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PubMedDate not supplied

Preventive health services: Family planning.

Family planning in the United States has been a noteworthy success. More than 80 percent of the married women aged 15 to 44 are regular users of contraceptives. Further, virtually all primary care physicians provide contraceptives or family planning services, and there are now an estimated 4,000 family planning clinics in the country receiving support under the Title X Family Planning Authority. Despite this record of success, serious family planning problems remain. Of the slightly more than three and one half million births, an estimated one million are unplanned. More than one million pregnancies are terminated by legal abortion. Certain subgroups of the population have disproportionately high risks of unintended pregnancy. For example, unplanned births are almost twice as frequent among poor as among nonpoor women; one of every four births to black women is unintended versus one in ten to white women; and teenagers, women with language barriers, and women living in rural areas and on Indian reservations experience high rates of unintended pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Preventive health services in the county of Buskerud--environmental health services].

Local environmental health services are essential for meeting many national health objectives. In order to assess the quality of the local environmental health services and the effects of national funding of local projects (The Master Plan), a questionnaire was distributed to the 21 local medical officers in the county of Buskerud in March 1995. 15 out of 20 responders stated that the local environmental health services do not meet legal standards. Local authorities seem to be unable or unwilling to commit sufficient personnel and money to environmental health services. This study indicates that national funds have helped to improve the services, especially in areas given national priority.

Environmental Health↗
PubMed1975

Failure by a group of elderly men to use a preventive health service.

The perceptions of 25 white males (age range, 53-62) were studied in relation to use of multiphasic screening. Each of these men had been urged repeatedly to take advantage of this service but had failed to do so. The multiphasic examination itself was free, so cost was not an inhibiting feature. This report deals with the proffered reasons why these men did not take the screening examination. The factors could be classified as: 1) social influences, 2) health care setting, 3) beliefs about health, 4)use of alternative forms of care, 5) the time involved for testing, and 6) disinterest. A discussion of some individual responses is included. Recommendations are made for structuring more effective delivery of health care services for the elderly.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventive health services: Immunization.

The seven major childhood infectious diseases-measles, mumps, rubella, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus-can cause permanent disability and, in some cases, death. They all can be prevented by immunization, but prior to the National Childhood Immunization Initiative of 1977 more than a third of all children under age 15 were not properly protected. And even though vaccines are now available to reduce the risk of influenza, hepatitis B, and pneumococcal pneumonia, many high risk patients are not protected. Outbreaks of measles and pertussis, and occasionally of diphtheria and polio, during the mid-1970s indicate that immunization must be emphasized continually. With the combination of safe, effective vaccines, public and private programs, and a reliable disease surveillance and outbreak containment system, infectious diseases can be controlled. The Department of Health and Human Services has proposed a major initiative designed to eliminate the indigenous occurrence of measles.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventive health services: Sexually transmitted disease control.

Over 10 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) occur annually, 86 percent of them in 15- to 29-year-olds. The most common STDs are trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, non-gonococcal urethritis, genital herpes, and syphilis. In 1950 the reported syphilis rate was 146 per 100,000. The rate decreased to 30 per 100,000 by 1978, resulting in approximately 80,000 new cases of syphilis a year. During the same time span the gonorrhea rate increased from 192 cases per 100,000 to 468 cases per 100,000. In each year between 1967 and 1976, reported cases of gonorrhea increased between 10 and 15 percent. Between 1976 and 1978 the annual increase was less than 1 percent, but the total number of case of gonorrhea still exceeded 2.5 million. In addition to the large number of syphilis and gonorrhea cases, 3 million cases of trichomoniasis, 2.5 million cases of non-gonococcal urethritis, and 500,000 cases of genital herpes occur annually. The most serious complications caused by sexually transmitted agents are pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility, infant pneumonia, infant death, birth defects, and mental retardation. There is clear evidence that both the quality of the services and the attitudes with which they are delivered are important in attracting those who need STD services. While existing programs are interrupting the transmission of syphilis and gonorrhea, many vulnerable groups are not yet being served. To approach them effectively will require not only the efforts of STD clinics and investigators but also those of family planning clinics, private physicians, diagnostic and public health laboratories, and schools and other educational institutions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventive health services: Pregnancy and infant health.

From 1950 to 1977, infant mortality dropped from 30 to 14 deaths per 1,000 live births. The annual decline in infant mortality between 1965 and 1973 was 3.5 percent. The proportion of women receiving prenatal care during the first 3 months of pregnancy also increased-from 68 to 74 percent during the years 1969 to 1977. The factors underlying improvements in infant mortality are complex, but include increased access to prenatal services, increased availability of regionalized intensive care units, and improvements in maternal nutritional status. The principal threats to infant health are birth defects that can lead to lifelong handicapping conditions, and problems associated with low birth weight. Today, approximately seven percent of all babies are of low birth weight (2,500 grams or less). Unfortunately, many children are born to women with an increased risk of having a low birth weight infant, i.e., women making no prenatal visit during the first trimester, and teenagers. Further, in 1978 1 in 4 women giving birth made no prenatal visit during the first trimester and 1 in 20 made no prenatal visit during the first two trimesters.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventive health services: High blood pressure control.

An estimated 60 million Americans have high blood pressure that increases their risk of illness and premature death. Of these persons approximately 35 million need some form of continuing treatment, while the remaining 25 million have borderline high blood pressure that requires medical surveillance. Untreated hypertension is the largest single contributor to stroke and a major contributor to heart disease and kidney failure. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program, started in 1972, has helped to improve hypertension control in the Nation. With providers and the public better informed about hypertension, patient visits and medication prescriptions for hypertension have increased, as has the number of persons whose hypertension is well controlled. Associated deaths, especially from stroke, have declined rapidly and dramatically. There is much room for improvement. Provider interest in and attention to long-term regimen adherence needs more emphasis. Large segments of the population, especially ethnic and racial minority groups, continue to face access problems. Awareness and attempted application of patient management technologies have improved, but stronger efforts are needed to address care delivery system management issues.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mental health and work environment of a group of public health preventive service users].

BACKGROUND: In a previous organizational study we proposed shared technical initiatives in public occupational health and mental health public services dedicated to mental health at work which is now completely neglected. OBJECTIVES: To study the occupational mental health demand in public health services users by improving shared tools among public health services. METHODS: Data collection on socio-demographic characteristics, relationship between mental health and working environment, organizational constraints in a group of mental, occupational and public health service users (no 90). RESULTS: A third of the users, mostly women, described the working environment as negative for mental health. The main reported organizational constraints were poor career possibilities, relationship with the public and workload. Inadequate workload is the leading cause for a negative evaluation of working conditions for mental health. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that mental health at work is a public health problem that has to be better investigated using tools shared between mental and occupational health services.

Adult↗