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PubMed2003

Pharmacological intervention to prevent or ameliorate chronic radiation injuries.

Until the 1990s, chronic radiation-induced normal-tissue injury was viewed as being due solely to the delayed mitotic death of parenchymal or vascular cells; these injuries were held to be inevitable, progressive, and untreatable. It is now clear that parenchymal and vascular cells are active participants in the response to radiation injury rather than passive observers dying as they attempt to divide. This offers fundamentally new approaches to radiation injury because it allows for the possibility of pharmacological interventions directed at modulating steps in the cascade of events leading to expression of injury. Such interventions would be relevant to both cancer patients and victims of radiation accidents. Prophylaxis and treatment of chronic radiation injuries have been experimentally shown in multiple organ systems (eg, lung, kidney, soft tissue) and with fundamentally different pharmacological agents (eg, corticosteroids, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, pentoxifylline, superoxide dismutase). For the most part, this has been achieved using clinically relevant radiation and drug schedules and with agents that have already been approved for human use. Unfortunately, assessment of the utility of these agents for clinical use has been minimal, and there are no established mechanisms for any of the experimental or clinical successes. Clinical development of pharmacological approaches to modification of chronic radiation injuries could lead to significant improvement in survival and quality of life for radiotherapy patients and for victims of radiation accidents or nuclear terrorism.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1984

[Prognosis in radiation injuries of the bladder and rectum in patients with cancer of the cervix uteri].

The frequency and degree of severity of radiation injuries of the urinary bladder and rectum after combined treatment of 725 patients with cancer of the uterine body are analysed. A quantitative index was worked out permitting one to give an objective evaluation of the degree of early radiation reactions of the adjacent organs. The determination of the "radiation injuries prognosis index" (RIPI) makes it possible to forecast the occurrence and degree of severity of late radiation injuries of the urinary bladder and rectum. The evaluation of RIPI mean values in the patients' groups provides an opportunity to compare the damaging effect of different methods and regimens directly in the process of radiation therapy. The above method improves the potentialities of the forecasting of radiation injuries of the urinary bladder and rectum in patients with cancer of the uterine body.

Female↗
PubMed2006

[Relationship between polymorphisms of DNA repair gene XRCC1 and susceptibility to radiation injury].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between polymorphisms of DNA repair gene XRCC1 and susceptibility to radiation injury. METHODS: In 1:1 case-control study, 113 abnormal chromosome workers exposed to ionizing radiation were selected as cases and 113 normal chromosome as controls who matched with case for sex, age (+/- 5 years), nation, type of work, the same or more but in 2 years work length and the same similar levels of the cumulative exposure radiation dose. Genotypes were analysed using PCR based restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. RESULTS: The frequency of XRCC1 26304TT allele in case group (18.58%) was significantly higher than that in control group (7.08%), with OR for radiation damage being 3.47 (95% CI 1.43 - 8.44, P < 0.05). No association was observed between XRCC1 G27466A and G28152A and susceptibility to radiation injury. CONCLUSION: The mutation of XRCC1 C26304T is related with the susceptibility to radiation injury. The polymorphisms of XRCC1 G27466A and G28152A are not found to have association with abnormal chromosomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Models for evaluating agents intended for the prophylaxis, mitigation and treatment of radiation injuries. Report of an NCI Workshop, December 3-4, 2003.

To develop approaches to prophylaxis/protection, mitigation and treatment of radiation injuries, appropriate models are needed that integrate the complex events that occur in the radiation-exposed organism. While the spectrum of agents in clinical use or preclinical development is limited, new research findings promise improvements in survival after whole-body irradiation and reductions in the risk of adverse effects of radiotherapy. Approaches include agents that act on the initial radiochemical events, agents that prevent or reduce progression of radiation damage, and agents that facilitate recovery from radiation injuries. While the mechanisms of action for most of the agents with known efficacy are yet to be fully determined, many seem to be operating at the tissue, organ or whole animal level as well as the cellular level. Thus research on prophylaxis/protection, mitigation and treatment of radiation injuries will require studies in whole animal models. Discovery, development and delivery of effective radiation modulators will also require collaboration among researchers in diverse fields such as radiation biology, inflammation, physiology, toxicology, immunology, tissue injury, drug development and radiation oncology. Additional investment in training more scientists in radiation biology and in the research portfolio addressing radiological and nuclear terrorism would benefit the general population in case of a radiological terrorism event or a large-scale accidental event as well as benefit patients treated with radiation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Clinical observation on effect of shenqi fanghou recipe in preventing and treating radiation injury in patients with head and neck tumor].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect of shenqi fanghou recipe (SFR) in preventing and treating radiation injury in patients with head and neck tumor. METHODS: One hundred and forty patients with head and neck tumor, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, carcinoma of tonsil or tongue, were randomly divided into 2 groups, 70 patients in the observed group were given modified SFR as adjuvant to radiotherapy, while 70 patients in the control group were treated with radiotherapy alone. The radiation reactions during radiotherapy and the condition of late stage radiation injury radiotherapy in patients in the 2 groups were observed. RESULTS: The degree of oropharyngeal mucosa reaction, dryness in mouth and radiation dermatitis in cervical region in the observed group was milder than those in the control group, and the radiation injury induced late stage sequelae, such as the degree of mouth-opening was better and the cervical muscular sclerosis was better in the observed group than in the control group, showing significant difference (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: SFR has definite effect in preventing and treating radiation reaction and late stage radiation injury in patients with head and neck tumor.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Combined treatment of bladder radiation injuries].

