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Results for “Psychophysiologic Disorders”

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PubMed2000

Identifying a multivariate endophenotype for substance use disorders using psychophysiological measures.

This investigation examined how reduced amplitude of the P300 event-related potential (elicited from a visual oddball task) can be used together with an electrodermal response modulation measure (indexing the ability to inhibit responsivity to a temporally predictable aversive stimulus) to identify adolescents at especially high risk to develop substance dependence. One hundred and twenty-nine 17-year-old boys were divided into groups characterized as low risk (high amplitude P300 and good electrodermal modulation), high risk (reduced amplitude P300 and poor modulation), or intermediate risk (a high or good score on one measure and a low or poor score on the other). P300 amplitude and electrodermal modulation were uncorrelated. High-risk boys had 4-6 times more alcohol dependence than intermediate or low-risk boys and 2-3 times more nicotine dependence. Performance on an antisaccade eye-tracking task in which participants directed their gaze in a direction opposite to target movement was related to electrodermal modulation but not P300 amplitude. The results from all three psychophysiological measures together suggest that the neural circuits affecting P300 amplitude and electrodermal response modulation are different and that poor electrodermal response modulation may reflect an inhibitory control deficit mediated by the frontal lobes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Specificity revisited: personality profiles and behavioral issues.

The notion of a connection between illness and temperament goes back at least as far as Hippocrates with his typology of melancholy, sanguine, phlegmatic and choleric personality types. In the 1930s, Dunbar studied large numbers of patients with several chronic diseases from which she derived personality profiles which correlated with the illnesses. Many other studies developed similar correlations. Following the work of Alexander, this approach was deemed superficial. More recently, the description of type A behavior has consistently been shown to correlate with coronary artery disease. The concept of alexithymia is another variant of personality typology. The present status of personality and behavior patterns as markers in psychosomatic medicine are discussed as well as the possible relationship of personality profiles to genetic factors, developmental issues, psychological conflict and other approaches to psychophysiological disorders.

Behavior↗
PubMed1982

Marriage and non-psychotic emotional illness.

Study of social bonds suggest a causative role for their deficiency in the oetiology of non-psychotic emotional illness. The literature suggests that marital maladjustment is associated with certain neurotic and psychophysiological disorders; martial maladjustment is one type of deficient social bond which may influence symptom selection and perpetuation in non-psychotic emotional illness. Specific types of marital maladjustment, including lack of marital intimacy, are described as both vulnerability factors and perpetuating variables in specific non-psychotic emotional illnesses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Clinical practice by behavioral scientists in family medicine programs.

Mental health liaison in primary health care is a salient but neglected area of concern. One element of such liaison is clinical service provided by behavioral scientists in family medicine residency training settings. The current study examined such clinical practice by specifying reasons for referral, chief complaints, psychosocial problems, dispositions, and treatments for family practice patients referred to three behavioral scientists across two settings. Results indicate that assessment and intervention are requested for a broad range of problems, with depression, anxiety, and psychophysiological disorders the most prevalent. Short-term therapy was the dominant form of treatment by the behavioral scientists.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2005

Biophysical modeling of tonic cortical electrical activity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Psychophysiological theories characterize Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in terms of cortical hypoarousal and a lack of inhibition of irrelevant sensory input, drawing on evidence of abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) delta-theta activity. To investigate the mechanisms underlying this disorder a biophysical model of the cortex was used to fit and replicate the EEGs from 54 ADHD adolescents and their control subjects. The EEG abnormalities in ADHD were accounted for by the model's neurophysiological parameters as follows: (i) dendritic response times were increased, (ii) intrathalamic activity involving the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) was increased, consistent with enhanced delta-theta activity, and (iii) intracortical activity was increased, consistent with slow wave (<1 Hz) abnormalities. The longer dendritic response time is consistent with the increase in the activity of inhibitory cells types, particularly in the TRN, and therefore reduced arousal. The increase in intracortical activity may also reflect an increase in background activity or cortical noise within neocortical circuits. In terms of neurochemistry, these findings may be accounted for by disturbances in the cholinergic and/or noradrenergic systems. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study to use a detailed biophysical model of the brain to elucidate the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying tonic abnormalities in ADHD.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2003

[Neurobiological consequences of early life stressors].

