, social advice and health education. This study demonstrates that the nurse practitioner can deal with such patients effectively and is undertaking an expanded and extended role in order to provide an holistic service to patients with which they are highly satisfied. It can be concluded that given the right kind of education and training and a supportive framework within the practice, the nurse practitioner undertaking a triage role can provide a highly effective service to patients and is a valuable member of the primary health care team.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Role function and job satisfaction of school psychologists practicing in an expanded role model.

School psychologists are typically itinerant among multiple schools and often spend up to two-thirds of their time on assessment activities related to students with disabilities and special education programs. School psychologists in delivery of an expanded role service model are assigned to a single school and provide more consultation and intervention services. 97 school psychologists assigned to an expanded role in a single southeastern urban school district were surveyed on their job roles and job satisfaction. The majority were satisfied or very satisfied with their jobs, particularly with engaging in activities that were of service to others and staying involved in a variety of job activities. School psychologists wanted to spend less time in assessment, multidisciplinary team meetings, and administrative duties. The discrepancy between the desired and actual amount of time spent in multidisciplinary meetings was negatively related to job satisfaction. Psychologists wanted to spend more time in direct and indirect intervention, professional development, and networking.

Adult↗