Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “RAPE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Oilseed rape allergy presented as occupational asthma in the grain industry.

BACKGROUND: There have been several reports on respiratory allergic symptoms induced by pollen of oilseed rape. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report dealing with oilseed rape dust mainly composed of seeds, as an occupational allergen in the grain industry. In this paper, we present a case of occupational asthma caused by oilseed rape dust from the Animal Feed Industry, which proved to be induced by an IgE-mediated reaction. METHODS AND RESULTS: The patient displayed positive responses to Dermatophagoides farinae as well as oilseed rape dust extract. The bronchoprovocation test showed an early asthmatic response to oilseed rape dust extract. Serum specific IgE antibody to oilseed rape antigen was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA inhibition test showed significant inhibitions with addition of oilseed rape antigen. In order to further identify the allergenic components of extract, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblot analysis were performed. Fourteen IgE-binding components ranging from 10 to 160kDa were detected within the oilseed rape extract. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the inhalation of oilseed rape dust, not pollen, can cause IgE mediated bronchoconstriction in an exposed worker of the grain industry.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of high-molecular-mass allergens in oilseed rape pollen.

BACKGROUND: Oilseed rape pollen allergies have been previously described as the result of cross-sensitization with various pollens. Recently, several proteins have been identified as oilseed rape allergens. The aim of the present work was the characterization of oilseed rape pollen allergens by two-dimensional (2-D) gel analysis and amino acid microsequencing. METHODS: Water extractable proteins from oilseed rape pollen were separated by isoelectrofocusing and then transferred onto a nitrocellulose sheet. Twenty-one human sera from pollen- or mustard-allergic individuals were screened for their reactivity to oilseed rape proteins. Eleven sera possessed IgE which recognized oilseed rape pollen proteins and one serum was selected for further 2-D characterization and amino acid microsequencing of the allergens. RESULTS: The results showed that three molecules from oilseed rape pollen were identified as oilseed rape allergens which have not yet been described. These three proteins were molecules of 70 kD with a pI >8, 40 kD with a pI around 10 and 80 kD with a pI around 5. These proteins displayed identities with the berberine bridge protein, a receptor-like protein kinase and the cobalamin-independent methionine synthetase from Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. The genes encoding the putative Arabidopsis molecules are located on chromosome 1 (berberine bridge protein) and chromosomes 3 and 4 (receptor-like protein kinases). CONCLUSION: These results show that certain high-molecular-mass proteins from oilseed rape pollen are allergens.

5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltran↗
PubMed1999

Factors related to the reporting of childhood rape.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether there would be differences in reported versus unreported cases of childhood rape on incident characteristics including life threat, physical injury, identity of the perpetrator, frequency of assault(s), and rates of posttraumatic stress disorder or major depression. METHOD: In a telephone interview, a national probability sample of 4,008 (weighted) adult women was screened for a history of completed rape in childhood. Respondents were also assessed for DSM-III-R diagnoses of major depressive episode and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Three hundred forty-one (8.5%) of these women were victims of at least one rape prior to the age of 18, for a total of 437 completed rapes. Of these 437 rape incidents, 52 (11.9%) were reported to the police or other authorities. RESULTS: Significant differences were obtained between reported versus nonreported cases on incident characteristics, including life threat, physical injury, identity of the perpetrator. Reported cases were more likely to involve life threat and/or physical injury, and were more likely to have been committed by a stranger than nonreported cases. No significant differences between reported and nonreported cases were found concerning whether the rape involved a single incident versus series of events, or rates of PTSD or major depression. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that different characteristics are associated with reported versus unreported cases of childhood rape. Since few cases of childhood rape are actually reported to the authorities, it appears that we may be missing valuable information. Implications for research and clinical intervention are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Rape-related psychotraumatic syndromes.

