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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Are air inlets necessary with Haemaccel?

Haemaccel is often used for the resuscitation of shocked patients. It is common practice to introduce an air inlet into the plastic container to increase the flow rate. We investigated how much difference an air inlet made. We compared the flow rates with no air inlet, a single air inlet, a 2 x 2 cm hole (equivalent to multiple air inlets) and a pressure infusion cuff. Although the use of an air inlet compared with no air inlet reduced the time to infuse 500 ml by 27 s, the difference was only clinically significant over the final 100 ml. A pressure cuff produced the fastest flow, reducing the time by 68 s. Use of an air inlet, however, precludes subsequent use of a pressure cuff. We recommend that the practice of using air inlets for Haemaccel and other similarly packaged products is abandoned.

Air↗
PubMed1996

Development of a gas-phase oxygen biosensor using a blue copper-containing oxidase.

A gas-phase oxygen biosensor based on blue copper-containing oxidases was developed. Blue-oxidase enzymes, including laccase and ascorbate oxidase, have a blue chromophore prosthetic group, type 1 Cu+2, which can be reduced and decolorized with reducing substrates. When the enzyme is reoxidized with molecular oxygen, there is a concomitant return of the blue color. The oxygen biosensor consisted of the Rhus vernicifera laccase and ascorbate as substrate enclosed in pouches of low-density polyethylene under nitrogen gas. Operational stability of the biosensor was established by exposing it to different oxygen/nitrogen gas mixtures at 5 degrees C. Gas-phase oxygen concentrations were measured by keeping it under nitrogen gas and subsequently recording the rate of reappearance of the enzyme blue color, both visually and spectrophotometrically at 610 nm. The oxygen biosensor was able to detect a wide range of oxygen concentrations. The time required to recover the blue color, namely the biosensor response time, at the optimized assay conditions of 5 degrees C and a high-water activity level, was determined. This research describes the development of an oxygen biosensor with adequate activity and stability to measure gas-phase oxygen concentrations at 5 degrees C and high-water activity levels. The oxygen biosensor could be used to indicate oxygen concentrations above acceptable levels in headspace oxygen concentration which could affect the quality and safety of products packaged under initial low levels of oxygen concentration.

Ascorbate Oxidase↗
PubMed1996

Clear plastic cups: a childhood choking hazard.

The disposable plastic beverage cup is not usually regarded as hazardous to young children. Certain varieties of these products however, are manufactured from a brittle, clear plastic that easily cracks and fragments. While most conscientious parents keep their children safe from peanuts, balloons, and other known choking hazards, a child can surreptitiously bite a cup edge and aspirate the fragment. We report two cases of foreign body aspiration involving clear plastic cups that went undetected one of which remained 21 months following a negative rigid bronchoscopy. Diagnostic difficulties are related to the transparency and radiolucency of these objects. When suspicious of foreign body aspiration in children, otolaryngologists should inquire about the availability of clear plastic cups in the household and be mindful of the diagnostic pitfalls. Further investigations including CT scanning and repeat bronchoscopy may be helpful in cases of suspected missed foreign bodies. An educational campaign aimed at prevention and placement of product package warning labels should be established.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1994

Update of lomefloxacin in vitro activity and spectrum. A multicenter trial testing contemporary pathogens following Food and Drug Administration validation guidelines. Lomefloxacin Activity Study Group.

The United States Food and Drug Administration recently recommended that the antimicrobial product package insert (PPI) subsection on microbiology be annually validated with regard to the compound's spectrum and potency. To address this request, a nine-laboratory trial was organized to test (two methods) lomefloxacin, a newer fluoroquinolone, and nine comparison drugs against PPI-listed pathogens (1934 strains). A broad geographic sampling (nine medical centers) was achieved, and lomefloxacin was determined to be active [minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs), < or = 2 micrograms/ml for > or = 90% of strains] for all PPI-listed species except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, and Providencia rettgeri (42%-87% inhibited). Comparison fluoroquinolones also had a similarly compromised spectrum of activity against these species. Additional organism species, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Salmonella enteriditis, and Shigella species, should be added to the lomefloxacin PPI (MIC90s, 0.03-0.25 microgram/ml) following data generated in this study. These in vitro results indicate that lomefloxacin remains active against the vast majority of clinically "indicated" species, and that it has a spectrum compatible with other marketed fluoroquinolones for these tested pathogens, monitored in 1994.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Multi-center validation of proposed disk diffusion susceptibility testing interpretive criteria for lomefloxacin using more than 1,500 clinical isolates.

