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PubMed2006

Differentiation of rhizoma et radix polygoni cuspidati from closely related herbs by HPLC fingerprinting.

An HPLC-DAD fingerprinting profile of Rhizoma Et Radix Polygoni Cuspidati was established basing on the consistent chromatographic features of 24 authentic herb samples. The major types of chemical constituents, stilbenes and anthraquinones, were analyzed and included in the fingerprint. Eight common peaks of Polygonum Cuspidatum were identified by using HPLC-MS. The developed fingerprint was applied to differentiate Rhizoma Et Radix Polygoni Cuspidati from Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei. Although the three herbs belong to the family of Polygonaceae, the results indicated that these could be differentiated by using the established method.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2001

Polygodial, the fungitoxic component from the Brazilian medicinal plant Polygonum punctatum.

Polygonum punctatum (Polygonaceae) is an herb known in some regions of Brazil as "erva-de-bicho" and is used to treat intestinal disorders. The dichloromethane extract of the aerial parts of this plant showed strong activity in a bioautographic assay with the fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum. The bioassay-guided chemical fractionation of this extract afforded the sesquiterpene dialdehyde polygodial as the active constituent. The presence of this compound with antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic properties in "erva-de-bicho" may account for the effects attributed by folk medicine to this plant species.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2006

Antioxidant activity of extract from Polygonum aviculare L.

Free radicals induce numerous diseases by lipid peroxidation, protein peroxidation, and DNA damage. It has been reported that numerous plant extracts have antioxidant activities to scavenge free radicals. Whether Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae) has antioxidant activity is unknown. In this study, dried Polygonum aviculare L. was extracted by ethanol, and the extract was lyophilized. The antioxidant activities of extract powder were examined by free radical scavenging assays, superoxide radical scavenging assays, lipid peroxidation assays and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA strand scission assays. The results show that the IC50 value of Polygonum aviculare L. extract is 50 microg/ml in free radical scavenging assays, 0.8 microg/ml in superoxide radical scavenging assays, and 15 microg/ml in lipid peroxidation assays, respectively. Furthermore, Polygonum aviculare L. extract has DNA protective effect in hydroxyl radical-induced DNA strand scission assays. The total phenolics and flavonoid content of extract is 677.4 +/- 62.7 microg/g and 112.7 +/- 13 microg/g. The results indicate that Polygonum aviculare L. extract clearly has antioxidant effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dynamic phenotypic plasticity for root growth in Polygonum: a comparative study.

Species differences in patterns of phenotypic plasticity may be an important aspect of adaptive diversity. Plasticity for functionally important root traits was studied in inbred field lineages of Polygonum persicaria and P. cespitosum (Polygonaceae). Replicate seedlings were grown in plexiglass rhizotrons under a range of constant and temporally variable moisture treatments. Plasticity was determined for final whole-plant biomass, root biomass allocation, and absolute and proportional root length. The dynamic aspect of root plasticity was examined by digitizing weekly tracings of the proportional deployment of each plant's root system to different vertical soil layers. Plants of both species expressed significant functionally adaptive phenotypic plasticity in the relative allocation, length, and vertical deployment of root systems in response to contrasting moisture conditions. Plasticity patterns in these closely related species were in general qualitatively similar, but for most traits differed in the magnitude and/or the timing of the plastic response. Dynamic changes in root deployment were more marked as well as faster in P. persicaria. Species differences in patterns of individual plasticity were generally consistent with the broader ecological distribution of P. persicaria in diverse as well as temporally variable moisture habitats.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of natural products.

