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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Ionizing radiation and genetic risks. III. Nature of spontaneous and radiation-induced mutations in mammalian in vitro systems and mechanisms of induction of mutations by radiation.

This paper (1) presents an analysis of published data on the molecular nature of spontaneously arising and radiation-induced mutations in mammalian somatic cell systems and (2) examines whether the molecular nature and mechanisms of origin of radiation-induced mutations, in mammalian in vivo and in vitro systems, as currently understood, are consistent with expectations based on the biophysical and microdosimetric properties of ionizing radiation. Depending on the test system (CHO cells, human T lymphocytes and human lymphoid cell line TK6), 80-97% of spontaneous HPRT mutations show normal Southern patterns; the remainder is due to gross changes, predominantly partial (intragenic) deletions. Total gene deletions at the HPRT locus are rare except in the TK6 cell line. At the APRT locus in CHO cells, 80-97% of spontaneous mutations are due to base-pair changes, the remainder being, mostly, partial deletions. The latter can extend upstream in the 5' direction but not beyond the APRT gene in the 3' direction. At the human HLA-A locus (T lymphocytes), the percentage of mutations with normal Southern patterns is lower than that for HPRT, and in the range of 50-60%. At the HLA-A locus, mitotic recombination contributes substantially to the mutation spectrum (approximately 30% of mutations recovered) and this is likely to be true of the TK locus in the TK6 cell line as well. With a few exceptions, most of the radiation-induced mutations show altered Southern patterns and are consistent with their being deletions and/or other gross changes (HPRT, 70-90% (CHO); 50-85% (TK6); 50-75% (T lymphocytes); TK, 60-80% (TK6); HLA-A, 80% (T lymphocytes); DHFR, 100% (CHO]. The exceptions are APRT mutations in CHO cells (16-20% of mutants with deletions or other changes) and HPRT mutations in T lymphocytes from A-bomb survivors (15-25%); the latter finding is consistent with the occurrence of in vivo selection against HPRT mutant cells. In cases of HPRT intragenic deletions analyzed (CHO cells and V79 Chinese hamster cells), there is evidence for a non-random distribution of breakpoints. The spontaneous mutation frequencies vary widely, from about 0.04/10(6) cells (sickle cell mutations at the human HBB locus) to 30.8/10(6) cells (HLA-A mutations in T lymphocytes) and are dependent on the locus, the system employed and a number of other factors. Those for the other loci fall between these limits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Radiation and genetic consequences of ionizing irradiation on population of Pinus sylvestris L. within the zone of the Chernobyl NPP].

Main results of the nineteen year radiation-genetic monitoring of radiobiological, of cytogenetic, and of genetic parameters of Pinus sylvestris L. of forest plantation from the Chernobyl meltdown area are presented. The acute ionizing irradiation at doses >1 Gy induces the formation of morphoses and of depressed growth; at doses >2 Gy, the reproductive ability of the trees declined. The radiobiological parameters shown linear or close to it dose-dependence relationship. The acute irradiation at dose of 0.5 Gy induces cytogenetic and genetic effects that were significantly higher than the corresponding control values. The relationship between the cytogenetic effects and the absorbed dose was exponential. The dependence of mutation frequency at specific loci on the absorbed dose was described by a nonlinear curve. The results of the cytogenetic analysis of seedlings obtained from seeds annually collected in zones of slight, of moderate, and of strong damage of Pinus sylvestris L. are presented.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2004

CARHTA GENE: multipopulation integrated genetic and radiation hybrid mapping.

UNLABELLED: CAR(H)(T)A GENE: is an integrated genetic and radiation hybrid (RH) mapping tool which can deal with multiple populations, including mixtures of genetic and RH data. CAR(H)(T)A GENE: performs multipoint maximum likelihood estimations with accelerated expectation-maximization algorithms for some pedigrees and has sophisticated algorithms for marker ordering. Dedicated heuristics for framework mapping are also included. CAR(H)(T)A GENE: can be used as a C++ library, through a shell command and a graphical interface. The XML output for companion tools is integrated. AVAILABILITY: The program is available free of charge from www.inra.fr/bia/T/CarthaGene for Linux, Windows and Solaris machines (with Open Source). CONTACT: tschiex@toulouse.inra.fr.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2002

Radiation-induced genetic instability in vivo depends on p53 status.

In response to ionizing radiation and other agents that damage DNA, the p53 tumor suppressor protein activates multiple cellular processes including cell cycle checkpoints and programmed cell death. Although loss of p53 function is associated with radiation-induced genetic instability in cell lines, it is not clear if this relationship exists in vivo. To study the role of p53 in maintenance of genetic stability in normal tissues following irradiation, we have measured mutant frequencies at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Aprt) and hypothanine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) loci and examined mechanisms of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in normal T cells of p53-deficient, Aprt heterozygous mice that were subjected to whole-body irradiation with a single dose of 4Gy X-rays. The radiation-induced mutant frequency at both the Aprt and Hprt loci was elevated in cells from mice with different p53 genotypes. The radiation-induced elevation of p53-/- mice was significantly greater than that of p53+/- or p53+/+ mice and was caused by several different kinds of mutational events at the both chromosomal and intragenic levels. Most significantly, interstitial deletion, which occurs rarely in unirradiated mice, became the most common mechanism leading to LOH in irradiated p53 null mice. These observations support the idea that absence or reduction of p53 expression enhances radiation-induced tumorigenesis by increasing genetic instability at various loci, such as those for tumor suppressor genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Bone sarcoma as a second malignant neoplasm in children: influence of radiation and genetic predisposition for the Late Effects Study Group.