The accuracy of disk diffusion susceptibility testing of lomefloxacin was evaluated using 1,555 recent clinical isolates from ten medical centers. The isolates were rapidly growing nonfastidious aerobic species (1,501 isolates) and Haemophilus species (54 isolates), each found as an indicated species in the product package insert. Applying the recently proposed modification of disk diffusion interpretive criteria (susceptible at > or = 20 mm and resistant at < or = 16 mm), absolute categorical agreement for nonfastidious aerobes (1,501 strains) was 95.5% with 0.5% very major and 0.1% major errors (error rates calculated using all tested strains as the denominator). The intermethod discord (MIC vs disk diffusion) was 0.5%. This contrasts to the current NCCLS recommended criteria (susceptible at > or = 22 mm and resistant at < or = 18 mm) where the absolute categorical agreement was significantly less (89.6%) with 0.2% very major, and 0.3% major errors, and the intermethod discord was 7.1%. For Haemophilus species (54 strains), intermethod agreement was complete using either the current NCCLS interpretive criteria or the modified criteria. These multicenter (ten laboratories) data support the acceptance of the proposed modification of disk diffusion interpretive criteria for 10-microgram lomefloxacin disks.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2005

Asthma controller therapy during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to educate physicians on the safety of asthma controller use during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: A comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, and selected bibliographies identified human gestational studies of asthma controller medications from which maternal and fetal outcomes were obtained. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pregnancy category ratings were identified from product package inserts. RESULTS: Human gestational studies were identified for the inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) beclomethasone, budesonide, and triamcinolone and for cromolyn sodium, theophylline, and salmeterol. Human pregnancy data support an FDA Pregnancy Category B rating for budesonide. Pregnancy Category B ratings for cromolyn, nedocromil, montelukast, and zafirlukast are based primarily on safety in animal reproduction studies. ICSs other than budesonide, theophylline, zileuton, and long-acting beta 2 -adrenergic agonists are Pregnancy Category C. CONCLUSION: Human pregnancy data for many asthma controllers are lacking; nonetheless, data support a range of choices among medications rated Pregnancy Category B.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2005

Cell secretion and membrane fusion.

Secretion occurs in all cells of multicellular organisms and involves the delivery of secretory products packaged in membrane-bound vesicles to the cell exterior. Specialized cells for neurotransmission, enzyme secretion or hormone release utilize a highly regulated secretory process. Secretory vesicles are transported to specific sites at the plasma membrane, where they dock and fuse to release their contents. Similar to other cellular processes, cell secretion is found to be highly regulated and a precisely orchestrated event. It has been demonstrated that membrane-bound secretory vesicles dock and fuse at porosomes, which are specialized supramolecular structures at the cell plasma membrane. Swelling of secretory vesicles results in a build-up of pressure, allowing expulsion of intravesicular contents. The extent of secretory vesicle swelling dictates the amount of intravesicular contents expelled during secretion. The discovery of the porosome, its isolation, its structure and dynamics at nm resolution and in real time, its biochemical composition and functional reconstitution into artificial lipid membrane, have been determined. The molecular mechanism of secretory vesicle fusion at the base of porosomes, and vesicle swelling, has also been resolved. These findings reveal the molecular mechanism of cell secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular mechanisms of lacrimal acinar secretory vesicle exocytosis.