Since reactive oxygen radicals play an important role in carcinogenesis and other human disease states, antioxidants present in consumable fruits, vegetables, and beverages have received considerable attention as cancer chemopreventive agents. Thus, in order to identify antioxidants in plant extracts, test materials were assessed for potential to scavenge stable 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, reduce TPA-induced free radical formation in cultured HL-60 human leukemia cells, and inhibit responses observed with a xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay system. Approximately 700 plant extracts were evaluated, and 28 were found to be active in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Based on secondary analyses performed to assess inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced preneoplastic lesion formation with a mouse mammary organ culture model, Chorizanthe diffusa Benth. (Polygonaceae), Mezoneuron cucullatum Roxb. (Leguminosae), Cerbera manghas L. (Apocynaceae) and Daphniphyllum calycinum Benth. (Daphniphyllaceae) were selected and subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation. 5,7,3',5'-Tetrahydroxy-8,4'-dimethoxyflavonol, 5,8,4'-trihydroxy-7,3'-dimethoxyflavonol, 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavonol, and 6,3',4'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavonol were identified as active principles from C. diffusa. Piceatannol, trans-resveratrol, apigenin and scirpusin A were found as the active principles of M. cucullatum, olivil, (-)-carinol, and (+)-cycloolivil were active principles from C. manghas, and 5,6,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone 3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol 3-O-neohesperidoside were active principles from D. calycinum. Of these substances, the hydroxystilbenes piceatannol and transresveratrol have thus far been shown to inhibit carcinogen-induced preneoplastic lesion formation in the mouse mammary gland organ culture model.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Hypocalcemia in a four-week-old foal].

Intake of Rumex, a plant genus of the Polygonaceae family, probably led through the assimilation of oxalic acid, to hypocalcaemia in a four-week old foal. This foal was presented with muscle rigidity and a stiff gait. Both the total and ionized calcium concentrations were low, 1.38 mmol/l and 0.54 mmol/l respectively. The foal was treated with a total of 150 ml of a 20% calcium solution IV. The foals neuromuscular signs resolved within a few hours after receiving calcium solution.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Pollen surveys in Sapporo for 6 years during 1992 to 1997].

We carried out pollen surveys for 6 years from 1992 to 1997. The method of pollen survey studied was based on the standardization board of air born pollen survey and pollen information in Japan. The pollen samples were collected in Nishioka-area of Toyohira-ku, and Kawazoe-area of Minami-ku in Sapporo. As the pollen sample device. IS Rotary pollen trap was used at Nishioka-area during 1992 to 1994 and at Kawazoe-area in 1993, and Durham's pollen trap was used at Kawazoe-area during 1995 to 1997. The yearly pollen counts were highly fluctuated in trees, particularly Yew (Taxus spp.), Alder (Alnus spp.), Birch (Betula spp.), Pine (Pinus spp.), Fir (Abies spp.), than in Grasses (Gramineae) and Weeds (Polygonaceae, Plantago spp., Artemisia spp., Chenopodiaceae). In addition, the starting date of pollination was widely fluctuated year by year in trees. For instance, the pollen of Birch was confirmed on April 13 in 1993, as the first day in Nishioka-area, while it was on April 28 in 1994. It should be considered that the pollen counts and the starting date of pollination were highly dependent on the weather condition of the previous year and the current year.

Japan↗
PubMed2002

The effects of Rumex patientia extract on rat liver and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme system.

The aqueous extract from the roots of Rumex patientia L. (Polygonaceae) (D-1) was investigated for its effects on rat liver and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme systems and lipid peroxidation. Measurements of the GSH-Px, SOD and CAT activities, and MDA levels of liver and erythrocytes in D-1 administered animals showed that there was an increase in GSH-Px and SOD activities when compared to that of controls. No significant decrease was observed in catalase activity and no changes in malondialdehyde levels were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

"Devil's gardens" in the Ecuadorian Amazon--association of the allelopathic tree Duroia hirsuta (Rubiaceae) and its "gentle" ants.

The relationship between the myrmecophytic tree Duroia hirsuta (Rubiaceae) and its associated, minute, non-aggressive Myrmelachista sp. (Formicinae) ants is poorly investigated, even though the small understory tree is surrounded by a conspicuos zone almost devoid of vegetation. As to the cause of these barely vegetated "Devil's Gardens", two alternative interpretations exist in the literature: the pruning activity of ants and allelopathy. We investigated the mutualistic Duroia-Myrmelachista system in the Ecuadorian Amazon, focusing on the phenomenon of the areas of reduced vegetation, as well as on the natural history of the associated ants. We conducted planting experiments and behavioral studies, including coccoids, the third partner in this mutualism. Because the well-studied Triplaris americana (Polygonaceae) possesses analogous vegetation free surroundings created by the assiduous mechanical pruning of its mutualistic ant partner (Pseudomyrmex sp.), parallel comparative investigations of this ant-plant association were conducted. The two systems are not equivalent; it was demonstrated that the remarkably inactive Myrmelachista ants are not responsible for the bare areas around Duroia plants. Instead, we regard allelopathy as the causative agent for the clear zones.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of jasminic acid on production of anthracene derivatives in cultures of Rheum palmatum L].

