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PubMed1989

Quackery.

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Fraud↗
PubMed2004

[Semantics of learned quackery in the 17th and 18th centuries].

In the 17th and 18th century republic of letters the problem of scientific fraud was met with a discourse of charlatanism. Departing from Johann Burchhard Menckes famous treatise on the Charlatanry of the learned the following essay traces how the accusations of academic and scientific misconduct put in terms of 'charlatanry' primarily helped to produce the new species of the erudite 'charlatan'. Facing a growing complexity of scientific culture this new frame of meaning, structured by numerous examples of scientific misconduct offered a new way of orientation in the world of learning. But besides its cognitive impacts the discourse of charlatanry allowed to create symbolic boundaries, which determined decisions upon the affiliation or non affiliation to the new forming scientific community by separating honourable from dishonourable scientific personae. Speaking of charlatanry therefore always implied a social distinction as much as a scientific. The discourses on charlatanry also mirror differentiations within the scientific field. At first dominated by a critique built on courteous or bourgeois values, the scientific field later on developed its own criteria of appraisal like authorship, originality, transparency etc. Attracting the attention of a further growing public sphere, the explicit verbalisation of claims not relating to the value system of a republic of letters primarily concerned with the production and distribution of knowledge finally led up to a more implicit moral economy of science. A change that at a large scale level can be described both as an internalisation of the values of scientific conduct and differentiation between justiciable and unjusticiable transgressions of the norms set up by the scientific community.

Europe↗
PubMed2003

[Weight loss cures advertised in the media: only quackery?].

Obesity is a multifactorial disease that afflicts a growing number of people in Europe and throughout the world. Both commercial and medical treatment programs are characterized by high rates of long-term recidivism. A cultural preoccupation with slimness has created a profitable industry serving millions of people who are attempting continually to reduce weight. This review summarizes the major areas of consensus and controversy concerning the health implications of obesity and weight loss and suggests novel directions for treatment.

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