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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Difficulties in family therapy evaluation. I. A comparison of insight vs. problem-solving approaches. II. Design critique and recommendations.

In Part 1, an outcome study comparing two methods of family treatment, is reported. Families were randomly assigned to one of two forms of conjoint therapy: an Insight-oriented treatment (N = 10) or a Problem-Solving intervention (N = 10). The results on self-report measures of family functioning indicate that the Problem-Solving intervention produced more favorable changes after three months. Experienced therapists did better than inexperienced therapists in the Insight-treatment condition but level of experience did not make a difference in the Problem-Solving therapy. A group of eight families who dropped out of the Insight-treatment group provided data on correlates of premature termination. In Part II, the study is critically reviewed. The practical obstacles to implementing an experimental design in a clinic setting are considered. Special attention is given to issues involving the selection of treatment and control conditions: sampling and the measurement of outcome. Alternatives to experimental designs are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The concept of cycloid psychosis: sensitivity and specificity of syndromes derived by multivariate clustering techniques.

A total of 154 patients admitted for the first time to hospital for a psychotic or affective disorder in 1925 were rediagnosed in accordance with DSM-III and Leonhard's diagnostic system. Symptoms were rated in accordance with a rating protocol containing 33 items based on Leonhard's descriptions of cycloid psychoses. The patients were followed up through parish registers and hospital records. Of 42 cases considered to be cycloid psychosis at index admission, 34 were prognostically verified. The symptom ratings of the 154 patients were analysed by K-means cluster analysis to test whether the patients with cycloid psychoses would separate from the rest of the material. With a 2-cluster solution, 30 of 34 cases (88%) were contained in the same cluster. The sensitivity of the ratings was therefore judged to be acceptable. Specificity was low, however, since 19 cases in the cluster were differently diagnosed. A subcohort of 64 patients, satisfying at least 5 items of the rating protocol, was then analysed by Q-factor analysis to test whether nuclear cases of cycloid psychosis differ from symptomatically related syndromes. No such differences could be statistically verified; no symptom profile specifically indicating cycloid psychosis could be found. Prominent confusion symptoms appear, however, to be prognostically favourable, whereas motility symptoms without confusion seem to indicate an unfavourable course.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1977

Influence of personality attributes on abortion experiences.

Questionnaire responses of women who underwent legal abortions reveal a range of complex emotional reactions. This study suggests that both the resolution of negative feelings post-abortion and the motivation to use contraception are related to individual personality characteristics. Implications are offered for therapeutic intervention and for contraceptive counseling with young, unmarried women.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1990

The psychoanalytic case study: toward a method for systematic inquiry.

This study represents a contribution toward the systematic and empirical investigation of psychoanalytic treatments. The method used, the Q-technique, allows the transformation of clinical data into a form amenable to quantitative analysis, thereby providing an empirical means to test theoretically and clinically derived understandings of psychoanalytic process. The treatment hours of a six-year analysis were audio-recorded and transcribed, and blocks of ten sessions were selected at regular intervals throughout the course of the analysis. Transcripts of these hours were then rated in random fashion by clinical judges with a Q-set designed to provide a standard language for the description and classification of analytic process. These descriptions of analytic hours, as structured by the Q-set, proved highly reliable, demonstrating the method's promise for addressing the long-standing problem of achieving reliable clinical judgments. Results suggest that subjecting the traditional psychoanalytic case study to systematic inquiry can contribute to establishing an empirical science base for some psychoanalytic propositions.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Sex differences in the eyes of expert personality assessors: unwarranted conclusions.

In a recent paper, Haan and Livson reported sex differences between male and female psychologists in their evaluations of adult men and adult women. Their conclusions have implication for the validity of clinical assessments and were interpreted in terms of stereotypic sex role perceptions. However, their statistical analysis was in fundamental error. When the data they employed were reanalyzed, no reliable sex differences between men and women psychologists were found, a finding in accord with a number of previous investigations of this problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Three narcissism scales for the California Q-set.

Three observer-based narcissism scales were developed from factor scores based on a California Q-set (CAQ) narcissism prototype. Each of the three scales--Willfulness, Hypersensitivity, and Autonomy--correlated with observer and self-report narcissism measures in the derivation sample of 105 women and a cross-validation sample of 175 men and 175 women. California Psychological Inventory (CPI), Adjective Check List (ACL), and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) correlates and partner ACL ratings suggested that the Willfulness scale represents self-assuredness, rebelliousness, and exhibitionism characteristic of overt or phallic narcissism. The correlates of the Hypersensitivity scale included depression and introversion along with rebelliousness and hostility, indicative of covert narcissism. The Autonomy scale was correlated positively with creativity, empathy, achievement-orientation, and individualism, and thus assesses a healthy variant of narcissism.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Patterns of personality developement in middle-aged women: a longitudinal study.

Personality development was examined in two groups of women studied since adolescence who were judged psychologically healthy at age fifty: 1) Independants, whose health improved from forty to fifty, were ambitious and intellectual. 2) Traditionals, healthy at both ages, were gregarious and nurturant. Traditionals showed steady personality growth since adolescence. Independents were constricted at age forty but recovered by fifty. These patterns are compared in terms of the fit between personality and sex role. Traditional personalitites fit conventional feminine roles, accounting for their health throughout the middle years. Independents improved when disengaging from mothering freed them to develop their more assertive skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Personality organizations of well-functioning younger people and older adults.