OBJECTIVE: This study took place in a forensic center for rape victims. Our aims were: first, to explore the longitudinal course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and prevalence of disorders over the 6-month period following rape, then second, to group these disorders into syndromes related to chronic PTSD whilst remaining distinct from it, and third, to establish some predictive factors for chronic PTSD. STUDY DESIGN: 92 rape victims consecutively admitted to the center were regularly interviewed over a 6-month period by a psychiatrist. RESULTS: The paper confirms that rape leads to a high proportion of PTSD. Generally speaking, the psychopathology following rape is severe. PTSD at 6 months is associated with phobic and dissociative disorders. It is further associated with a cluster of symptoms arising after rape that we term borderline-like. Incestuous rape is a predictive factor for PTSD at 6 months. CONCLUSION: In the aftermath of rape several semiologically distinct psychotraumatic syndromes exist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Date rape among adolescents and young adults.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents and young adults are four times more likely to be victims of sexual assault than women in all other age groups. In the vast majority of these cases, the perpetrator is an acquaintance of the victim. Date rape is a subset of acquaintance rape where nonconsensual sex occurs between two people who are in a romantic relationship. METHODS: We conducted a MEDLINE and Current Concepts search for articles relating to date rape and then systematically reviewed all relevant articles. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of date or acquaintance rape ranges from 13% to 27% among college-age women and 20% to a high of 68% among adolescents. Demographic characteristics that increase vulnerability to date rape include younger age at first date, early sexual activity, earlier age of menarche, a past history of sexual abuse or prior sexual victimization, and being more accepting of rape myths and violence toward women. Other risk factors include date-specific behaviors such as who initiated, who paid expenses, who drove, date location and activity, as well as the use of alcohol or illicit drugs such as flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). Alcohol use that occurs within the context of the date can lead to: the misinterpretation of friendly cues as sexual invitations, diminished coping responses, and the female's inability to ward off a potential attack. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal research designs are needed to further our understanding of sexual violence among adolescents and young adults and the most effective ways to eliminate it. Understanding and comparing research findings would be easier if consensus regarding the definitions of date rape, sexual aggression, and sexual assault was obtained. Finally, primary and secondary date and acquaintance rape prevention programs must be developed and systematically evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Innovative community services for rape victims: an application of multiple case study methodology.

A qualitative multiple case study design was used to examine communities across the United States that have developed coordinated community-based programs to assist rape victims. Previous studies have suggested that coordinated community programs help victims obtain needed resources and services. This study provided a follow-up examination of how and why these programs are helpful to rape victims. In-depth interviews were conducted with rape victim advocates, rape crisis center directors, police officers, prosecutors, doctors, nurses, and rape survivors from 22 communities with coordinated programs. A comparison sample of 22 communities with fewer coordinated programs was also obtained. Results indicated that the high coordination communities had three types of programs to address sexual assault: coordinated service programs, interagency training programs, and community-level reform groups. Although not all of these programs directly address service delivery for rape victims, they help create a community culture that is more responsive to victims' needs. The research team and participants developed an explanatory model of why these program are effective in addressing rape victims' needs. This model hypothesizes that coordinated programs reflect an understanding of the multiple contexts of service delivery and embody that knowledge in services that are consistent with victims' needs. Narrative data from the interviews with service providers and rape survivors are used to develop and support this model.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2000

The longitudinal effects of a rape-prevention program on fraternity men's attitudes, behavioral intent, and behavior.

Rape myth acceptance, likelihood of raping, and sexually coercive behavior of 145 fraternity men randomly assigned to a control group or a rape-prevention program were surveyed. One third of 23 fraternities on a mid-Atlantic public university campus volunteered to participate in the study. The rape-prevention intervention consisted of "the men's program," a victim empathy-based presentation titled "How to help a sexual assault survivor: What men can do." Although no evidence of change in sexually coercive behavior was found, significant 7-month declines in rape myth acceptance and the likelihood of committing rape were shown among program participants. In the case of rape myth acceptance, the 7-month decrement remained lower in the participant group than in the control group. Implications of using these initial findings from the men's program for rape-prevention programming are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Rape among incarcerated men: sex, coercion and STDs.

