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PubMed2005

Hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history, and colorectal adenomas: data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial (United States).

OBJECTIVE: Findings from some epidemiologic studies of colorectal cancer and adenoma suggest that the protective effect of post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may differ across categories of age and body mass index (BMI). We conducted an analysis of women participating in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial to investigate the relationship between HRT use and prevalent adenoma, both overall and across different population subgroups. METHODS: Women aged 55-74 were randomized to screening by flexible sigmoidoscopy at ten PLCO screening centers between September 1993 and September 2001. We identified 1468 women with at least one left-sided adenoma and 19,203 without adenoma or colorectal cancer. Information about HRT and reproductive factors was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Compared to never use of HRT, current use was associated with a decreased prevalence of left-sided adenoma (odds ratio (OR) 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-0.97). We found no evidence of dose-response with increasing duration of use for current or former users. The association with current HRT use was stronger among women aged 65+ (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.56-0.84), with a BMI<30 (OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.71-0.95) and who regularly use aspirin or ibuprofen (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.65-0.91). Other reproductive factors were not significantly associated with adenoma prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that current HRT use may protect against colorectal adenoma, and that this protective effect is short-lived following cessation of use.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2001

[Diet, smoking and reproductive history as risk factor for cervical cancer].

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have suggested that smoking, nutrition and sexual patterns are major risk factors for cervical cancer. AIM: To study the association between food consumption patterns, smoking and sexual behavior and the risk of cervical cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A matched case control study of 170 cases and 340 controls. Food and nutrient intakes were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire considering 58 antioxidant rich food items. Median daily intake of vegetables, fruits, antioxidant vitamins and fiber was calculated. A conditional logistic regression model was used to determine odds ratios associated with variations in nutritional intake and no nutritional factors (age at first delivery, parity, body mass index, family history of cancer and smoking). RESULTS: High intakes of vegetables, fruits, beta carotene, vitamin C, E and fiber were associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer (Odds ratios ranging from 0.56 to 0.78). The risk for cancer was inversely associated with the age at first delivery and directly associated with the total number of pregnancies and smoking. Multivariate analysis model showed a protective effect for vegetable and vitamin E consumption (odds ratio of 0.6 with confidence intervals of 0.5 to 0.8 p < 0.001) and a higher risk associated to smoking (odds ratio 2.8, confidence intervals 1.5-5.5 p < 0.002) and a younger age at the first delivery (odds ratio 3.37 confidence intervals 2-5.3 p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cervical cancer is associated with reproductive and food consumption behaviors. A higher intake of vegetables and foods rich in vitamin E can reduce its risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Relationship between serum hormone concentrations, reproductive history, alcohol consumption and genetic polymorphisms in pre-menopausal women.

Reproductive characteristics, alcohol intake and polymorphisms in genes encoding sex-steroid metabolizing enzymes might influence the risk of hormone-related cancers by changing circulating concentrations of sex hormones. The relationship between these factors and serum concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone and DHEA was evaluated in a cross-sectional study of 218 pre-menopausal women from Kaiser Permanente Health Plan in Portland, Oregon. Risk factor information was obtained from questionnaires and hormone serum concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassays. Genotypes for CYP11A 5'UTR(tttta)n, CYP17 5'-UTR -34 T>C, CYP19 IVS4(ttta)n, CYP1B1 (L432V and S453N) and COMT (V158M) were determined from genomic DNA samples. Increasing number of full-term pregnancies was associated with a significant decrease in late-follicular progesterone levels (p-trend = 0.03). Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with higher estradiol levels averaged through the menstrual cycle (p-trend = 0.009) and higher progesterone levels during luteal phase (p-trend = 0.04). Androstenedione and testosterone levels were higher among light to moderate drinkers compared to non-drinkers, although we only observe a significant trend with increasing levels of alcohol consumption for androstenedione. Women heterozygous or homozygous for the CYP1B1 L432V or the S453N polymorphisms had increased luteal estradiol levels (p-value = 0.04 for L432V and 0.04 for S453N). None of the other factors evaluated was significantly associated with serum concentration of hormones. In conclusion, results from this cross-sectional study of pre-menopausal women provide support for an association between light to moderate alcohol intake and elevated levels of estrogen and androgen levels. Our data suggest that circulating levels of progesterone might be related to parity and alcohol consumption, however the biological plausibility of the observed associations is unclear. We found little support for an influence of the evaluated genetic polymorphisms in the steroid synthesis and metabolism pathway on serum hormone levels, except for a possible effect of the CYP1B1 L432V and S453N polymorphisms on serum estradiol levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Reproductive history and mortality after breast cancer diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether reproductive factors are associated with mortality after breast cancer diagnosis. METHODS: We followed up 4,299 U.S. women enrolled between 1980 and 1982 at ages 20-54 years as incident breast cancer cases in a population-based, case-control study, the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. Vital status through 1997 for these cases was obtained by linking Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study data to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results files. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for death associated with selected reproductive factors using proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 14.5 years, 1,847 deaths occurred. Women aged 20-45 years whose last birth occurred 12 months or less (age-adjusted HR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.10-2.37) and 13-48 months before breast cancer diagnosis (age-adjusted HR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.05-1.75) were at an increased risk for death compared with nulliparous women. After adjusting for additional factors including tumor stage, women whose last birth occurred 12 months or less before diagnosis remained at an increased risk for death (HR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.02-2.23). Fifteen-year survival was 38%, 51%, and 60% among women aged 20-45 years whose last birth was 12 months or less, 13-48 months, and more than 48 months before diagnosis, respectively, compared with 65% among nulliparous women. Mortality risk was not associated with age at first birth, parity, or breastfeeding duration among women aged 20-45 years or among women aged 46-54 years. CONCLUSION: A recent birth may be an adverse prognostic indicator among women diagnosed with breast cancer at ages 20-45 years.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Reproductive history of a healthy woman with mosaic duplication of chromosome 4p.

