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PubMed2000

Larval growth of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and resulting root injury to three citrus varieties in two soil types.

Larval growth and intraspecific competition of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) larvae and consequent root injury in container-grown citrus in the greenhouse were evaluated. Roots of Carrizo citrange, Citrus sinesis L. Osbeck x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.; Cleopatra mandarin, C. reticulata Blanco, and Swingle citrumelo, C. paradisi Macf. x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. rootstock seedlings grown in Candler fine sand and potting soil were colonized with different populations of D. abbreviatus larvae. Larvae were exposed to the seedlings for 79 d. Larval growth and development increased steadily for approximately 70 d on all rootstock-soil combinations, at which time most larvae were instars 6-8. Most feeding injury occurred to roots when larvae were between instars 3 and 6. Larval weight reached a plateau at approximately 70 d, but often declined between 70 and 79 d. When larvae were small, injury to seedlings developed slowly, primarily on fibrous roots, then feeding increased rapidly, often resulting in total consumption of both fibrous root and bark tissue. Although not statistically significant, root injury developed slightly slower on Swingle citrumelo compared with Carrizo and Cleopatra rootstocks, but damage was comparable by 79 d. Little or no difference in consumptive benefit to the larvae was found between the rootstocks. Based on larval weight days, little feeding injury occurred during the first 21 d, but increased rapidly between 21 and 60 d. Soil type affected the rate of larval growth and development, with potting soil contributing to greater growth rates. Detritus in potting soil provided little or no nutritional resource, suggesting that the effect of potting soil on larval development was primarily physical. In addition, fewer inoculated larvae per seedling exhibited greater weight gains than higher infestation densities, suggesting that intraspecific competition for nutritional resources influenced larval development.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Is there meaningful plant resistance to diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in citrus rootstock germplasm?

Host plant resistance to the Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) was assessed for seedlings of 54 Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. selections and two families of progeny from crosses between Citrus and P. trifoliata. Weight gain was consistently lower when larvae were reared in pots containing the progeny of Citrus reticulata Blanco 'Sunki' x P. trifoliata 'Flying Dragon' compared with larvae reared on progeny of 'Pearl' (C. reticulata x C. paradisi Macf.) x 'Flying Dragon'. This is the first evidence of genetic control of resistance to the Diaprepes root weevil within sexually compatible citrus rootstock germplasm. There was a significant positive correlation between percentage root loss and larval weight gain within the resistant progeny, indicating a possible antixenotic effect. Two varieties of P. trifoliata were identified as more resistant than 'Flying Dragon' based on larval weight gain.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Heterochromatin banding patterns in Rutaceae-Aurantioideae--a case of parallel chromosomal evolution.

The heterochromatin banding patterns in the karyotypes of 17 species belonging to 15 genera of Rutaceae subfamily Aurantioideae (= Citroideae) were analyzed with the fluorochromes chromomycin (CMA) and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-2HCl (DAPI). All species were diploids, except one tetraploid (Clausena excavata) and two hexaploids [Glycosmis parviflora agg. (aggregate) and G. pentaphylla agg.]. There are only CMA/DAPI bands, including those associated with the nucleolus. Using recent cpDNA (chloroplast DNA) sequence data as a phylogenetic background, it becomes evident that generally more basal genera with rather plesiomorphic traits in their morphology, anatomy, and phytochemistry exhibit very small amounts of heterochromatin (e.g., Glycosmis, Severinia, Swinglea), whereas relatively advanced genera from different clades with more apomorphic characters display numerous large CMA bands (e.g., Merrillia, Feroniella, Fortunella). Heterochromatin increase (from 0.7 to 13.7%) is interpreted as apomorphic. The bands are mostly located in the larger chromosomes and at telomeric regions of larger arms. However, one of the largest chromosome pair has been conserved throughout the subfamily with only very little heterochromatin. The heterochromatin-rich patterns observed in different clades of Aurantioideae appear quite similar, suggesting a kind of parallel chromosomal evolution. In respect to the current classification of the subfamily, it is proposed to divide Murraya s.l. (sensu lato) into Bergera and Murraya s.s. (sensu stricto) and to place the former near Clausena into Clauseneae s.s. and the latter together with Merrillia into Citreae s.l. The subtribes recognized within Clauseneae s.s. and Citreae s.l. appear heterogeneous and should be abandoned. On the other hand, the monophyletic nature of the core group of Citrinae, i.e., the Citrus clade with Eremocitrus, Microcitrus, Clymenia, Poncirus, Fortunella, and Citrus, is well supported.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of benzyladenine on recovery of cryopreserved shoot tips of grapevine and citrus cultured in vitro.

The effect of N6-benzyladenine (BA) on the recovery of cryopreserved shoot tips of the LN33 hybrid (Vitis L.) and Troyer citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. x Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck.] cultured in vitro was examined. For the LN33 hybrid, the presence of BA in the recovery medium was essential for survival of control and cryopreserved shoot tips, although the BA concentration did not influence the survival percentage. BA at 5, 2, and 5 microM or higher induced callus formation in control, and shoot tips cryopreserved by vitrification, and by encapsulation-dehydration, respectively. While a BA concentration of 4 microM was found optimal for recovery of control shoot tips, 1 and 2-4 microM produced the best recovery of shoot tips cryopreserved by vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration, respectively. A similar pattern of effect of BA on recovery was found for 'Troyer' citrange. Low survival of control and cryopreserved shoot tips was observed with a BA-free recovery medium. The addition of BA to the recovery medium significantly increased survival. The BA concentration that induced callus formation in shoot tips cryopreserved by encapsulation-vitrification was higher than that which induced it in those cryopreserved by encapsulation-dehydration. Recovery of control shoot tips was best with an addition of 6-10 microM BA to the medium. Optimal recovery of shoot tips cryopreserved by encapsulation-vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration was achieved with 3-4 and 2 microM BA, respectively. Results from the present study suggest that an optimal BA concentration for recovery of control shoot tips may be different from that for cryopreserved shoot tips; furthermore, the optimal BA concentration for recovery of cryopreserved shoot tips may also differ among different cryogenic procedures.

