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PubMed1998

Regulatory action criteria for filth and other extraneous materials. II. Allergenic mites: an emerging food safety issue.

Four species of food-contaminating mites have recently been reported to have caused IgE-mediated allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in persons who consumed mite-contaminated foods. The mite species are the American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes (Acarina: Pyroglyphidae); the scaly grain mite, Suidasia sp. prob. pontifica Oudemans (Acarina: Suidasiidae), an acarid mite, Thyreophagus entomophagus Portus & Gomez (Acarina: Acaridae); and the mold mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acarina: Acaridae). Allergenic mites are an emerging food safety issue as ingested allergens in mite-contaminated food.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of fungicide treatment and vacuuming on pyroglyphid mites and their allergens in mattress dust.

House-dust mites (Pyroglyphidae) are an important source of indoor airborne allergens. Several methods may be applied to reduce the population growth of these mites and thus the quantity of allergen formed. One such method is to interfere with the mites' food chain. Fungi are a key factor in this food chain: they serve as an indirect food source. In this study we investigated the results of the repeated application of a fungicide (natamycin) on mattresses. As controls we treated some mattresses with a placebo, while others were left untreated. The application of natamycin appeared to hamper mite development. Additional vacuuming reduced the quantity of mite allergens present. In the usual household situation repeated treatment will be necessary to obtain a long-term reduction.

Allergens↗
PubMed1992

Allergen exposure and control.

Allergens produced by the house dust mites (family Pyroglyphidae) are probably the single most important allergens associated with asthma world wide. If exposure to these allergens in houses could be sufficiently reduced, then asthma symptoms may be markedly reduced and even prevented from being initiated. Only about half of the many attempts to reduce mite allergens in houses have shown any clinical benefit. One reason may be that exposure was not reduced enough--however exposure to mite allergens has never been measured in any trial. This review summarises previous allergen control trials and then provides an outline of allergen exposure, including the nature of exposure, the analytical methods available and the recognised risks of allergen exposure. This provides a perspective to evaluate the individual methods used to kill mites and to reduce exposure to the allergens. The object is to provide a framework to improve and develop allergen avoidance as an effective component of asthma management.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2007

Comparisons of the allergenic mite prevalence in dwellings and certain outdoor environments of the Upper Silesia (southwest Poland).

The occurrence of allergenic mites (pyroglyphid house-dust mites, acarid and glycyphagid storage mites and others) in dwellings and in synanthropic outdoor sites in a densely populated urban area was investigated. A total of 335 house dust samples were collected from dwellings at 7 different locations in Upper Silesia (Poland), including 84 samples from dwellings of Katowice. Mites were found in 188 of the samples examined (56.1%). A total of 4410 mite specimens were isolated and identified, including 4212 members of the family Pyroglyphidae (95.51%). Among them, Dermatophagoides farinae was predominant (75.3%), followed by D. pteronyssinus (18.6%) and Euroglyphus maynei (1.5%). Moreover, litter soiled with communal wastes was sampled. All 86 samples contained mites. A total of 7547 mite specimens were isolated including 6050 mites known as allergenic (80.5%). Among the astigmatid mites two acarids were dominant: Tyrophagus silvester and T. longior (28.7% and 25.1% of all mites). It should be stressed that 6 of the acarid mite species or genera found in outdoor environments are typical domestic mites (T. putrescentiae), or they have been collected from house dust samples (T. longior, Tyrolichus casei, Thyreophagus entomophagus, Mycetoglyphus fungivorus and Rhizoglyphus robini). The litter of synanthropic sites can therefore form a substantial source of infestation.

Allergens↗
PubMed2002

Detection of serine proteases in extracts of the domestic mite Blomia tropicalis.