OBJECTIVES: Mosaic autosomal duplications are rare and often result in mental retardation and congenital anomalies. Phenotype is not predictable depending on the chromosomal imbalance involved and the percentage and tissues distribution of unbalanced cells. We report on a young woman carrying a mosaic duplication of chromosome 4p, evaluated because of three abortions due to IUGR and fetal malformation. METHODS: Mosaic dup(4p) was detected by standard and molecular cytogenetics. RESULTS: Unbalanced cells accounted for about 20 to 30% of nuclei in four examined tissues and did not cause any obvious phenotypic effect. CONCLUSION: It is likely that mosaic duplications are underascertained because they are not associated with obvious clinical effects in some individuals. Prenatal diagnosis is the method of choice to predict the karyotype in the offspring of subjects carrying mosaic chromosome imbalances.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer screening, reproductive history, socioeconomic status, and anticipated cancer-related behavior among Hmong adults.

In the United States, breast, cervical, colorectal and prostate cancer screening rates are low or non-existent in the Hmong population compared to non-Hispanic Whites. No Hmong adults report ever participating in prostate (male only) and colorectal cancer screening. US-born Hmong women, those living in the US 20 years, and those 39 years old are more likely to be screened for breast and cervical cancer than other women. The Hmong, in general, are a young population (median age = 34 years) with low socioeconomic status. As a function of these characteristics, 52% of Hmong women reported having their first child at 15-19 years old and continued to bear children until 40-54 years old. The combination of young age at first pregnancy and multiparity probably protects Hmong women from breast cancer but elevates cervical cancer risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Association of body mass index, physical activity, and reproductive histories with breast cancer: a case-control study in Gifu, Japan.

To further clarify risk factors for breast cancer in Japanese women, a self-administered questionnaire was completed by 157 cases with histologically confirmed breast cancer from 1989 to 1993 and by 369 age and residential area matched controls in Gifu, Japan. Conditional logistic regression model was used to assess the relations. Multivariate analyses showed that breast cancer risk decreased with body mass index for premenopausal women (RR = 0.45; 95 % CI = 0.22-0.92 for BMI > or = 23 vs. < 21 (kg/m2)), but the risk increased with body mass index for postmenopausal women (RR = 1.98; 95 % CI = 0.86-4.55 for BMI > or = 24 vs. < 21.5 (kg/m2)). The risk increased with a small number of births in pre- and post-menopausal women (1.83; 1.11-2.99 and 6.06; 2.40-15.3 for 1-2 births and nulliparity, respectively, vs. > or = 3 births). Ex- or current smoking increased the risk of breast cancer (2.31; 1.19-4.49). Reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer was associated with high energy expenditure in physical activity during teenage, although the trend was not statistically significant.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Difference in gene expression profile in breast epithelial cells from women with different reproductive history.