Male inmates fear being raped most of all. Criminologists have yet to reach consensus on the prevalence of male inmate-on-inmate rape. The leading prevalence studies found that 7-12% of the responding male inmates had been raped an average of nine times. With a national jail and prison population of 2 million at mid-year 2002, the United States likely exposes tens of thousands of male inmates to rape, and consequently, to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The release of inmates from jails and prisons-estimated at 11.5 million persons in 1998-transforms the consequences of male rape from a correctional matter into a public health crisis. The quest for dominance and control over other inmates-not sexual release-best explains male custodial rape. Prison sexual predators are typically heterosexual. Their victims, however, involuntarily assume female roles in the prison sexual system. Moreover, they experience stigmatization by inmates and staff as well as physical and mental trauma. Civil rights litigation on behalf of victims rarely succeeds and damage awards are usually small. In 2003, Congress provided $13 million for the study and prevention of rape in jails and prisons. Preventing custodial rape and treating its victims will require a sustained commitment by government.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed1990

Risk of injury from resisting rape.

Women may resist rape by taking a variety of self-protective measures. To examine the association between a woman's use of self-protection during a rape incident and four injury outcomes, the authors analyzed data from the National Crime Survey, an ongoing survey of self-reported victimizations throughout the United States. The study population was 851 women greater than or equal to 12 years of age who reported being a victim of completed or attempted rape during 1973-1982. Logistic regression was used to control for eight covariates, including use of weapons by the offender and the nature of the victim-offender relationship. The use of self-protection during a rape incident was protective against completed rape. The odds ratios for completed rape were 0.2 for all measures of self-protection--nonforceful, forceful, and both forceful and nonforceful (all 95% confidence intervals between 0.1 and 0.4). After controlling for type of rape incident, the odds ratios for physical injury were greater than 1.0 for all measures of self-protection but, in the case of physical injury requiring medical attention, only the odds ratio for use of both forceful and nonforceful measures was statistically significant. Because of the limitations of the National Crime Survey, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Further research is needed to help women respond in ways that will minimize injury should a rape incident occur.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The impact of past sexual experiences on attributions of responsibility for rape.

Two factors potentially affect observers'attributions of responsibility to a rape survivor: how closely they identify with the survivor and how much they adhere to rape myths. To assess the impact of these factors, 157 female college students categorized by their sexual assault history and by their acceptance of rape myths, evaluated a sexual assault scenario. It was hypothesized that previously victimized participants would attribute less blame, and that those participants who self-identify as rape survivors would view the assault as rape more often than other participants. Neither hypothesis was supported. As expected, those who scored higher on the Rape Myths Acceptance Scale(RMAS) blamed the victim more and were less likely to believe rape had occurred. Only one subscale of the RMAS, Adversarial Sexual Beliefs, was consistently associated with participants'evaluation of the scenario, suggesting that this dimension may be especially important to understanding an observer's assessment of rape.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Attitudes toward rape: a comparison between Asian and Caucasian college students.

The purpose of this study is to investigate differences in attitudes toward rape between Asian and Caucasian college students. The Attitudes Toward Rape scale was used to measure beliefs about rape in a convenience sample of 169 college students. Three items regarding stranger rape myths were added. Findings suggest that Asian students are more likely than Caucasian students to believe women should be held responsible for preventing rape and to view sex as the primary motivation for rape. Asians also have stronger beliefs than Caucasians do that victims cause the rape and that most rapists are strangers. This research suggests that outreach programs can play an important role in providing information, education, and prevention regarding rape and that males and Asian students should be target populations for such programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Care of the female rape victim.