Previous studies have shown that the domestic mites Dennatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae contain allergens with serine protease activity. These proteolytic allergens include trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, kallikrein, and C3/C5 convertase. However, it is not known whether the domestic mite Blomia tropicalis shares with other mite species the serine protease activities. The enzymatic activity present in extracts obtained from food-free B. tropicalis was investigated using specific substrates and inhibitors. Based upon the concentration response and inhibition profiles, and the digestion of specific substrates our data demonstrate that extracts from B. tropicalis exhibit several serine-protease-like activities. The enzyme activities detected in the B. tropicalis extracts are trypsin, elastase, chymotrypsin, kallikrein, C3/C5 convertase, and mast cell protease. Our results also demonstrate that kallikrein and C3/C5 convertase-like activities were not significantly affected by the alpha1-antiprotease, a naturally occurring serine protease inhibitor which protects lung mucosa from the enzymatic action. These data strongly suggest that the Echymyopodidae mite B. tropicalis shares at least five serine proteases with members of other mite families, the Glycyphagidae and Pyroglyphidae. In addition, our data demonstrate the potential use of biochemical methods to detect serine proteases for evaluation of mite growth in viitro, or to detect environmental exposures to these enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Sensitization to storage mites in house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergic patients. Comparison of a rural and an urban population.

In this study, sera collected from 50 patients (24 females, 26 males) with Type I allergy to house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) were investigated for IgE antibodies specific for eight different mite species including storage mites of the families Pyroglyphidae, Glycyphagidae and Acaridae. According to their environment the patients were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 24 (11 women, 13 men) farmers working and living in rural regions of Austria (Styria, Lower Austria), group II included 26 citizens of Vienna (13 women, 13 men). As expected, RAST investigations revealed a higher rate of sensitization to storage mites in the farmer group. Comparing the two patient groups, sensitization to Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus putreus was markedly increased in the farmer group. However, the sensitization rate to storage mites was also considerably high in city dwellers. Elevated levels of IgE specific for Euroglyphus maynei were more frequently observed in the urban collective. RAST-inhibition experiments suggest a partial crossreactivity between house dust mites and storage mites. In their living environment, patients with perennial Type I allergy are exposed to multiple different mite-derived allergens in addition to the well-known house dust mite allergens. These allergens lead to sensitization and are therefore of clinical importance.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

Effects of the fungus Aspergillus penicillioides on the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: an experimental re-evaluation.

In this report the widely-held view that house dust mites benefit from fungal contamination of the dietary substratum is re-examined. The performance of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) is documented over two successive generations in the presence or absence of the xerophilic fungus Aspergillus penicillioides (Hyphomycetales: Moniliaceae). This fungus reduced survival, development rate, adult length and fecundity of D. pteronyssinus. Detrimental effects of A. penicillioides were proportional to the fungal density. Despite the antagonistic effects of A. penicillioides, a requirement for the fungus was indicated by the poor performance of fungus-free mites in the second generation; sustained culture of D. pteronyssinus in the absence of fungi is probably not possible. It is suggested that fungi may alter the particulate nature of the substratum to the detriment of house dust mites, but also provide micronutrients deficient in the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Dust mites. A 1-year study.

Mattress dust was collected by out-patients attending hospital for respiratory allergic problems. The dust mites were counted in "pool" samples of 100 mg. Each sample represented a single month's collection. The mites were classified according to family: Pyroglyphidae and Cheyletidae. Those not belonging to either of these two families were classified as "other mites". Temperature and humidity during the period of the study showed no correlations with the number of mites. There was a statistically significant correlation between the various mite groups.

Allergens↗
PubMed1979

Mites in house dust in the Stockholm area.

Today there is no doubt that mites (and especially species within the Pyroglyphidae family: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae) are an important agent in dust allergies. The author reports on a study of the occurrence of mites in house dust in the environment of allergic persons in the Stockholm area. 201 private homes, 13 farmers' houses and two hospitals have been studied. In 12% of the homes several different types of mite were found in dust in relatively small numbers, while pyroglyphids occurred in only 1.5% of the dwellings. The frequency of mites in dust from farmers' homes was three times higher and that of pyroglyphids ten times higher than in other dwellings. Mites were most often found in floor dust and very infrequently in bed dust. All hospital beds were free from mites; in floor-dust samples from a hospital for long-term therapy several species of mite were found. The author draws the conclusion that the conditions of climate and humidity within the geographical area studied are adverse to the development of an allergologically significant mite population in indoor dust, but that small numbers may spread from potted plants, work premises and outdoor flora.