The present work was aimed to determine the genomic signature between the undifferentiated lobule type 1 (Lob 1) of the nulliparous women's breast, and the well differentiated lobule type 3 (Lob 3) of the parous women's breast. This study was performed using the RNA obtained from primary cultures of Lob 1 from 3 nulliparous women and Lob 3 of 3 parous pre-menopausal women, and hybridized to cDNA array membranes that contain 1,176 human genes (Clontech Human Cancer 1,2 array). Lob 3 has a gene expression profile significantly different from that of Lob 1. Lob 3 showed 47 genes differentially expressed (>5-fold) when compared with those in Lob 1. Among these genes, RhoE gene is amplified 9.44- fold in the Lob 3 of the parous breast. Other genes such as protein tyrosine phosphatase (PPTPCAAX1 or PRL-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and lipocalin 2, are also over expressed in Lob 3 of pre menopausal women. We have confirmed the differential expression of a number of genes using semi- quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemical methods. The results indicate that differentially expressed genes occur during normal human breast lobular differentiation and these changes might persistently modify the genomic signature of the breast epithelia.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Reproductive history and the risk of neonatal sepsis.

It was recently suggested that a previous abortion increases the risk of intrapartum infection in a following pregnancy. The authors hypothesised that abortion also could be associated with a higher risk of neonatal sepsis. A case-control study of neonatal sepsis was conducted using the Washington State Birth Registry. Cases of sepsis were selected among singleton livebirths during the period 1984-90, and compared with a control group for the occurrence of spontaneous or induced abortion in previous pregnancies. The risk estimates were calculated using a stratified analysis. After exclusion of primigravidae, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 1.68, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33, 2.11 for previous spontaneous abortion, and 2.20 (95% CI 1.73, 2.79) for induced abortion, compared with previous livebirth. After exclusion of nulliparous women, the OR decreased to 1.19 (95% CI 0.90, 1.58) for spontaneous abortion and 1.45 (95% CI 1.03, 2.04) for induced abortion. After controlling for the effect of parity, induced abortion is associated with an increased risk of neonatal sepsis in a subsequent pregnancy, but the association between spontaneous abortion and sepsis is small and non-significant. The authors suggest that the procedures involved in a therapeutic abortion might produce a latent, sub-clinical infection that persists until the next pregnancy, and is then transmitted to the newborn.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2001

Risk factors for uterine leiomyoma: a practice-based case-control study. I. African-American heritage, reproductive history, body size, and smoking.

The authors conducted a case-control study among premenopausal women in the Baltimore, Maryland, area to examine the associations of uterine leiomyoma with ethnicity and hormone-related characteristics. Cases of uterine leiomyoma (n = 318) were surgically or sonographically first confirmed between January 1990 and June 1993. A total of 394 controls were selected from women who were visiting their gynecologist for a routine checkup. Data were collected through telephone interviews and abstraction of medical records; 77.8% of eligible cases and 78.0% of eligible controls were interviewed. Positive adjusted associations were observed between risk of uterine leiomyoma and self-described African-American ethnicity (vs. Whites: odds ratio (OR) = 9.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.7, 15.7), early menarche (<11 years vs. >13 years: OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 5.6), and high body mass index (upper quartile vs. lower quartile: OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.8). Inverse associations were observed with use of oral contraceptives (current use vs. never use: OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.6) and duration of smoking (> or =19 years vs. never: OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4, 1.1). Younger ages at infertility diagnosis and at first and last childbirth were more common among cases; however, analyses of data on tumor location suggested that these associations represent predominantly consequences of uterine leiomyoma. These results suggest that development of uterine leiomyoma is associated with increased exposure to ovarian hormones. Possible reasons for the very elevated risk among African-American women need further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Birth characteristics, maternal reproductive history, and the risk of infant leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.

