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PubMedDate not supplied

The functional basis for nephrographic patterns in acute tubular necrosis.

There is considerable evidence that the principal functional abnormality in patients with acute reversible renal failure (ARF, or "acute tubular necrosis") is reduced cortical perfusion with diminished glomerular filtration. However, in such patients, high-dose intravenous urograms most commonly show an immediate obvious nephrogram. Since nephrographic density is believed to depend on the filtration of contrast medium into the tubular lumen, it is difficult to reconcile the early development of the nephrogram if glomerular filtration is reduced. Extensive experiments with both mercuric chloride and glycerol rat models of ARF have confirmed rapid intraluminal accumulation of contrast medium, albeit in reduced amounts. Studies using the normally filtered compound sodium nitroprusside and its precipitation as "prussian blue" suggest rapid transtubular diffusion from peritubular capillaries in kidneys with ARF. This, it is suggested, is also the mechanism for the rapid intraluminal ingress of contrast media and explains the early appearance of nephrogram. The less common intravenous urogram finding in ARF of a slowly developing and increasingly dense nephrogram may then represent cases with only slight tubular necrosis with predominant reduction in glomerular filtration.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1987

Minocycline-related cutaneous hyperpigmentation as demonstrated by light microscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray energy spectroscopy.

A 70-year-old patient with a chronic cutaneous ulcer treated by minocycline hydrochloride developed hyperpigmentation of the forearms. Biopsy material was studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray energy spectroscopy. Granular gold-brown pigment was found in dermal histiocytes and eccrine myoepithelial cells, which gave positive reaction with Prussian blue and Fontana-Masson stains. Electron microscopy revealed intracytoplasmic granules of dark, homogeneous material and small fine particles. X-ray energy spectroscopy showed iron and other elements in smaller amounts. The different types of minocycline-related hyperpigmentation and the possible pathomechanism are discussed with special regard to the importance of the diagnostic methods.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerotic plaque with ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in hyperlipidemic rabbits.

BACKGROUND: Based on the observation that ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxides (USPIOs) are phagocytosed by cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, the purpose of this study was to evaluate their use as a marker of atherosclerosis-associated inflammatory changes in the vessel wall before luminal narrowing is present. METHODS AND RESULTS: Experiments were conducted on 6 heritable hyperlipidemic and 3 New Zealand White rabbits. 3D MR angiography (MRA) of the thoracic aorta was performed on all rabbits by use of a conventional paramagnetic contrast agent that failed to reveal any abnormalities. One week later, all rabbits except 1 of the hyperlipidemic animals were injected with a USPIO contrast agent (Sinerem, Guerbet) at a dose of 1 mmol Fe/kg. 3D MRA data sets collected over the subsequent 5 days showed increasing signal in the aortic lumen. Whereas the aortic wall of the control rabbits remained smooth and bright, marked susceptibility effects became evident on day 4 within the aortic walls of hyperlipidemic rabbits. Ex vivo imaging of aortic specimens confirmed the in vivo results. Histopathology documented marked Fe uptake in macrophages embedded in atherosclerotic plaque of the hyperlipidemic rabbits. Electron microscopy showed multiple cytoplasmic Fe particles in macrophages. No such changes were seen in control rabbits or in the hyperlipidemic rabbit that had not received Sinerem. CONCLUSIONS: USPIOs are phagocytosed by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques of the aortic wall of hyperlipidemic rabbits in a quantity sufficient to cause susceptibility effects detectable by MRI.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Canine renal pathology associated with grape or raisin ingestion: 10 cases.

Ten dogs suffered acute renal failure after ingesting > or = 3 g/kg (dry matter) of grapes or raisins. All dogs had degeneration or necrosis (or both) of proximal renal tubules with basement membranes remaining intact, and epithelial regeneration was observed in 5 out of 10 cases. Mineralized tubular debris or granular to proteinaceous casts (or both) were present in all cases. A golden-brown, globular, intracellular pigment of varying amounts and sizes was observed in 6 out of 10 cases with variable reaction with Prussian blue. Multifocal fibrinous arteritis of the large colon was seen in 2 out of 5 cases with globulin insudation of vessel wall demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining for immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM. Mineral analysis on frozen renal tissue from 2 out of 2 cases revealed mildly elevated Ca:P ratio in both. Clinically significant observations were preservation of the integrity of basement membranes after grape-induced tubular injury and presence of early epithelial regeneration. Thus, recovery may be possible if anuria is aggressively managed. With respect to potential pathophysiologic mechanisms, further research into the roles of calcium homeostasis, vascular reactivity, and the significance of the golden-brown pigment is indicated.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2006

Kinetic spectrophotometric analysis of pantoprazole in commercial dosage forms.

A kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed which is based on the oxidation of pantoprazole with Fe(III) in sulfuric acid medium. Fe(III) subsequently reduces to Fe(II), which is coupled with potassium ferricyanide to form Prussian blue. The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the increase in absorbance with time (1-8 min) at 725 nm. The initial rate method is adopted for constructing the calibration graph, which is linear in the concentration range of 5-90 microg ml(-1). The regression analysis yields the calibration equation, nu = 3.467 x 10(-6) + 4.356 x 10(-5)C. The limits of detection and quantitation are 1.46 and 4.43 microg ml(-1), respectively. The proposed method was optimized and validated both statistically and through recovery studies. The experimental true bias of all samples is < +/-2.0%. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of pantoprazole in pharmaceutical preparations.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Association between hemosiderin deposition and blood vessel regression during involution of foreign-body granuloma. Histochemical and ultrastructural study.

We have characterized the sequence of events resulting in vessel occlusion and stasis of blood flow during involution of a foreign-body granuloma using histochemistry and electron microscopy. In the microvascular bed of the granulation tissue accompanying the progressive resorption of an implanted collagen sponge, endothelial cells protruded into the vascular lumen, resulting in the occlusion of the lumens of venules and capillaries. Examination of sections stained by the TUNEL method showed brown-yellow stained structures in the vascular lumen during regression of blood vessels. However, the ultrastructural profiles of endothelial cells effectively involved in the vessel occlusion showed none of the cardinal morphological features of apoptosis. These endothelial cells which displayed remarkable indentations of their nuclei in the form of nuclear pinches and/or deep pockets bulged conspicuously into the lumen. Such endothelial cells served as effective valves by protruding into the lumens of small blood vessels, and eventually the vessels were completely plugged by red blood cells. However, protruding endothelial cells subsequently shed into the vascular lumen by deviating themselves from the constitution of the vessel wall. The endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis were removed by intraluminal macrophages. Between the 130 and 140 day, the occurrence of small vessels tightly packed with erythrocytes reached a peak value in the granulation tissue and was accompanied by hemosiderin deposits. The plugged vessels were frequently associated with erythrocyte extravasation, leading to openings between degenerated endothelial cells due to the disappearance of endothelial cytoplasmic projections. Extravasated erythrocytes were rapidly eliminated by phagocytic cells such as mononuclear macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, and ended as hemosiderin deposits in granulation and/or scar tissue at the end of the experimental period (130-140 days). The morphological analysis of this regression sequence suggests that the protrusion of endothelial cells with the nuclear deformation is a mechanism contributing to the occlusion of blood vessels and consequently leads to erythrocyte extravasation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictive value of absent bone marrow iron stores in the clinical diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia.

The examination of Prussian-blue-stained bone marrow aspirates for the presence or absence of histiocytic iron granules has been considered the gold standard in evaluating iron-depeleted states. We performed this study to evaluate the predictive accuracy of absent stainable bone marrow iron for iron deficiency anemia (IDA). A retrospective study was performed on an unselected series of 53 consecutive bone marrow biopsy specimens. Only those patients who had totally depleted iron stores and who had iron studies done within 6 months of bone marrow biopsy were included in the study. Based on these criteria, 12 patients were found eligible. After complete evaluation to determine the cause of the patient's illness, the final diagnosis was IDA in only 6 patients (50%). There was no significant difference between the two groups as regards hemoglobin level, reticulocyte count, serum iron levels, total iron binding capacity, red blood cell mean corpuscular volume, ferritin and the transferrin saturation levels. The finding of absent bone marrow iron stores is not necessarily predictive of iron deficiency anemia. The finding of absent stores of iron in the bone marrow needs to be taken in conjunction with other laboratory findings and the clinical scenario while making a diagnosis of IDA, since certain other hematological diseases may co-exist.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1991

[Applied anatomy of lymph drainage of lower lip mucosa].