Adenine↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and osmotic adjustment matter content of trifoliate orange seedling under water stress].

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae on plant growth and osmotic adjustment matter content of trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedlings under water stress were studied in potted culture. The results showed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation could increase plant growth, such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight, when the water content of soil was 20%, 16% and 12%. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation also promoted active absorbing areas of plant root and absorption of P from plant rhizosphere, enhanced the accumulated quantities of soluble sugar content in leaves and roots, and reduced proline content of leaf. Plant inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza had higher plant water use efficiency than non-mycorrhizal plants. Drought tolerance of trifoliate orange seedling inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza was enhanced. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on trifoliate orange seedling under 20% and 16% water content of soil were more significant than under 12% water content of soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi infection was severely restrained by 12% water content of soil. Thus, effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant probably positively related to the arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculated percentage.

Absorption↗
PubMed2006

[Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal growth on citrus roots and its correlations with soil available phosphorus content and phosphatase activity].

In 2004, a field investigation was made on the mycorrhizal infection rate, spore density, soil available phosphorus content, and soil phosphatase activity in the Guoqing No. 1 (Citrus unshiu )/trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) and Guoqing No. 4 (C. unshiu)/trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) plantations, aimed to approach the correlations between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal growth on citrus roots and the available phosphorus content and phosphatase activity in rhizosphere soil. The results showed that the annual variation of mycorrhizal infection rate and spore density in the test plantations was in "A" shape, while that of soil available phosphorus content and neutral phosphatase activity was in "V" shape. The mycorrhizal infection rate was significantly positively correlated with spore density (P < 0. 01), and negatively correlated with soil available phosphorus content (P < 0.01), indicating that higher spore density and lower soil available ghosphorus content could accelerate the mycorrhizai infection on citrus roots. The pore density was significantly negatively correlated with soil available phosphorus content (P < 0.01) while positively correlated with soil total and neutral phosphatase activity (P < 0.01), suggesting that soil available phosphorus could inhibit the increase of spore density, while soil total and neutral phosphatase activity could stimulate it. The mineralization of soil organic phosphorus in citrus plantations was mainly depended on soil neutral phosphatase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cloning and molecular characterization of a RING zinc-finger gene of Hevea brasiliensis.

Using the information about the sequence from a differentially expressed clone (designated as HbSSH10) encodes a protein specifying a cysteine-rich sequence containing a putative "RING finger" or "C3HC4" consensus motif that was cloned recently by the subtractive hybridization between latex and leaves from rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). A full-length cDNA encoding C3HC4 type zinc-finger protein was isolated and characterized from rubber tree. Sequence analysis revealed that the ORFs of HbRZF encode 156 amino acid residues with a total predicted molecular mass of 17.2 kD, HbRZF protein having a putative "RING finger" segment (amino acid residues 100-144). The deduced amino acid sequences of HbRZF showed high identities of 48%, 52% and 50% to those of the ring zinc protein from Poncirus trifoliata, Arabidopsis thaliana, Thellungiella halophila. The result of Northern blot analysis indicated that the transcripts of the HbRZF were expressed more in the latex than in the leaves, whereas little expression was detected in roots and flowers. The transcription of HbRZF was induced by jasmonic acid, whereas ethylene had little effect.

5' Flanking Region↗
PubMed1996

[Textual studies on shangzhou zhiqiao fructus Aurantii].

The original plant of Shangzhou Zhiqiao, the best among the species of Zhiqino, is confirmed as Citrus aurantium rather than Poncirus trifolia in this paper based on the description and drawings of Zhiqiao in (Bencao Gangmu) by Li Shizhen in the 16th rentury, samples from Shangzhou(Shanxi Province), and the cold-warm period of historical climate in the local area, which is believed to be related to the distribution of C. aurantium in Shangzhou. However, P.trifolia has often been confused with C. aurantium by some herbalists.

Citrus↗
PubMed2005

Expression analysis of a cold responsive transcript from trifoliate orange by real-time PCR and RT-PCR.

CLTa and CLTb are two transcripts produced by the citrus CLT gene. CLTb is constitutively expressed, while CLTa is a low temperature responsive transcript expressed in temperatures below 10 degrees C during the acclimation process of some species of citrus. Real-time PCR was used to study CLTa expression pattern in trifoliate orange during acclimation, gradual deacclimation and abrupt deacclimation. A standard curve of nine dilution series from 10 x 10(6) to 10 x 10(-3) fg was constructed, using part of the CLTa transcript, which enabled us to determine the concentration of the transcript at different temperatures and conditions. It was found that during acclimation, CLTa expression is first detected at 10 degrees C, reaching a maximum after 24 h of exposure at -1 degrees C. During gradual deacclimation, the transcript accumulated at 5 degrees C and after this point it degrades, reaching a low level at 10 degrees C. When the plants were abruptly transferred to room temperature after being acclimated to -1 degrees C, the transcript reduced from 11,303 fg to levels below the threshold 3 h later, indicating a rapid degradation and how the expression of CLTa is dependent on low temperature. Exposure of trifoliate plants to abscisic acid (ABA) and salts indicated that CLTa is not induced by these treatments at the concentrations used. CLTa expression was also verified in other citrus species and was not detected in the acclimated cold-sensitive species "Mexican lime" (Citrus aurantifolia Swing.) and in the cold hardy "Satsuma mandarin (C. unchiu Marc.).

Abscisic Acid↗