This article reviews the neurobiological effects of psychosocial stress. In the first part, the results of childhood traumas, neurobiological models which explain the effects of psychosocial stress and animal studies on this subject are introduced. In a number of studies, an increase in the adulthood prevalence of depression, anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders was shown in children who were exposed to early life stress. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that early life stressors cause endocrine, autonomous and behavioral stress responses as a result of permanent sensitivity in corticotropin releasing factor and other neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system. As a result of this sensitivity, repeating stressors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of depression, anxiety disorders and psychophysiologic disorders. In contrast with the numerous studies investigating the long term effects of early life stressors on the brain, there are very few studies investigating the acute effects of these stressors. In spite of these limitations, it is known that psychosocial stressors may cause different neurobiological results in adults and children. After reviewing the relationship between psychosocial stressors and the neurobiology of affective disorders, it is explained how psychosocial stresses cause sensitivities in the central nervous system and how these sensitivities cause illness. These interactions have implications for treatment in the light of the explained mechanisms. In the last part of the article, new treatment strategies developed for correcting the effects of stress on the central nervous system are introduced.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Missed somatic disease: justified fear or chimera?].

The fear to miss the diagnosis of somatic processes in "functional" disorders and the ignorance of the positive criteria for the diagnosis of conversion (physical expression of conflicts) and of psychophysiological disorder (somatic symptoms and signs, accompanying affectivity) lead to diagnosing by exclusion of somatic disorders. Its consequences are extensive, damaging procedures and a postponement of a diagnosis which integrates somatic, psychic and social components by seven to eight years. Based on positive criteria, which had been collected by means of a bio-psycho-social approach to the patient, ten were diagnosed as suffering from conversion and 22 from psychophysiological disorders. Five years later the patients were reassessed. In none of the cases a somatic diagnosis emerged, which would have been responsible for the initial complaints five years earlier. The diagnoses "conversion" and "psychophysiological disorder" proved to be reliable over five years, if they were based on positive criteria. The fear to miss a somatic process turns thus into a chimera.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Spontaneous awakening and dreams of patients with psychophysiologic sleep disorders].

The effect of dreaming on the formation of psycho-physiological sleep disorders is studied by an investigation of 26 patients and 15 control persons who were interviewed as to the occurrence of dream memory after spontaneous awaking and after being awaken systematically in the sleep laboratory. It turned out that the patients had less dream memory than the control persons after spontaneous awaking from REM sleep, but they did not differ after being awaken. In addition, dream reports after spontaneous awaking from REM sleep contained more abstract dream thoughts and less visible dream action. These findings are interpreted as a manifestation of disturbed "dream work" in patients with psychophysiological sleep disorders, i.e. disturbance of connecting thoughts and scenes from the unconscious. Thus, awaking in sleep disorder is interpreted to be a progression into awakeness as a matter of defense.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[The adaptive capacities of patients with panic disorders (a psychophysiological study)].

Contingent-negative deviation (CND) and orientational reaction (OR) were studied in 9 women suffering from typical (according to DSM-III-R) panic disorders (PD) and 12 healthy females. CND recording was made after giving neutral (70 dB, 1000 Hz) and stress (120 dB, 2000 Hz) pairs of sounds. Patients with PD were divided in two groups depending upon CND amplitudes. The first group (4 patients) was distinguished from healthy individuals by high CND amplitude (which significantly decreased after reaction on stress sound), by delay of extinction of cutaneogalvanic reaction (CGR) and by higher electromyogram amplitude. The second group (5 patients with more severe course of PD) was characterized by low amplitudes of CND and electromyogram, by absence of changes in CND after stress sound, by delay of extinction of CGR and nonspecific response. Above-mentioned data were evidence of psychophysiological heterogeneity of typical PD. The results were interpreted from a position of adaptive abilities of patients with PD, using ineffective and immature psychophysiological strategies of overcoming stress.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1981

Ad lib caffeine consumption, symptoms of caffeinism, and academic performance.

The authors explored the relationship between ad lib caffeine consumption in college students and the incidence of caffeinism, characterized by heightened anxiety, depression, and various psychophysiological reactions. Students were randomly selected from four groups (abstainers from caffeine and low, moderate, and high consumers). A survey battery assessed the effects of caffeine, incidence of psychophysiological disorders, state-trait anxiety, and depression. The moderate and high consumer groups combined reported significantly higher trait anxiety and depression scores when compared with abstainers. The high consumer group also reported significantly higher levels of symptoms of caffeinism, higher frequency of psychophysiological disorders, and lower academic performance.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

[Tattooing and piercing in teenagers].