The lymph drainage of lower lip mucosa was studied in 30 fresh cadavers of fetus and neonatus by submucosa injection of 30% Prussian blue of chloroform solution. The collecting lymphatics in lateral third of both the right and left sides of the lower lip mucosa ran laterally to the angles of the mouth, and then back- and downward between mandible and depressor muscle of angle of mouth, and finally, accompanying the facial vessels, emptied into submandibular lymph nodes. The efferent lymphatics of the latter emptied into angular lymph nodes and jugulo-omohyoid lymph nodes. The collecting lymphatics in the middle third of the lower lip mucosa went superficially to the mental muscle and downward into submental lymph nodes. The efferent lymphatic of the latter emptied, anteriorly to the body of the hyoid bone, latter- and downward into right and left jugulo-omohyoid lymph nodes. All collecting lymphatics lie in the loose connective tissue between the muscles.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Methods in pathology. The use of a colloidal silver (AgNOR) method in assessing bone marrow iron stores and sideroblasts.

Previous observations indicated that a colloidal silver (AgNOR) method identifies iron-containing bone marrow cells. In this study we examined AgNOR-stained bone marrow smears from 30 selected patients and compared the results with the conventional Prussian blue (PB) method for staining storage iron and sideroblasts, including ringed sideroblasts (RS). Erythroid cells were easily identified, and iron granules stained as distinct, small, round, black dots. In all cases containing sideroblasts and RS, their proportion expressed as the percentage of all normoblasts was higher with AgNOR than with PB. Pronormoblastic and basophilic sideroblasts were detected more often with AgNOR than with PB. Sideroblasts were noted in cases with no PB-stainable iron. Ringed sideroblasts were identified in a number of cases in which they were nondetectable with PB. In cases of myelodysplastic syndrome, pronormoblastic and basophilic RS were found more often than with PB. Hemosiderin deposits within the macrophages were clearly visualized as black aggregates and were seen in cases with no PB-stainable iron. There were no instances where iron or any category of sideroblasts was seen with PB only. In our sampling, the AgNOR method was more sensitive yet specific, and it produced staining results of superior quality.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1987

Stainable iron in gastric and duodenal mucosa of primary hemochromatosis patients and alcoholics.

The presence of iron in gastric and duodenal mucosa was investigated with Perl's stain in endoscopic biopsies from 13 patients with overt primary hemochromatosis, 10 chronic heavy alcohol abusers, and 10 patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. In the primary hemochromatosis patients marked iron deposition was found in cells at the base of glands in the gastric body and antrum in nine cases, and in crypt cells and Brunner gland cells of the duodenum in six. Iron was detected in the lamina propria of the stomach in five and duodenum in four cases. A similar distribution of iron overload, usually of lesser degree, was also observed in five alcoholics. Serum ferritin levels and the degree of gastric and/or duodenal iron deposits did not correlate in either hemochromatosis patients or alcoholics. No gastric or duodenal siderosis was observed in nonulcer dyspepsia cases. The absence of gastric and duodenal stainable iron in some hemochromatosis patients and its presence in some alcoholics suggests that the diagnostic value of upper gastrointestinal biopsy in primary hemochromatosis is limited.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Staining for iron].

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Anemia, Sideroblastic↗
PubMed1997

Correlative studies of MR findings with neuropathology in Shy-Drager syndrome and striatonigral degeneration.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pathologic bases of the abnormal signal intensities detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS) and striatonigral degeneration (SND). METHODS: The correlation of MRI and pathological findings was prospectively evaluated by postmortem scanning of the brain in a case of SDS and another of SND. MRI was performed by using a 1.0 T superconductive magnetic unit, with spin echo (SE) pulse sequences. The brain sections were prepared parallel to the MRI planes. The gross and microscopic pathological studies were conducted according to the corresponding abnormal signal intensities on MRI. RESULTS: In SDS, abnormal hypointense signals on T2 weighted MR images were symmetrically demonstrated in bilateral putamen, where a remarkable positive Prussian blue stain reaction was revealed on pathological examinations. In SND, MRI showed isointense signals on T1 weighted images and hyperintense signals on T2 weighted images in bilateral putamen, and the microscopic findings included necrosis, abundant reactive fibrillary astrocytes and prominence of capillary vascular networks, as well as marked lipofuscin. The number of neurons decreased in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: The demonstration of the abnormal signals in the putamen on MRI is of important value in establishing an antemortem diagnosis of SDS and SND.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Aqueous dynamic and histological findings after deep sclerectomy with collagen implant in an animal model.