The acinar epithelial cells of the lacrimal gland are responsible for the production, packaging and regulated exocytosis of tear proteins into ocular surface fluid. This review summarizes new findings on the mechanisms of exocytosis in these cells. Participating proteins are discussed within the context of different categories of trafficking effectors including targeting and specificity factors (rabs, SNAREs) and transport factors (microtubules, actin filaments and motor proteins). Recent information describing fundamental changes in basic exocytotic mechanisms in the NOD mouse, an animal model of Sjögren's syndrome, is presented.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed2005

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of actinic keratoses and squamous cell cancers of the skin.

BACKGROUND: Although animal studies suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, may protect against cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and actinic keratoses (AKs), possible effects on keratinocytic cancers in humans are unknown. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between ingestion of NSAIDs and the risk of SCC and AKs in humans. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study nested within a community-based cohort of 1621 people in southern Queensland, Australia. Eighty-six persons with SCC were compared with 187 age- and sex-matched control subjects randomly selected from within the cohort. NSAID use was captured through face-to-face interviews with study participants, supplemented by color photographs of product packaging. We defined regular use of NSAIDs as consumption of at least two tablets per week (low frequency) or at least 8 tablets per week (high frequency) for at least 1 year. AKs were counted on the face, ears, right hand, and right forearm by a single physician. RESULTS: Patients with SCC were significantly less likely than control subjects to have used any NSAIDs 8 or more times per week for more than 1 year (multivariate odds ratio [OR] 0.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01-0.71) and to have used full-dose NSAIDs 2 or more times per week for more than 5 years (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.04-0. 96). Among participants without SCC, current regular users of NSAIDs (> or =2 times per week) had significantly lower counts of AKs than nonusers (rate ratio [RR], 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30-0.91). LIMITATIONS: Estimates of NSAID use were based on self-reported data. Statistical power to detect associations was limited by the number of cases with SCC. CONCLUSION: Regular users of NSAIDs appear to have lower risks of SCC and lower counts of AKs than nonusers.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2006

Augmentation of near infrared diffuse reflectance and transmittance spectral data for the development of robust PLSBC models for classifying double blind clinical trial tablets.

The water content of clinical trial tablets can be different between and within different tablet batches, depending on the relative humidity conditions during their production, packaging, storage and analysis. These water variations lead to important spectral variations in the near infrared spectral region which can lead to a wrong identification if the classification model was based on unrepresentative data towards the water content. As model development for clinical trial studies needs to be extremely fast - within one working day - with generally only one batch available, the principle of data augmentation has to be applied to render more robust classification models. Therefore, tablets available for constructing the model are being processed in order to increase or decrease their water content and to make them more representative for tablets to be tested in the future. The inclusion of a deliberate water variation is the most efficient way to develop a model, for which no additional model redevelopment will be required to pass the system suitability tests and to obtain a correct identification.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2001

Brand appearances in contemporary cinema films and contribution to global marketing of cigarettes.

BACKGROUND: The appearance of a cigarette brand in a cinema film gives the brand a certain distinction through its association with the characters and general tone of the film. Through the worldwide distribution of films, brands are promoted globally. We assessed the tobacco-brand appearances in a 10-year sample of contemporary films. METHODS: We viewed the contents of the top 25 US box-office films for each year of release, from 1988 to 1997 (250 films in total). We compared the prevalence of brand appearances for films produced before a voluntary ban on paid product placement by the tobacco industry (1988-90) with films produced after the ban (1991-97). Tobacco-brand appearance was defined as the screen appearance of a brand name, logo, or identifiable trademark on products or product packaging, billboards, store-front advertising, or tobacco promotional items. We defined actor endorsement of a brand as the display of a brand while being handled or used by an actor. FINDINGS: More than 85% of the films contained tobacco use. Tobacco brands appeared in 70 (28%) films. Brand appearances were as common in films suitable for adolescent audiences as they were in films for adult audiences (32 vs 35%), and were also present in 20% of those rated for children. Prevalence of brand appearance did not change overall in relation to the ban. However, there was a striking increase in the type of brand appearance depicted, with actor endorsement increasing from 1% of films before the ban to 11% after. Four US cigarette brands accounted for 80% of brand appearances. Revenues outside the USA accounted for 49% of total revenues for these films, indicating a large international audience. INTERPRETATION: Tobacco-brand appearances are common in films and are becoming increasingly endorsed by actors. The most highly advertised US cigarette brands account for most brand appearances, which suggests an advertising motive to this practice.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Functionality of the 5'- and intergenic IRES elements of cricket paralysis virus in a range of insect cell lines, and its relationship with viral activities.

