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PubMed1978

On the occurrence of the contact allergen primin and other quinoid compounds in species of the family of primulaceae.

82 different species of the Primulacea family have been investigated by a screening test. In 16 Primula species and 4 species of other genera the strong contact allergen primin could be detected by the Craven-test. Extracts of only 12 plants gave no color reaction. In the remaining species other quinoid components were detectable. From 4 species new quinoid substances were isolated. Primin itself was obtained from Primula elatior and from the petals (corollas) of Primula obconica. The results indicate that the presence of primin and other quinones is determined by their origin and seasonal variations. It is supposed that some of the detected quinones may function as allergens and therefore may be responsible for the contact dermatitis described in the literature due to several Primula species and some other species of the same family. Some indications point to the suspicion that primin occurs in the plant as a glycoside which is separated by extraction treatment to give its quinole and an unknown substance. The quinole oxidizes then to the quinhydrone and finally to primin itself.

Allergens↗
PubMed1999

Metabolism of D-glycero-D-manno-heptitol, volemitol, in polyanthus. Discovery Of a novel ketose reductase1

Volemitol (D-glycero-D-manno-heptitol, alpha-sedoheptitol) is an unusual seven-carbon sugar alcohol that fulfills several important physiological functions in certain species of the genus Primula. Using the horticultural hybrid polyanthus (Primula x polyantha) as our model plant, we found that volemitol is the major nonstructural carbohydrate in leaves of all stages of development, with concentrations of up to 50 mg/g fresh weight in source leaves (about 25% of the dry weight), followed by sedoheptulose (D-altro-2-heptulose, 36 mg/g fresh weight), and sucrose (4 mg/g fresh weight). Volemitol was shown by the ethylenediaminetetraacetate-exudation technique to be a prominent phloem-mobile carbohydrate. It accounted for about 24% (mol/mol) of the phloem sap carbohydrates, surpassed only by sucrose (63%). Preliminary 14CO2 pulse-chase radiolabeling experiments showed that volemitol was a major photosynthetic product, preceded by the structurally related ketose sedoheptulose. Finally, we present evidence for a novel NADPH-dependent ketose reductase, tentatively called sedoheptulose reductase, in volemitol-containing Primula species, and propose it as responsible for the biosynthesis of volemitol in planta. Using enzyme extracts from polyanthus leaves, we determined that sedoheptulose reductase has a pH optimum between 7.0 and 8.0, a very high substrate specificity, and displays saturable concentration dependence for both sedoheptulose (apparent Km = 21 mM) and NADPH (apparent Km = 0.4 mM). Our results suggest that volemitol is important in certain Primula species as a photosynthetic product, phloem translocate, and storage carbohydrate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Effect of mecoprop drift on some plant species of conservation interest when grown in standardized mixtures in microcosms.

There has been an increasing awareness of potential impacts of herbicide drift on to vegetation in nature reserves and field margin habitats adjacent to treated areas. Previous work using single species bioassays has suggested that the effects of a single drift event are confined close to the sprayer (< 10 m). In the present study eight native dicotyledonous species, with and without a perennial grass (Lolium perenne), were grown in standardized microcosms in order to study (1) the effects of herbicide drift where plants were exposed to competition, and (2) the effects of a second spray application. The microcosms were arranged downwind (0-8 m) of a standard agricultural sprayer applying mecoprop at recommended rates. The effects of the herbicide drift on foliar symptoms of plant damage and end-of-season yield were assessed in each of two years. The main conclusions were that (1) growth of Stachys sylvatica and Lolium perenne (where sown) was enhanced near the sprayer and, (2) six other species (Digitalis purpurea, Galium mollugo, Hypericum hirsutum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Primula veris and Ranunculus acris) showed some evidence of reduction in either performance (assessed non-destructively after a single exposure) or yield after two exposures. Three species (Lychnis flos-cuculi, Primula veris and Ranunculus acris) showed a reduction in flowering performance. Thus, mecoprop drift affected the aesthetic appearance, possibly the fecundity of some species and the balance between species in these microcosm experiments. The implications of these results for the persistence of attractive plant communities in sensitive areas are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Screening of plants used in Danish folk medicine to treat epilepsy and convulsions.

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of 42 plants used in Danish folk medicine for the treatment of epilepsy and convulsions, or for inducing sedation, were tested for affinity to the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor in the flumazenil-binding assay. Ethanolic extracts of leaves of Primula elatior and Primula veris and aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium exhibited good, dose-dependent affinity.

Denmark↗
PubMed2004

Quaternary diversification in European alpine plants: pattern and process.