Rape is indexed as the second-most-frequent violent crime, yet it also is considered the crime that is least reported. Rape is a serious offense against the person, assaulting both body and psyche, and victims may suffer short- or long-term impairment as well. As primary care providers, nurse practitioners are in a position to identify rape victims and begin interventions to alleviate suffering, provide supportive care and plan for follow-up in order to prevent devastating effects on the individual's life. The purpose of this article is to better acquaint nurse practitioners with the scope of rape and rape issues, and the impact rape has on adult female victims and their families. The article discusses the definition of rape; rape myths; prevalence and reporting; responses of practitioners, victims and families; and primary care interventions in the areas of counseling, physical assessment and treatment, and police/legal considerations.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of the incidence of rape--North Carolina, 1989-1993.

Rape has a substantial impact on the health of victims, including a broad spectrum of physical, psychologic, and social sequelae (1-3). The development of appropriate and effective rape-prevention programs is assisted by consistent collection of information about and by accurate estimation of the incidence of rape. In North Carolina, as in many other states, the only source of statewide and county-specific population-based data on rape incidence is the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), coordinated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); however, these data may underestimate the actual incidence of rape (4,5) because they include only assaults that have been reported to police and that conform to the UCR definition of forcible rape. To assess the usefulness of rape crisis centers (RCCs) as an additional potential source of data for determining the incidence of rape, in 1994 the Injury Control Section, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources (NC-DEHNR), surveyed RCCs in North Carolina, then compared estimates of the annual incidence based on RCC and UCR data for selected counties during 1989-1993. This report summarizes the results of the survey and comparative analysis.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Adolescent attitudes toward victim precipitation of rape.

Adolescents have high rates of rape victimization and offending compared to other age groups, yet few studies have examined predictors of rape-supportive attitudes among adolescents. Drawing from Burt's (1980) study of rape myth acceptance among adults, this study tests a path analytic model of adolescent attitudes about victim precipitation of rape, using a sample of 1393 cases from the National Youth Survey (NYS) (Elliott, Ageton, Huizinga, Knowles, & Cantor, 1983). LISREL (Jöreskeg & Sörbom, 1988) estimation procedures are applied. Results show direct effects of sociocultural influences on an individual's level of rape myth acceptance, but demonstrate some interesting gender differences. Findings also reveal indirect effects of age, race, and socioeconomic status on attitudes toward rape, which operate through traditional gender role stereo-typing. Educating young adolescents about the nature of rape and the rights and roles of women are logical points of intervention to decrease acceptance of rape myths that target the victim.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Creating an alternative framework for preventing rape: applying Haddon's injury prevention strategies.

As rape becomes recognized as a public health issue, new paradigms must be constructed to discover viable solutions to this highly prevalent problem. Although the injury prevention field has begun to examine rape and offer solutions, physical injuries surrounding rape tend to become the focus in injury prevention literature, thereby minimizing the trauma of rape itself. This article applies William Haddon's ten general strategies for injury prevention to rape, in order to shift our focus away from women and their behavior onto the systemic causes of rape. These strategies have the advantage of encompassing a wide variety of injury reduction measures from many hazards and have provided the means to conceptualize solutions to an extensive range of issues. The application of these strategies emphasizes sociocultural factors and perpetrator, not victim, responsibility. Through this process, a broader range of normative and structural changes can be identified to promote rape prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Transfer of resistance against the beet cyst nematode from radish (Raphanus sativus) to rape (Brassica napus) by monosomic chromosome addition.