Person clustering of Q sort items for two longitudinal samples, studied at four periods from adolescence to middle adulthood, were generated for the sexes separately. After correlations between the resulting sixty-eight clusters showed that common personality organizations existed across time, sex, and samples, a second order clustering of the first sixty-eight was done which reduced the number of clusters to four. The first cluster represented a well-functioning organization, and comparisons were made of its hierarchial ordering of attributes between the longitudinal samples and a geriatric sample. Although both groups were dependable and productive, they diverged in the importance of intimate interpersonal relations and in their self concepts. The older people were more tender and intimate, but conserving of their own integrity, while the younger groups were more assertive and cognitively invested, as they must be to deal with their different life situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Attitudes toward mentally retarded persons: effects of attitude referent specificity.

The effects of the specificity of the attitude referent on female adults' expressed attitudes were studied. Specifically, attitudes towards "mentally retarded person" referent were compared with attitudes toward mentally retarded referents who were described in terms of their severity of retardation and CA. Results indicated that expressed attitudes toward a nondescript mentally retarded person referent were generally intermediate in favorability between mildy and severely retarded person referents. The response format of the attitude questionnaire (e.g., Likert, forced-choice) was also found to affect attitude scores differentially as a function of the referent employed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

[Uneasiness with facet analysis: time for a reappraisal].

Although already several decades old, the facet analysis (also called facet theory) has not been able to assert itself in the field of psychology. Here the reasons for the widespread uneasiness with the facet analysis will be presented starting with an outline of the approach. This will make it clear that the facet analysis does not represent a research method in the narrower sense and definitely not a "theory" but a method with the status of a logical principle of thought. In experimental psychology this principle has been used successfully for a long time in the form of multifactorial experimental designs. However, multifactorial measurement designs are still few and far between in differential and diagnostic psychology. This can be explained especially by the fact that an important aspect of validity--the validity of construct differentiations--has been ignored. Because of a principle rejection of factor analytic methods, even the proponents of the facet analysis have overlooked the central contribution of their approach with respect to the validity of measurement methods.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patients' control and the information imperative: clarification and confirmation.

This study is a replication and extension of research on the types of activities which contribute to patients' sense of control during their hospitalization. The original research involving two samples, each consisting of 30 medical-surgical patients in a military medical facility, revealed that in addition to being informed, patients found control through fulfilling the patient role, being involved in decision-making processes, and directing interpersonal and environmental interactions (Dennis, 1987). Through a similar use of Q-methodology, this sample of 30 adults, hospitalized with a greater diversity of medical-surgical diagnosis in a civilian medical center, demonstrated control-related perspectives that were similar to their military medical center counterparts. Information about diagnosis, treatment, and the lifestyle implications of the disease process was central to facilitating patients' sense of control. Data from the 90 subjects comprising all three subsamples across both studies were integrated through second-order factor analysis, a procedure unique to Q-methodology. This analysis clarified and confirmed four types of patient control orientations: patient role fulfillment, health care decision making, personal integrity preservation, and global self-determination.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

A quantitative evaluation of sex differences in implicit personality theories.

An investigation is conducted into whether male and female perceivers hold substantially different implicit theories of personality. 24 male and 24 female subjects were asked to sort a set of 36 trait names into groups of similar traits. On the basis of these data, proximities between trait names and proximities between groupings (or partitions) were computed and subjected to a differential statistical analysis. Neither a global test for sex-specific groupings of trait names nor tests at the level of perceived pairwise trait relationships yielded significant differences. It is concluded that aggregation of sorting data over both male and female perceivers is warranted without too big a loss of information. On the methodological side, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of a quantitative approach to handling the problem of data aggregation in the context of studies using the sorting method as a data-gathering technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Color preference and MMPI scores of alcohol and drug addicts.

Sixty-seven inpatients (12 women, 55 men) treated for alcohol and drug abuse were administered the MMPI and Luescher Color Test (LCT); as required by the test manual, the interpretations are based on a second LCT administration. Scores on Luescher's scales were unrelated to MMPI scores. The rank order of relative preference for each of the 8 LCT cards also was unrelated to MMPI scores. Older patients more often preferred brown and less often black. Female patients showed more preference for purple. The group of patients showed more preference for brown than a control group of 20 normal adults (3 women, 17 men) and also obtained higher (i.e., presumably more pathological) scores on Luescher's total score scale and compensation scale.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An objective method for forming diagnostic sub-groups of ulcer patients].

79 ulcer patients were arranged in 6 seb-groups by means of a Q-analysis. Relevant items of their self-images in the Giessen-Test selected through factor analysis were the basis of this sub-grouping. Description of the sub-groups was based on factor analysis of 5 dimensions and discriminance analysis of 3 dimensions obtained in the self-perceptions and self-images. The patient's view of his illness, his social status and his physical ailments were also included as dimensions of the 6 sub-groups. A clinically obtained typology of the characteristics of these sub-groups was checked and verified.

Conflict, Psychological↗