The process of elicitation makes use of the capacity of plants and plant cells cultivated in vitro to react to various stress stimuli by a number of protective reactions leading to increased accumulation of secondary metabolites. The endogenic signal substances of plant protective reactions include jasminic acid, which in the case of exogenous application also acts as an elicitor. The paper examined the effect of four concentrations of jasminic acid on the production of anthracene derivatives by a three-year-old tissue culture, which was derived from the roots of a two-year-old intact plant Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae). The culture was cultivated on Murashige-Skoog medium with an addition of 10 mg.l-1 of alpha-naphthylacetic acid. The results show that the optimal effect of jasminic acid on the production of callus culture was manifested after a 12-hour application of the strongest concentration of 5 mM, and on the production of suspension culture after a 48-hour application of a concentration of 0.05 mM, when the photometric determination according to PhBs 4 demonstrated the maximal content of anthracene derivatives (1.26%) and the production was stimulated by 109% in comparison with the control.

Anthracenes↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of abiotic elicitation and calcium ions on production of explant cultures of Rheum palmatum L].

Elicitation is based on signal (elicitor)-induced expression of genes, which subsequently results in increased synthesis of secondary metabolities in plants and in vitro cultures. Elicitors do not usually influence gene activity directly but by means of transmitters of the signal, which include primarily calcium ions. The paper examined the effect of four concentrations of calcium ions on the production of anthracene derivatives by means of the callus and suspension cultures of Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae), which was elicited by an abiotic elicitor--a 20 microM solution of lead dichloride. The culture was cultivated on a Murashige-Skoog medium with an addition of 10 mg.l-1 of alpha-naphthylacetic acid. It follows from the results that the maximal content of anthracene derivatives, determined by the photometric determination according to PhBs 4, was demonstrated in the suspension culture after 24-hr administration of the elicitor and a 10 mM calcium chloride solution. In comparison with the control and elicited groups, the production was stimulated by 44% and 17%, respectively. After an addition of calcium ions to the elicited callus culture, no positive influence on the production was observed.

Anthracenes↗
PubMed2005

The ethnobotanical study of local Mediterranean food plants as medicinal resources in Southern Spain.

We studied medicinal and food plant species, recording an extraordinary number of species and uses in Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia and Valencia in Spain. Focusing on two demographically distinct regions - Castilla-La Mancha and Lower Segura Valley. A high proportion of the flora (20 to 30 %) is known for its medicinal properties, and, interestingly, a high number of medicinal-food plants (5 to 7 %) is recorded. The concept of "Local Food" involves the whole repertory of species that characterises the local diet (incl. local cultivars and non-cultivated gathered food plants). The number of food plant species varies between 15 and 25 % of the vascular flora, and for the gathered food plants (GFP) this decreases to a 3 to 8 %. Those GFP that are also used for medicinal purposes are only 2 to 4 % of the total vascular flora. The relevant plant families are very similar in relative numbers along the different areas: Compositae, Rosaceae and Umbelliferae, followed of Boraginaceae, Liliaceae, Cruciferae, and Caryophyllaceae. Chenopodiaceae, Polygonaceae and Gramineae are less uniformly represented or in lesser numbers. The high species diversity does not imply a general dietary relevance of this particular plant family. For instance Caryophyllaceae with a relatively low number of species comprises the "collejas" (Silene vulgaris) that have shown to be the more widely consumed species. Information regarding 145 species has been recorded. Among the Gathered Food Plant Species 81 are used in medicine, in double proportion than the cultivated food plants. 61 are orally administered, in the same form as food.

Diet, Mediterranean↗
PubMed2005

Mechanisms governing sex-ratio variation in dioecious Rumex nivalis.