Allergens↗
PubMed1995

Quantitation of major allergens in dust samples from urban populations collected in different seasons in two climatic areas of the Basque region (Spain).

We present the results of allergen content evaluation in 80 dust samples from 31 homes of atopic patients from two climatic areas (humid and subhumid), collected in two seasons of the year (autumn and winter). Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays were used to quantify Der p 1, Der f 1, Der 2, Lep d 1, and Fel d 1. The results were compared according to climate, season, and the type of sensitization (Pyroglyphidae mites, storage mites, or grass pollens). We underline the predominance of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (89% of samples) over D. farinae (16% of samples) in our environment. Der p 1 rates were higher in the humid area (Mann-Whitney P < 0.001), especially in the autumn (Wilcoxon P < 0.05). Lep d 1 was detected in 23% of samples and Lep d 1 levels were higher in the homes of patients sensitized to storage mites (Mann-Whitney P < 0.05), whereas this allergen was not detected in the homes of pollen-allergic patients. Fel d 1 was detected in nine of the 31 homes (16% of samples) although there was a cat in only one home.

Allergens↗
PubMed1998

Taxonomy and identification of dust mites.

Taxonomy provides the basis for the identity of species, allowing the construction of keys and the reliable, reproducible identification of dust mites for ecologic purposes and other studies. Details are given of nomenclatorial conventions in taxonomy as applied to dust mites, and taxonomically problematic entities are highlighted, such as Blomia kulagini and the sibling species Dermatophagoides farinae and D. microceras. Current keys to dust mites and advances in interactive computer keys are reviewed. An hypothesis of the phylogeny of the family Pyroglyphidae is presented, based on habitat specificity, geographic distribution, and association with birds. The value of predictive classifications based on phylogenies is stressed. Finally, a pictorial key is presented to the mites found in house dust in Scandinavia.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Quantification of house-dust-mite populations.

Since the proposal that allergen from the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is identical to the house-dust allergen supposed to cause asthma and allergy, interest in the abundance, species diversity, and frequency of mites in the home has expanded. Surveys and ecologic studies have confirmed the ubiquity of mites in house dust, especially mites of the family Pyroglyphidae, but most do not give an accurate estimate of population size or mite exposure. These are still important issues today in attempts to quantify the exposure to house-dust mite that constitutes a risk, to assess mite-eradication trials, and to determine fluctuations in mite population. The problems encountered with common methods of house-dust sampling. mite extraction, and measuring house-dust allergen are discussed.

Allergens↗
PubMed1988

House dust mites and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

The possible causative relationship between exposure to house dust mite allergen (HDMA) and symptoms of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) was investigated. VKC patients were evaluated for an average of 18 months using patient reports of symptoms, physicians' observations and assays of sera and tears for total and specific IgE to 10 inhalant allergens common in Israel, including HDMA. Tear and serum samples from a group of 8 patients reacted only with HDMA, and were compared with the tear and serum samples of a group of 11 patients not reacting to any of the above allergens. House dust samples from the homes of two VKC patients in the HDMA-reactive group were examined monthly for a year. While mites were detected throughout the year, they were approximately 3 times more abundant from June through September than at other times. 96.6% of the mites collected belonged to the family Pyroglyphidae; 91.0% were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and 5.5% Dermatophagoides farinae. Both the severity of VKC symptoms in HDMA-reactive patients and mite population levels peaked simultaneously in the summer. This relationship was not seen among the non-HDMA-reactive patients. Our results suggest that exposure to HDMA plays an important role in the aggravation of VKC symptoms in HDMA-reactive patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Preventive measures in house-dust allergy.

To evaluate the effect of preventive measures on the concentration of house-dust mites (Pyroglyphidae), the homes of 23 consecutive patients allergic to house-dust mites and the homes of 75 randomly selected control subjects were studied. Although the patients' homes were cleaned more frequently (p less than 0.0007 for 4 cleaning qualities), greater concentrations of house-dust mites (p = 0.0073) were found in dust from bedroom carpets in the patients' homes than in the homes of the control subjects. A tendency (p less than 0.15) in the same direction was found for mattress surfaces and living room carpets. High absolute humidity of indoor air was related to greater concentrations of house-dust mites. There was a tendency (p less than 0.10) towards higher humidity in the patients' homes than in those of the control subjects. It was concluded that high humidity improves the survival of house-dust mites in homes. Energy saving measures such as installing insulation raises indoor humidity and can lead to an increased incidence and severity of house-dust mite allergy.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

House dust mites in Brazil--an annotated bibliography.