In rape ( Brassica napus), no resistance to the beet cyst nematode (BCN) Heterodera schachtii is available. This study was carried out to determine the specific chromosome(s) of resistant radish ( Raphanus sativus) carrying the gene(s) for nematode resistance as a prequisite to convert rape from a host into a trap crop for this pest. A Raphanobrassica progeny of 25 plants was analyzed which segregated for all nine chromosomes of the Raphanus genome in a genetic background of synthetic rape. The number of radish chromosomes was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization, using the Raphanus-specific DNA probe pURsN; and their type was identified by chromosome-specific randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Five different multiple rape-radish chromosome additions (comprising the whole set of nine radish chromosomes, a-i) were selected and crossed to rape. For each cross-progeny, the number of cysts on plant roots was counted 42 days after inoculation with a L2 larvae suspension. Simultaneously, the plants were characterized for the presence or absence of individual radish chromosomes, using sets of chromosome-specific markers. Thus, the effect of each radish chromosome on cyst number was tested. Chromosome d had a major resistance effect, whereas the presence/absence of the other radish chromosomes had nearly no influence on cyst number. Plants with added chromosome d showed a resistance level comparable with that of the radish donor parent. The analysis in the cross to rape of a plant monosomic only for chromosome d confirmed the strong effect of this chromosome on nematode resistance. A further experiment comprising seven crosses using winter rape breeding lines and monosomic addition line d as pollen parent provided the same results on a broader genetic basis. In each case, the added chromosome d in a single dosage caused nearly the full resistance of the radish donor. Resistance was independent of the glucosinolate content in the roots. The possibilities for stabilizing BCN resistance in rape and its use for other crops and nematodes are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A study on the prevalence of HIV-seropositivity among rape survivals in Transkei, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: South Africa has the highest incidence of rape, including child rape, in the world. The country has about 5-million individuals infected with HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS is becoming a life-threatening consequence of rape. It is therefore important to provide anti-retroviral drugs and some provinces have already begun to do so. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of HIV-seropositivity in the victims of rape in Transkei. METHODS: All the victims of rape who attended Sinawe Rape Crisis Center in Umtata General Hospital during daytime from Monday to Friday between November 2000 and May 2002 were included in the study. All were tested for VDRL and HIV. RESULTS: A total of 243 victims were examined. 22 (9%) were seropositive for HIV. Two blood results were not available. One hundred and sixty six (68.3%) were less than 20 years old, 57 (23.4%) were less than 10 years, and 12 (4.9%) were less than 5 years of age. The highest HIV-positivity (2.8%) was found among the adolescents (15-19 years). No children of less than 5 years were infected with HIV. Only 5 (2.2%) returned for the second HIV test, and one (0.4%) seroconverted after 3 months. CONCLUSION: There were 219 (90%) rape victims who were HIV negative at the time of the incident. Serious consideration must be given to cover rape victims with anti-retroviral agents to prevent them contracting HIV infection.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Bt-transgenic oilseed rape hybridization with its weedy relative, Brassica rapa.

The movement of transgenes from crops to weeds and the resulting consequences are concerns of modern agriculture. The possible generation of "superweeds" from the escape of fitness-enhancing transgenes into wild populations is a risk that is often discussed, but rarely studied. Oilseed rape, Brassica napus (L.), is a crop with sexually compatible weedy relatives, such as birdseed rape (Brassica rapa (L.)). Hybridization of this crop with weedy relatives is an extant risk and an excellent interspecific gene flow model system. In laboratory crosses, T3 lines of seven independent transformation events of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) oilseed rape were hybridized with two weedy accessions of B. rapa. Transgenic hybrids were generated from six of these oilseed rape lines, and the hybrids exhibited an intermediate morphology between the parental species. The Bt transgene was present in the hybrids, and the protein was synthesized at similar levels to the corresponding independent oilseed rape lines. Insect bioassays were performed and confirmed that the hybrid material was insecticidal. The hybrids were backcrossed with the weedy parent, and only half the oilseed rape lines were able to produce transgenic backcrosses. After two backcrosses, the ploidy level and morphology of the resultant plants were indistinguishable from B. rapa. Hybridization was monitored under field conditions (Tifton, GA, USA) with four independent lines of Bt oilseed rape with a crop to wild relative ratio of 1200:1. When B. rapa was used as the female parent, hybridization frequency varied among oilseed rape lines and ranged from 16.9% to 0.7%.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