Cricket paralysis virus (Dicistroviridae: Cripavirus) (CrPV) naturally has a wide range of insect hosts which is reflected in its ability to infect several cultured insect cell lines. The expression of viral gene products is controlled by two kinds of internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements, 5' and intergenic (IG). Using seven cultured cell lines we tested the functionality of both IRES elements by transfection with bi-cistronic RNA constructs. In six of the seven cell lines, expression initiated from both IRES's was significantly higher than that from a control construct and in five of these six lines the expression from the 5'-IRES was higher than that from the IG-IRES. Permissiveness of each of the cell lines for replication of CrPV was tested by infection with purified virions and transfection with viral RNA. Only three of the cell lines were fully permissive for CrPV replication and no correlation between permissiveness and IRES activity was apparent. These results suggest that while IRES function is required for permissiveness, additional cellular and/or viral factors, involved in processing of viral products, packaging of viral particles and interacting with the cap-dependent translation machinery of host cells, are necessary for CrPV to be able to replicate in any given cell.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2001

Construction of a PAC vector system for the propagation of genomic DNA in bacterial and mammalian cells and subsequent generation of nested deletions in individual library members.

The BAC and PAC cloning systems allow investigators to propagate large genomic DNA fragments up to 300 kb in size in E. colicells. We describe a new PAC shuttle vector that can be propagated in both bacterial and human cells. Specifically, the P1 cloning vector pAd10sacBII was modified by the insertion of a puromycin-resistance gene (pac), the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) latent replication origin oriP,and the EBV EBNA1 gene. Transfection studies in HEK 293 cells demonstrated that the modified vector was stably maintained as an episome for at least 30 generations. And since pJCPAC-Mam1 contains a loxP site, genomic DNA cloned into this vector can be subjected to loxP-Cre -mediated deletion events. The transposon vector pTnPGKpuro/loxP was modified to make this system amenable to propagation in human cells by inserting pac, oriP, and EBNA1 elements into the vector (Chatterjee, P.K., Coren, J.C., 1997. Isolating large nested deletions in PACs and BACs by in vivo selection of P1 headful-packaged products of Cre-catalyzed recombination between the loxP site in PAC and BAC and one introduced in transposition. NAR 25, 2205-2212.). pTnPGKpuro/loxP-EBV was then used to generate deletions in an individual library member to demonstrate that all of the deletions still contain the required eukaryotic elements and that they were nested. All library members constructed in pJCPAC-Mam1 can be directly transformed into human cells to assess function. And the deletion technology can be used to aid in delineating the boundaries of genes and other cis-acting elements.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1996

Hematopoietic growth factors in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: To review the hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) as they relate to hematopoiesis, dosing, administration, toxicities and clinical indications. DATA SOURCES: Research studies, abstracts, review articles, product package inserts, and book chapters pertaining to HGFs. CONCLUSIONS: HGFs are essential components for the development of blood cells. Recombinant DNA technology and the availability of HGFs have significantly altered the care of patients with cancer and bone marrow disorders. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses can play a major role in assisting patients, families, and various consumers by providing education about HGFs as well as their indications, schedule, methods of administration, and toxicities. Familiarity with the HGFs and the literature available can assist nurses in developing management strategies for patients receiving these agents.

Contraindications↗
PubMed2003

Safety and tolerability of fluoroquinolones.