House dust mites have been reported to be the most important allergen in human dwellings. Several articles had already shown the presence of different mite species at homes in Brazil, being Pyroglyphidae, Glycyphagidae and Cheyletidae the most important families found. This paper is an annotated bibliography that will lead to a better knowledge of house dust mite fauna in Brazil.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Ecological analysis of acari recovered from coprolites from archaeological site of northeast Brazil.

Coprolite samples of human and animal origin from the excavations performed at the archaeological site of Furna do Estrago, at Brejo da Madre de Deus in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil and sent to the Paleoparasitology Laboratory at Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, were analyzed for mites. After rehydratation and sedimentation of the coprolites, the alimentary contents and the sediments were examined and the mites collected and prepared in definitive whole mounts, using Hoyer's medium. Mites of the following suborders and orders were recovered: suborder Acaridia; order Gamasida; order Ixodida with the familiy Ixodidae (Ixodes sp. and Amblyomma sp. larvae, scutum, idiosoma, gnathosoma); order Oribatida (Aphelacarus sp., Apolohmannia sp., Eophypochthonius sp., Cosmochthonius sp., Pterobates sp., Poronoticae with pteromorphae not auriculate); order Astigmata with the families Atopomelidae (Chirodiscoides caviae), Anoetidae hypopus, Acaridae (Suidasia pontifica), Glycyphagidae (Blomia tropicalis), Pyroglyphidae (Hirstia passericola); order Actinedida with the family Tarsonemidae (Iponemus radiatae). The present work discusses the possibility of the preservation of the mite groups found up to the present day. We also discuss their relationship with the environment and their importance to present populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Survey of acarin fauna in dust samplings of curtains in the city of Campinas, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mite fauna present in 33 living room and 22 bedroom curtain dust samples from 41 different homes in the southern Brazilian city of Campinas, SP. A total of 148 mite bodies were found. Of these, 83 were found in living-room curtain samples (56.1% of total) and 65 were in bedroom curtain dust samples (43.9%). The most frequently observed mite suborders were: Acaridida (n = 79; 53.4%), Actinedida (n=53; 35.8%), Oribatida (n=14; 9.5%), and Gamasida (n=2; 1.3%). The most frequent families were Pyroglyphidae (n=61; 41.2%), Eriophyidae (n=25; 16.9%), Tarsonemidae (n=15; 10.1%), and Glycyphagidae (n=13; 8.8%). No statistical difference was observed between the number of mites found in the samples from living room and bedroom curtains.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Studies on the mites(Order Acarina) in Korea: I. Suborder Sarcoptiformes]

Acarid mites were isolated from samples collected in Seoul during the period of October 1975 to August 1978. Samples consisted of stored foods such as rice, flour, sugar, dried fishes, dusts of houses and freight offices. The identified mites were classified into 12 species belonging to 12 genera, 5 families as following lists, of which 4 species (*) are newly recorded in Korea. Family Acaridae Ewing and Nesbitt, 1942 1. Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781) 2. Acarus siro Linnaeus, 1758 *3. Aleuroglyphus ovatus Troupeau, 1879 4. Suidasia nesbitti Hughes, 1948 5. Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze and Robin, 1868) 6. Caloglyphus berlesei (Michael, 1903) 7. Lardoglyphus konoi (Sasa and Asanuma, 1951) Family Carpoglyphidae Oudemans, 1972 8. Carpoglyphus lactis Linnaeus, 1927 Family Glyphagidae Berlese, 1887 9. Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank, 1781) *10. Gohieria fusca (Oudemans, 1903) Family Chortoglyphidae Berlese, 1897 *11. Chortoglyphus arcuatus (Troupeau, 1879) Family Pyroglyphidae Cunliffe, 1958 *12. Euroglyphus maynei (Cooremant 1950)

Journal Article↗