Molecular clock approaches applied previously to European alpine plants suggest that Primula sect. Auricula, Gentiana sect. Ciminalis and Soldanella diversified at the beginning of the Quaternary or well within this period, whereas Globularia had already started diversifying in the (Late-)Tertiary. In the first part of this paper we present evidence that, in contrast to Globularia and Soldanella, the branching patterns of the molecular internal transcribed spacer phylogenies of both Primula and Gentiana are incompatible with a constant-rates birth-death model. In both of these last two taxa, speciation probably decreased through Quaternary times, perhaps because of some niche-filling process and/or a decrease in specific range size. In the second part, we apply nonlinear regression analyses to the lineage-through-time plots of P. sect. Auricula to test a range of capacity-dependent models of diversification, and the effect of Quaternary climatic oscillations on diversification and extinction. At least for one major clade of sect. Auricula there is firm evidence that both diversification and extinction are a function of temperature. Intriguingly, temperature appears to be correlated positively with extinction, but negatively with diversification. This suggests that diversification did not take place, as previously assumed, in geographical isolation in high-altitude interglacial refugia, but rather at low altitudes in geographically isolated glacial refugia.

Europe↗
PubMed1999

DNA relatedness among the pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae and description of Pseudomonas tremae sp. nov. and Pseudomonas cannabina sp. nov. (ex Sutic and Dowson 1959).

A total of 48 pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae and eight related species were studied by DNA-DNA hybridization (S1 nuclease method) and ribotyping. The existence of nine discrete genomospecies was indicated. Genomospecies 1 corresponded to P. syringae sensu stricto and included P. syringae pathovars syringae, aptata, lapsa, papulans, pisi, atrofaciens, aceris, panici, dysoxyli and japonica. Genomospecies 2 included P. syringae pathovars phaseolicola, ulmi, mori, lachrymans, sesami, tabaci, morsprunorum, glycinea, ciccaronei, eriobotryae, mellea, aesculi, hibisci, myricae, photiniae and dendropanacis and nomenspecies Pseudomonas savastanoi, Pseudomonas ficuserectae, Pseudomonas meliae and Pseudomonas amygdali, which are thus synonymous. P. amygdali is the earliest valid name for this genomospecies. Genomospecies 3 included P. syringae pathovars tomato, persicae, antirrhini, maculicola, viburni, berberidis, apii, delphinii, passiflorae, philadelphi, ribicola and primulae. We recommend strain CFBP 2212 of P. syringae pv. tomato to serve as the type strain. Genomospecies 4 included 'Pseudomonas coronafaciens' and P. syringae pathovars porri, garcae, striafaciens, atropurpurea, oryzae and zizaniae and corresponds to 'P. coronafaciens'. Genomospecies 5 included P. syringae pv. tremae and corresponds to Pseudomonas tremae sp. nov. Genomospecies 6 included Pseudomonas viridiflava and the presently misidentified pathotype strains of P. syringae pv. ribicola and P. syringae pv. primulae and thus corresponds to P. viridiflava. Genomospecies 7 included P. syringae pv. tagetis and P. syringae pv. helianthi. We recommend strain CFBP 1694 of P. syringae pv. tagetis to serve as a reference strain. Genomospecies 8 included P. syringae pv. these and Pseudomonas avellanae and thus corresponds to P. avellanae. Genomospecies 9 included P. syringae pv. cannabina and corresponds to Pseudomonas cannabina sp. nov. Ribotyping (SmaI and HincII endonucleases) could separate seven of the nine genomospecies. The unnamed genomospecies 3 and 7 will be named when phenotypic data are available for identification. Two species are described, P. tremae sp. nov. and P. cannabina sp. nov. Other species will be named when phenotypic data are available for identification.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2003

Study of the effect of Bronchipret on the lung function of five Austrian saddle horses suffering recurrent airway obstruction (heaves).

The effects of an oral preparation containing an extract of thyme and primula (Bronchipret; Bionorica) on the lung function of five horses suffering heaves were determined in a longitudinal study. The horses accepted the product well. The plasma concentrations of the marker substance, thymol, indicated that at least one of the substances in the extract had been absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The compliance, pulmonary pressure and airway resistance of the horses' lungs were all significantly improved after one month of treatment However, the severity of their clinical signs and their arterial oxygen partial pressure had not improved significantly.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Facilitation in an insect-pollinated herb with a floral display dimorphism.

Population context should influence pollination success and selection on floral display in animal-pollinated plants because attraction of pollinators depends not only on the characteristics of individual plants, but also on the attractiveness of co-occurring conspecifics. The insect-pollinated herb Primula farinosa is polymorphic for inflorescence height. Natural populations may include both long-scaped plants, which present their flowers well above the soil surface, and short-scaped plants, with their flowers positioned close to the ground. We experimentally tested whether seed production in short-scaped P. farinosa varied with local morph frequency and surrounding vegetation height. In tall vegetation, short-scaped plants in polymorphic populations produced more fruit and tended to produce more seeds than short-scaped plants did in monomorphic populations. In low vegetation, population composition did not significantly affect fruit and seed output of short-scaped plants. The results suggest that long-scaped plants facilitate short-scaped plants in terms of pollinator attraction and that the facilitation effect is contingent on the height of the surrounding vegetation. The documented facilitation should contribute to the maintenance of the scape length polymorphism in ungrazed areas where litter accumulates and vegetation grows tall.

Animals↗