A scheme of therapy of radiation cystitis is suggested. It was developed on the basis of evaluation of literature data and clinical examination of 205 patients with radiation injury of the urinary bladder (104 cases has severe injuries). The method is based on general and local therapy of damaged tissues by antiinflammatory drugs, anesthetics and stimulators of reparative regeneration. Severe ulcerative and incrustation cystites, refractory to conservative therapy, were treated by surgery, using antiseptics and reparation stimulators before, during and after operation. As a result, there were hardly any complications after reconstruction of the bladder with intestinal and peritoneal tissues, 104 patients (96.1%) were cured completely and ability to work was restored in 70 patients. (76.9%).

Female↗
PubMed2004

Hyperbaric oxygen for delayed radiation injuries.

Hyperbaric oxygen has shown consistent benefit in treating patients with delayed radiation injury. It has also had success in preventing radiation injury in some instances. Additional study in identifying patients at risk for injury and delivering hyperbaric oxygen with prophylactic intent to prevent these injuries appears to be promising. Additional approaches to applying hyperbaric oxygen as a radiosensitizer also deserve further study. No convincing evidence exists to support concerns that hyperbaric oxygen enhances or stimulates malignant growth.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Micronucleus frequency in peripheral lymphocytes for the differential diagnosis of radiation injuries combined with thermal burns.

An investigation was conducted to determine if any analysis of micronucleus frequency in human peripheral lymphocytes was useful to diagnostically differentiate radiation injuries in the presence of thermal burns. In the first part of the study, 27 patients with burns of various degrees were tested to determine if the peripheral lymphocytes stimulated in vitro for mitotic division would contain micronuclei--a type of chromosomal aberration inducible by many genotoxic substances. Data showed that the frequency of micronuclei did not increase with burn injury but did correlate with age. Therefore, it is suggested that in cases of radiation injuries combined with burns, the pathologic process related to the latter type of injury does not influence the differential diagnostic value of the micronucleus test. In the second part of the study, the validity of this hypothesis was tested in guinea pigs exposed to various doses of gamma-radiation (between 0.5 and 4.0 Gy) and then inflicted with thermal burns. The results confirmed that when radiation injuries and thermal burns coexist, the micronucleus test is a reliable biologic indicator of radiation injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Radiation injury of the normal and neoplastic prostate.

Tissue samples from 40 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma treated by radiation therapy were evaluated simultaneously by three observers to establish criteria for distinguishing residual tumor from radiation-induced atypia. Sections from 10 patients irradiated for nonprostatic pelvic neoplasms served as controls in addition to pretreatment biopsies from the determinate group. Patients had been treated by external x-irradiation, the majority receiving 6200-7400 rad to the prostate and pelvis over 7 to 8 weeks. Positive (tumor) biopsy incidence in the determinate group was 80% at 18 months, 40% at 36 months, and 43% in later samples. The following features were characteristic of radiation injury in the prostate: decreased ratio of the number of tumor glands to stroma, atrophy and squamous-like metaplasia of non-neoplastic glands with or without atypia, stromal fibrosis, arterial lumenal narrowing due to myointimal proliferation, foam cells within vessel walls, and fibrosis and atrophy of seminal vesicles. Criteria not useful for diagnosing radiation injury included architectural pattern or differentiation of tumor, cytologic features of tumor cells, inflammatory infiltrate, and ratio of normal glands to stroma. Ionizing radiation produced characteristic lesions in neoplastic and non-neoplastic prostatic glands, stroma, and blood vessels, and the sum of these changes was a reliable indicator of prior radiotherapy. An understanding of the morphologic effects of radiation injury of the prostate allowed distinction between residual prostatic adenocarcinoma and radiation-induced atypia of non-neoplastic glands.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

[Assessment of late radiation injuries arising after treatment of cervix cancer].

The author proposes a method for the registration of late radiation injuries based upon the principles of the evaluation of efficacy of therapy of cancer patients approved by the WHO in 1979. It permits simultaneous registration of the frequency of late radiation injuries and patients' survival. The author gives examples of the calculation of the frequency of such complications in the rectum of cervical cancer patients. It has been shown that the determination of the frequency of late radiation injuries without account of patients' survival can result in errors while estimating this value.

Female↗
PubMed1989

[Late radiation injuries of the urinary tract].

A total of 400 patients with radiation injuries of the organs of the small pelvis were examined. Urinary dysfunction was found in 115 of them. Radionuclide renography with 131I-hippurane, excretory urography and ultrasound scanning were employed for their investigation. The principal cause of urinary dysfunction was the development of intrapelvic radiation fibrosis with ureteral compression and direct radiation injury of the ureter.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed1977

Radiation injury in the neonatal canine kidney. I. Pathogenesis.

The effects of radiation on the developing canine kidney were investigated. Beagles were exposed to 330 R 60Co gamma-radiation on the 2nd postnatal day of life. The kidneys were examined at 2 days (6 hours after irradiation), 4, 8, 14, 22, 70, and 200 days of age with qualitative and quantitative light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The primary result of the radiation injury was a failure to form the normal number of nephrons. The kidneys of irradiated dogs had 42 per cent fewer nephrons (260,000) than the control dogs (445,000). In addition, extensive damage to forming nephrons produced dysplastic renal corpuscles and other corpuscles which were arrested in their development. Three mechanisms of radiation injury were identified. First, there was extensive mitosis-linked cell death in the nephrogenic zone. Second, mitotic delay resulted in only one-fifth of the normal mitotic activity in the nephrogenic zone through 2 days postirradiation. Third, there was an immediate and permanent cessation of nephron formation. The extensive injury in the outer renal cortex was compounded by the development of intercapillary glomerulosclerosis in some middle and inner cortical corpuscles by 200 days of age.

Animals↗