Leukemias with MLL gene rearrangements predominate in infants (<1 year of age), but not in older children, and may have a distinct etiology. High birth weight, higher birth order, and prior fetal loss have, with varying consistency, been associated with infant leukemia, but no studies have reported results with respect to MLL status. Here, we report for the first time such an analysis. During 1999 to 2003, mothers of 240 incident cases (113 MLL(+), 80 MLL(-), and 47 indeterminate) and 255 random digit dialed controls completed a telephone interview. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for quartile of birth weight, birth order, gestational age, maternal age at delivery, prior fetal loss, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and weight gain during pregnancy were obtained using unconditional logistic regression; P for linear trend was obtained by modeling continuous variables. There was a borderline significant linear trend of increasing birth weight with MLL(+) (P = 0.06), but not MLL(-) (P = 0.93), infant leukemia. Increasing birth order showed a significant inverse linear trend, independent of birth weight, with MLL(+) (P = 0.01), but not MLL(-) (P = 0.18), infant leukemia. Other variables of interest were not notably associated with infant leukemia regardless of MLL status. This investigation further supports the contention that molecularly defined subtypes of infant leukemia have separate etiologies.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Menstrual and reproductive history of mothers of galactosemic children.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that female carriers of the galactosemia gene (mothers of galactosemic children) experience impaired fecundability and earlier age at natural menopause. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study comparing experiences of mothers of galactosemic children with mothers of children with phenylketonuria (PKU). Data collection consisted of a structured telephone interview with sections on menstrual, reproductive, and medical histories. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred three galactosemia carriers and 116 PKU carriers (mean age 35.0 and 38.4 years, respectively), recruited from 38 metabolic disease clinics throughout the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time-to-pregnancy (a measure of fecundability), menstrual cycle patterns, and natural menopause. RESULTS: No difference was seen between carriers of the galactosemia and the PKU gene in history of > or = 12 months of unprotected intercourse without a pregnancy, physician-diagnosed infertility, or amenorrhea lasting > 6 weeks. The fecundability ratio, adjusting for age and smoking before most recent pregnancy, was 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85 to 1.61). By age 45, 11% of galactosemia carriers who had not had a hysterectomy reported a natural menopause compared with 4% of PKU carriers (risk difference 7.2%, 95% CI -12.7% to 27.1%). CONCLUSION: Fecundability and other measures of fertility did not differ between mothers of galactosemic children and mothers of children with PKU. Suggestions of an earlier age at natural menopause can not be addressed definitively in this cohort because of the small number of participants who were currently age 45 years or older but may warrant additional assessment as the cohort ages.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Reproductive history, use of exogenous hormones, and risk of colorectal adenomas.

Evidence suggests a role for reproductive and hormonal factors in the etiology of colorectal cancer. Investigation of adenomas, the presumed precursors of cancer, and reproductive characteristics may place such associations within a particular stage of carcinogenesis. We examined parity, age at first birth, age at menopause, and age at menarche as well as contraceptive and noncontraceptive hormone use in a case-control study of 347 women (115 cases with adenomas and 232 controls) conducted in North Carolina. Using unconditional logistic regression analysis, increasing age at menopause was found to be associated with a reduction in the risk of adenomas [odds ratio (OR), 0.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.10-0.68]. An increased risk for adenomas was found for women undergoing surgical menopause as compared with women undergoing natural menopause (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.05-4.21). Our results suggest a reduced risk of adenomas associated with noncontraceptive hormone use that was limited to a subgroup of women with natural menopause or bilateral oophorectomy (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.15-0.97). No associations were seen between other reproductive characteristics and adenomas. These results suggest protective effects for both endogenous and exogenous female hormones that operate early in the process of carcinogenesis. Alternatively, lifestyle factors or other correlates of exogenous hormone use and delayed menopause could play a role in reduced adenoma risk.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2004

Reproductive history and endometriosis among premenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the temporal complexities of the relation between reproductive factors and endometriosis. METHODS: We analyzed 10 years of prospective data from the Nurses' Health Study II cohort. Information was obtained through questionnaires sent every 2 years to 116,678 women aged 25-42 years when enrolled in 1989. Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for age, calendar time, and confounding variables. RESULTS: During 726,205 woman-years of follow-up, 1,721 cases of laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis were reported among women with no past infertility. Greater incidence was observed among women with an earlier age at menarche (rate ratio of 1.3 comparing menarche at age < 10 to age 12 years; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-1.8; P value, test for trend < .001) and shorter cycle length during late adolescence (rate ratio of 1.3 comparing < 26 days to 26-31 days; 95% CI 1.1-1.5). Time to cycle regularity was not associated with risk. Among parous women, a linear decrease in risk was observed with number of liveborn children (rate ratio of 0.5 comparing > 3 with 2 children; 95% CI 0.4-0.7; P value, test for trend < .001) and lifetime duration of lactation if time since last birth was less than 5 years (rate ratio of 0.2 comparing > 23 months with never; 95% CI 0.1-0.4; P value, test for trend < .001). CONCLUSION: Hormonal and anatomical changes associated with menstruation and pregnancy may affect the rate of laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis. Within this cohort, risk was greatest among nulliparous women with earlier age at menarche and shorter menstrual cycles. Among parous women, parity and lifetime duration of lactation were associated with decreased risk.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parental effects on offspring longevity--evidence from 17th to 19th century reproductive histories.