AIM: The use of an animal model to study the aqueous dynamic and the histological findings after deep sclerectomy with (DSCI) and without collagen implant. METHODS: Deep sclerectomy was performed on rabbits' eyes. Eyes were randomly assigned to receive collagen implants. Measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous outflow facility using the constant pressure method through cannulation of the anterior chamber were performed. The system was filled with BSS and cationised ferritin. Histological assessment of the operative site was performed. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and with Prussian blue. Aqueous drainage vessels were identified by the reaction between ferritin and Prussian blue. All eyes were coded so that the investigator was blind to the type of surgery until the evaluation was completed. RESULTS: A significant decrease in IOP (p<0.05) was observed during the first 6 weeks after DSCI (mean IOP was 13.07 (2.95) mm Hg preoperatively and 9.08 (2.25) mm Hg at 6 weeks); DS without collagen implant revealed a significant decrease in IOP at weeks 4 and 8 after surgery (mean IOP 12.57 (3.52) mm Hg preoperatively, 9.45 (3.38) mm Hg at 4 weeks, and 9.22 (3.39) mm Hg at 8 weeks). Outflow facility was significantly increased throughout the 9 months of follow up in both DSCI and DS groups (p<0.05). The preoperative outflow facility (OF) was 0.15 (0.02) micro l/min/mm Hg. At 9 months, OF was 0.52 (0.28) microl/min/mm Hg and 0.46 (0.07) micro l/min/mm Hg for DSCI and DS respectively. Light microscopy studies showed the appearance of new aqueous drainage vessels in the sclera adjacent to the dissection site in DSCI and DS and the apparition of spindle cells lining the collagen implant in DSCI after 2 months. CONCLUSION: A significant IOP decrease was observed during the first weeks after DSCI and DS. DS with or without collagen implant provided a significant increase in outflow facility throughout the 9 months of follow up. This might be partly explained by new drainage vessels in the sclera surrounding the operated site. Microscopic studies revealed the appearance of spindle cells lining the collagen implant in DSCI after 2 months.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Accumulation of pigment granules in lacrymal gland epithelium in practolol-treated beagle dogs.

A 6-month oral toxicity test of practolol was carried out in beagle dogs as a reference control for a newly developed beta blocker. No significant drug-induced changes were detected in any animals by various ophthalmological examinations such as ERG, tear flow, lysozymal activity in tears, etc. However, an unusual pathological change was detected in the lacrymal gland of all five dogs treated with practolol and not in control animals. Macroscopically, the lacrymal glands assumed a blackish brown to deep black colour on both the outside and the cut surface. Microscopically, fine, dark-brown pigment granules were present in the apical and supra-nuclear portion of the cytoplasm of predominantly serosal type epithelial cells. These pigments reacted positively to Schmorl's method for lipofuscin, but gave a negative PAS reaction for polysaccharide, Prussian blue for iron and Ziehl-Neelsen method for ceroid pigment. They were detected as membrane-bound electron-dense bodies by electron microscopy. Similar pigments were also deposited in the cytoplasm of the apocrine sweat gland. Although the mechanism of the accumulation of these granules is far from clear, concentration of practolol in the lacrymal gland is considered to be very closely related to the presence of these granules. A possible mechanism for ocular toxicity by practolol, involving this change, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Pigmented spleens in C57BL mice.

Approximately 15% of our highly inbred C57BL/6 mice show a spleen with a pigmented cranial part. Microscopically, abundant aggregates of pigment granules are observed primarily scattered between cells of the red pulp. They give a positive reaction with Perls' Prussian blue and stain heavily with silver-methenamine. Most of the granules are stored in macrophages. In some cases a number of granules are surrounded by a membrane. This abnormality may be designated haemosiderosis. In the present study we demonstrate that it is not related to the consumption of iron within the range normally found in laboratory animal diets. This suggests a genetic origin, although confirmation would require further research. If so, comparison with human idiopathic haemochromatosis is tempting. However, contrary to the human condition, organs other than the spleen are not affected, with exception of the liver. This organ contains minor deposits of pigment granules. Nor do affected animals appear to show any ill effects. Nevertheless, it seems worthwhile to investigate whether this phenomenon in C57BL mice could serve as a model for the human disease provided that a practical criterium becomes available for detection in the intact animal.

Animals↗