Osteosarcoma or chondrosarcoma developed as a second malignant neoplasm (SMN) in 40 of 188 individuals with SMN whose first neoplasm occurred in childhood. A genetic susceptibility to cancer was found in 23; the SMN developed in an irradiated field in 32; both factors wer present in 16; neither in one. When a genetic predisposition was present, radiation shortened the interval to SMN. The intervals between tumors and the age at which the bone sarcomas developed in relation to genetic disease and therapy were analyzed by a two-mutation hypothesis. Studies of SMN in childhood permit us to make observation about the role of genetic factors and environmental mutagens in cancer etiology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Quantification of radiation-induced genetic risk].

Associated with technical advances of our civilization is a radiation- and chemically-induced increase in the germ cell mutation rate in man. This would result in an increase in the frequency of genetic diseases and would be detrimental to future generations. It is the duty of our generation to keep this risk as low as possible. The estimation of the radiation-induced genetic risk of human populations is based on the extrapolation of results from animal experiments. Radiation-induced mutations are stochastic events. The probability of the event depends on the dose; the degree of the damage does not. The different methods to estimate the radiation-induced genetic risk will be discussed. The accuracy of the predicted results will be evaluated by a comparison with the observed incidence of dominant mutations in offspring born to radiation exposed survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings. These methods will be used to predict the genetic damage from the fallout of the reactor accident at Chernobyl. For the exposure dose we used the upper limits of the mean effective life time equivalent dose from the fallout values in the Munich region. According to the direct method for the risk estimation we will expect for each 100 to 500 spontaneous dominant mutations one radiation-induced mutation in the first generation. With the indirect method we estimate a ratio of 100 dominant spontaneous mutations to one radiation-induced dominant mutation. The possibilities and the limitations of the different methods to estimate the genetic risk will be discussed. The discrepancy between the high safety standards for radiation protection and the low level of knowledge for the toxicological evaluation of chemical mutagens will be emphasized.

Accidents↗
PubMed1994

Repair of radiation induced genetic damage under microgravity.

The influence of microgravity on the repair of radiation induced genetic damage in a temperature-conditional repair mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (rad 54-3) was investigated onboard the IML-1 mission (January 22nd-30th 1992, STS-42). Cells were irradiated before the flight, incubated under microgravity at the permissive (22 degrees C) and restrictive (36 degrees C) temperature and afterwards tested for survival. The results suggest that repair may be reduced under microgravity.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed2006

Distinct pigmentary and melanocortin 1 receptor-dependent components of cutaneous defense against ultraviolet radiation.

Genetic variation at the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is an important risk factor for developing ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin cancer, the most common form of cancer in humans. The underlying mechanisms by which the MC1R defends against UV-induced skin cancer are not known. We used neonatal mouse skin (which, like human skin, contains a mixture of melanocytes and keratinocytes) to study how pigment cells and Mc1r genotype affect the genome-level response to UV radiation. Animals without viable melanocytes (Kit(W-v)/Kit(W-v)) or animals lacking a functional Mc1r (Mc1r(e)/Mc1r(e)) were exposed to sunburn-level doses of UVB radiation, and the patterns of large-scale gene expression in the basal epidermis were compared to each other and to nonmutant animals. Our analysis revealed discrete Kit- and Mc1r-dependent UVB transcriptional responses in the basal epidermis. The Kit-dependent UVB response was characterized largely by an enrichment of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress genes, highlighting a distinctive role for pigmented melanocytes in mediating antioxidant defenses against genotoxic stresses within the basal epidermal environment. By contrast, the Mc1r-dependent UVB response contained an abundance of genes associated with regulating the cell cycle and oncogenesis. To test the clinical relevance of these observations, we analyzed publicly available data sets for primary melanoma and melanoma metastases and found that the set of genes specific for the Mc1r-dependent UVB response was able to differentiate between different clinical subtypes. Our analysis also revealed that the classes of genes induced by UVB differ from those repressed by UVB with regard to their biological functions, their overall number, and their size. The findings described here offer new insights into the transcriptional nature of the UV response in the skin and provide a molecular framework for the underlying mechanisms by which melanocytes and the Mc1r independently mediate and afford protection against UV radiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of glyoxal pretreatment on radiation-induced genetic damage in Drosophila melanogaster.

The effects of glyoxal and of glyoxal pretreatments on radiation-induced genetic damage were investigated in Drosophila melanogaster mature sperm, by means of sex-linked recessive and dominant lethality, reciprocal translocation and chromosome loss tests. In addition, the possible mutagenic effect of glyoxal was assessed in postmeiotic cells up to 7 days after treatment. The results obtained show: (1) the frequencies of recessive lethals after glyoxal treatment were within control values, (2) no clastogenic effect of glyoxal was observed, (3) glyoxal pretreatment did not modify the frequency of recessive lethals induced by X-rays, (4) after pretreatment with glyoxal a consistent, though not significant, increase was seen in the frequency of reciprocal translocations in 3 replicate experiments, (5) the yield of dominant lethals and of complete and partial chromosome loss induced by radiation was significantly increased by pretreatments with glyoxal. It is suggested that the increase of the frequency of genetic endpoints resulting from chromosome breakage, when glyoxal was administered prior to irradiation, could be ascribed to: (a) a sensitizing action of glyoxal to the clastogenic effect of ionizing radiation; (b) the formation of reactive species by the interaction of glyoxal with radiation; and/or (c) interference of glyoxal with the normal handling of radiation-induced lesions in mature postmeiotic male cells.

Aldehydes↗