BACKGROUND: Family studies provide support for a modest genetic influence on offspring life span, although the magnitude of these correlations is small. AIM: The study aimed to clarify the relative contributions of parental age at birth and overall parental longevity on offspring lifespan, and to identify the biological and cultural mechanisms. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Information was derived from two village genealogies (1650-1927) encompassing 9979 births (5315 males, 4664 females). Data selection was guided by the inclusion of information about parental age at birth and lifespan, offspring lifespan and cohort-specific life expectancy. RESULTS: Parental age at reproduction displayed a negative association with offspring survivability, which was caused by a host of biological as well as environmental factors. In contrast, parental lifespan was positively associated with offspring age at death. These effects differed by parent's and child's sex. CONCLUSION: The maternal age effect on female progeny is thought to be indicative of a preferential genetic load. From an evolutionary point of view, direct selection for maternal lifespan may be an adaptive strategy to enhance child survival prospects.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1991

Incidence of histologic types of uterine sarcoma in relation to menstrual and reproductive history.

To determine whether the occurrence of one or more histologic types of uterine sarcoma is related to events in a woman's reproductive life, a population-based case-control study was conducted. One-hundred sixty-seven women newly diagnosed with uterine sarcoma among residents of 6 geographic regions were compared to 208 women selected at random from the same populations with regard to histories of menstruation, pregnancy and childbearing, and breast feeding, as reported during a telephone interview. Compared to women whose menstrual periods began at age 13, women whose menses began earlier were at increased risk of leiomyosarcoma (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 0.9, 4.3); other histologic types were less strongly associated with early age at menarche. Women with leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma, but not malignant mixed Müllerian tumors, tended to have ceased menstruating 2-3 years later than controls. None of the histologic types was clearly related to parity or to age at first live birth, but each was inversely related to age at last live birth. Associations were observed between leiomyosarcoma and histories of an induced abortion (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.2, 14.2) and of breast feeding after a live birth (OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.3, 1.0); these relationships were not observed for other morphologic variants. These results suggest possible similarities and differences in menstrual and reproductive risk factors among histologic types of uterine sarcoma, and between these malignancies and the more common breast, endometrial and ovarian carcinomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The effect of reproductive history on future pregnancy outcomes.

The aim of this study was to examine the separate and joint effects of previous pregnancy history, year of pregnancy outcome, maternal age, height, smoking and fertility on risk of fetal death. Data were available from a study of female radiographers. Analyses were carried out on 3053 women with a total of 6993 pregnancies. Women reporting problems with conception or previous fetal losses had an increased risk of a pregnancy ending in a fetal death. In particular, women with primary or secondary infertility had an approximately fourfold increase in risk compared with women who reported no difficulties [odds ratio (OR): 3.92; 95% confidence interval (CI): (3.02, 5.07)]. This relationship was independent of pregnancy order and pregnancy history and was more marked in older maternal ages. The effect of pregnancy history was cumulative and possibly multiplicative in effect, with a threefold increase in the risk of losing a third pregnancy following two previous losses [OR: 3.19; 95% CI: (1.60, 6.35)]. There were no consistent patterns of risk associated with year of pregnancy outcome, maternal age, height or smoking status. These results suggest that previous pregnancy outcomes and problems with conception may be the strongest determinants of fetal loss in subsequent pregnancies.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Birth characteristics, maternal reproductive history, hormone use during pregnancy, and risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia by immunophenotype (United States).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of birth characteristics and maternal reproductive factors with risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by immunophenotypic subtypes. METHODS: Data collected from a case-control study including 1842 ALL cases (age < 15 years) and 1986 individually matched controls were analyzed. Exposure information was obtained through telephone interviews of parents. RESULTS: Factors associated with risk of ALL from all subgroups combined included high birth weight (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.8), high birth order (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3-3.0 for fourth-born child compared to first-born child). young maternal age (<20 compared to 25-29, OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.9), advanced paternal age (>39 compared to 25-29, OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0-1.9), induced abortion prior to the index pregnancy (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0-1.4), and oral contraceptive use during the index pregnancy (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0-2.2) with children under the age of 2 (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.0-24.7) being the predominantly affected group. Risk of early pre-B-cell ALL increased with advanced paternal age (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1-2.7) and high birth order (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1-3.6), while risk of pre-B-cell ALL increased with both younger (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.4-8.4) and advanced maternal age (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.1-5.9). T-cell ALL was associated with high birth weight (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.1-5.5) and history of induced abortion (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.3-4.5). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the association of ALL with birth characteristics and maternal reproductive factors varies with the immunophenotype of the ALL. Future studies are needed to better understand the effect of maternal hormone in the development of subtype of childhood ALL.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