Clinical trials in patients with community- and hospital-acquired infections have established that the clinical effectiveness and safety of fluoroquinolones are similar to beta-lactam and macrolide agents. The most common drug-related adverse effects (AEs) with fluoroquinolone therapy involve the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system and are usually transient and mild to moderate in severity. However, serious toxic reactions have led to the limited and restrictive use of trovafloxacin in the United States and the withdrawal of temafloxacin and grepafloxacin from worldwide markets. In addition, postmarketing spontaneous AE reports have imposed updates in the precautions and warning sections of product package inserts of selected fluoroquinolones. This article reviews the AEs associated with the fluoroquinolones and compares the safety profiles of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cafeteria factors that influence milk-drinking behaviors of elementary school children: grounded theory approach.

This study was conducted to identify factors that influenced milk-drinking behaviors of elementary school children in North Texas. Ten focus groups with a total of 41 children aged 6 to 11 years were conducted using a grounded theory approach. Based on the principles of Social Learning Theory, milk preferences and health beliefs were identified as personal factors that influenced drinking. Cafeteria rules, milk flavor, product packaging, modeling by adults, and shared experiences were environmental factors. The data suggest that school cafeterias can capitalize on their unique position to offer milk-drinking opportunities that children can share to combine nutrition education with sensory experience.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cancer-related anemia and recombinant human erythropoietin--an updated overview.

For cancer patients, anemia can be a debilitating problem that negatively influences their overall quality of life and worsens their prognosis. The condition is caused either by the cancer itself or by cytotoxic treatment. Anemia is the primary indication for transfusion of red blood cells, but the development of recombinant human erythropoietins (epoetins) provides an alternative to red blood cell transfusions. Treatment with epoetins has been shown to reduce transfusion rates and increase hemoglobin response. There is some evidence that epoetins improve quality of life. It remains unclear, however, whether erythropoietin affects tumor growth and survival, and this area requires further investigation. Data from clinical trials suggest that erythropoietin increases the risk of thromboembolic complications. In the management of anemic patients, physicians should follow closely the dosing recommendations in products' package inserts or the ASCO/American Society of Hematology guidelines. Treatment of patients beyond the correction of anemia, however, has to be regarded as experimental and is potentially harmful, so should only be conducted in clinical trials.

Anemia↗
PubMed2000

Comparison between using spectral analysis of electrogoniometer data and observational analysis to quantify repetitive motion and ergonomic changes in cyclical industrial work.

Spectral analysis of continuously measured joint angles using an electrogoniometer was considered as a potentially efficient method for quantifying exposure to physical stress in repetitive manual work. The method was previously demonstrated in the laboratory but has not yet been tested extensively in the field. Spectral analysis was compared against observational analysis, consisting of time-and-motion study and posture classification. Six industrial jobs were selected: (1) press operation, (2) large parts hanging, (3) product packaging, (4) small parts hanging, (5) parts counting and sorting and (6) construction vehicle operation. The posture angle data were synchronized with activities on the video using an interactive multimedia video data acquisition system. Motion for every joint was analyzed using both spectral analysis and observational analysis. Joint angles for the wrist, elbow and shoulder were directly measured using electrogoniometers. Visual posture classification involved determining joint angles from a frozen videotape image sampled three times per s. Repetitiveness was quantified for observational analysis using time study to measure the frequency that specific motions repeat, while spectral analysis measured repetitiveness as the frequency where spectral peaks occurred. Spectral analysis agreed closely with observational analysis. Correlation between the repetition frequencies obtained using time study and spectral analysis was 0.97, with no statistically significant difference observed. Average sustained posture was quantified as the mean, and posture deviation as the RMS angle of joint motion. No statistically significant differences between data obtained using posture classification or spectral analysis were observed for either posture deviation or sustained posture. Since posture classification was very limited in resolution and often contained measurement errors caused by poor joint visibility, the correlation between the postural classification and spectral analysis was 0.77 for sustained posture and 0.53 for posture deviation. When considering only large motions that exceeded the posture classification angle precision, the correlation between postural classification and spectral analysis was 0.81 for sustained posture and 0.81 for posture deviation. Spectral analysis of electrogoniometer data were, therefore, an efficient method for analyzing repetitive manual work that obtained equivalent results, and was more precise than observational analysis.

Electrophysiology↗