The presence of mutilations in the form of tattooing and body piercing is becoming increasingly common in adolescents, a practice that is not free of risk. Reported complications include local infections, bleeding, tearing, hypersensitivity reactions, transfusion-transmitted diseases (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, syphilis), Chagas' disease and infective endocarditis. On the other hand, several studies have demonstrated an association between body modifications and high-risk behavior in adolescents, as alcohol or drug abuse, cigarette smoking, violence and schooling problems. There is also an association with depression, suicide, eating disorders and other psychophysiologic disorders. This is a review of body modifications in adolescents, emphasizing in the risks, complications and motivations of this practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Presentation and initial results of an expanded diagnostic key for psychosomatic diseases in ICD-9 and ICD-10].

In 1986, an extended diagnostical classification of psychophysiologic disorders (psychosomatic diseases, ICD-9: 316) was developed at the Medical University of Lübeck. The extension consisted of 3 additional code numbers, in which the attached organic system, the kind of the psychological symptoms and the kind of the underlying psychological disturbance could roughly be categorised. The experiences with this additional code numbers on 789 patients are reported. The results show that the additional code numbers are very practical and that they provide important therapeutical information. It is suggested, that in ICD-10 a differentiated classification of psychophysiologic disorders should be established.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Is anorexia nervosa a phobic disorder? A psychophysiological enquiry.

Skin conductance changes were measured in nine patients suffering from either frank anorexia nervosa or closely related feeding disorders after presentation of a series of food- and weight-related stimuli in imagination. The conductance changes observed were either absent or small. By contrast, in two of the patients who also had specific phobias, presentation in imagination of the specific feared object led to greater skin conductance changes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Affective responsiveness in borderline personality disorder: a psychophysiological approach.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate affective responses to emotional stimuli in subjects with borderline personality disorder. METHOD: Twenty-four female patients with borderline personality disorder and 27 normal female comparison subjects were examined. The test stimuli were a set of standardized photographic slides with pleasant, neutral, or unpleasant emotional valence. In addition to self-reports, emotional reactions to the slides were measured by heart rate, skin conductance, and startle response. Psychometric tests for various aspects of impulsiveness were also completed. RESULTS: Neither self-report nor physiological data gave any evidence that the borderline patients showed more intense affective responses than did the normal subjects. The borderline subjects did not produce higher levels of startle amplitude, and while viewing unpleasant slides, they showed a startle potentiation effect that was largely similar to that of the comparison group. In fact, the borderline patients showed low electrodermal responses to all three stimulus categories, which points to physiological underarousal. CONCLUSIONS: The results do not agree with the hypothesis that there is a fundamental, biologically based affective hyperresponsiveness in borderline personality disorder, as is suggested by current theories of affect dysregulation in the disorder. Autonomic underarousal may seriously interfere with a flexible adaptation to environmental stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Phentolamine mesylate in postmenopausal women with female sexual arousal disorder: a psychophysiological study.

The objective of this study was to assess the potential of phentolamine as a treatment of postmenopausal women with female arousal disorder (FSAD). Vaginal photoplethismography and a subjective questionnaire were used. Forty one women were enrolled and four treatments were tested: vaginal solutions 5 mg and 40 mg and an oral tablet each of 40 mg of phentolamine and placebo. Physiological readings were significantly different from placebo in the women using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with 40 mg of phentolamine in vaginal solution (p = 0.0186). Subjective reports also were significantly different from placebo with the vaginal solution 40 mg and the oral tablet of 40 mg of phentolamine among hormone replacement users. No significant differences were found among women not receiving HRT. Results indicate that phentolamine may show promise as treatment for FSAD in estrogenized postmenopausal women.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1985

The Iowa record-linkage study. III. Excess mortality among patients with 'functional' disorders.

Our investigation of the pattern of mortality among former inpatients in nine diagnostic groups was based on deaths found among 4,869 former inpatients of the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital, Iowa City, during a ten-year period. Comparisons were made with expected values based on a relevant Iowa control population. The first two years of follow-up was a period of great risk but not after. Excessive mortality from "unnatural" causes was found among patients of either sex with an affective disorder, schizophrenia, alcohol or other drug abuse, and personality disorders, among men with acute schizophrenia or neuroses, and among women with depressive neuroses. Women with acute schizophrenia or a psychophysiologic disorder or special symptom were at risk for a "natural" death. These findings confirm the risk of reduced life span that patients in all nine categories share.

Adult↗