Sex ratios of flowering individuals in dioecious plant populations are often close to unity, or are male biased owing to gender-specific differences in flowering or mortality. Female-biased sex ratios, although infrequent, are often reported in species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to account for female bias: (1) selective fertilization resulting from differential pollen-tube growth of female- versus male-determining microgametophytes (certation); (2) differences in the performance and viability of the sexes after parental investment. Here we investigate these hypotheses in Rumex nivalis (Polygonaceae), a European alpine herb with female-biased sex ratios in which females possess XX, and males XY1Y2, sex chromosomes. Using field surveys and a glasshouse experiment we investigated the relation between sex ratios and life-history stage in 18 populations from contrasting elevations and snowbed microsites and used a male-specific SCAR-marker to determine the sex of nonflowering individuals. Female bias among flowering individuals was one of the highest reported for populations of a dioecious species (mean female frequency = 0.87), but males increased in frequency at higher elevations and in the center of snowbeds. Female bias was also evident in nonflowering individuals (mean 0.78) and in seeds from open-pollinated flowers (mean 0.59). The female bias in seeds was weakly associated with the frequency of male flowering individuals in populations in the direction predicted when certation occurs. Under glasshouse conditions, females outperformed males at several life-history stages, although male seeds were heavier than female seeds. Poor performance of Y1Y2 gametophytes and male sporophytes in R. nivalis may be a consequence of the accumulation of deleterious mutations on Y-sex chromosomes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

The possible mechanisms for the antifertility action of methanolic root extract of Rumex steudelii.

BACKGROUND: The practice of traditional medicine for the control of fertility in most parts of Ethiopia is based on the uses of plant medicines for many years. Rumex steudelii Hochst (Polygonaceae), locally known as "Tult" or "Yeberemelas" is one of the traditionally used antifertility plants in Ethiopia. In our previous study, the methanolic extract of R. steudelii root was found to show antifertility activity in female rats. OBJECTIVES: The present study focused further on the possible mechanisms of the antifertility effect of the methanolic extract of R. steudelii. METHODS: The effect of the extract on implantation, the uterus weight of immature ovariectomized rats and serum estrogen-progesterone ratio was evaluated. Its effect on isolated guinea pig uterus in the presence and absence of uterine muscle contractions inhibitors was also assessed. Test for in vivo abortifacient effect was also carried out. RESULTS: It was found that the extract decreased the number of implantation sites significantly. At a contraceptive dose, it was also observed to have no estrogenic activity in immature rat bioassay. The extract did not affect the serum estrogen-progesterone ratio. It produced concentration dependent increase in uterine muscle contractions similar to those of the standard drug, oxytocin. Incubation of the tissue with three uterine muscle contractions inhibitors revealed that the extract produced uterine contractions perhaps by activating muscarinic and/or histaminic receptors. The in vivo abortifacient effect was not seen upon administration of both lower and higher doses of the extract in pregnant rats. CONCLUSION: All these observations suggest that the extract produced antifertility effect mainly by inhibiting implantation though antiestrogen, progesteron and uterotonic effects could as well be possible mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and diuretic activity of Polygonum lanatum Roxb.

The hexane (PLH), ethyl acetate (PLE) and methanol (PLM) extracts of dried whole plant parts of Polygonum lanatum Roxb. (Family, Polygonaceae) obtained by successive cold extraction, were subjected to evaluate anti-inflammatory, analgesic and diuretic activity in experimental animals. Oral administration of either PLH and PLM at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight showed statistically significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of rat paw edema by 41.09% and 30.15%, respectively, which was comparable to that of standard drug phenylbutazone (42.15%). Compared to the inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing by aminopyrine (69.94%, p < 0.001), treatment with either PLH, PLE or PLM elicited significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing reflex by 44.80% (p < 0.001), 33.87% (p < 0.01) and 62.29% (p < 0.001), respectively. In addition, mild to potent diuretic activity was observed after oral administration of these extracts in Swiss albino mice.

Acetates↗
PubMed1989

Molluscicidal activity of Solanum aculeatum (family: Solanaceae) berries against Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus globosus and Lymnaea natalensis.

Aqueous suspensions of powder of sun- or freeze-dried berries of the plant Solanum aculeatum (Family Solanaceae), indigenous in Kenya, were tested for molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus globosus and Lymnaea natalensis under laboratory conditions. One hundred or 50 mg powder L-1 of sun- or freeze-dried berries killed over 60% of the test B. pfeifferi, Bul. globosus and L. natalensis. Whereas 25 mg L-1 of the sun dried material killed less than 60% of the test snails, similar concentrations of the freeze dried molluscicide produced 60-80% mortality in the snails, under similar conditions. Using L. natalensis as the target snail, it was shown that the freeze dried material was more potent than the freeze-dried berries of S. incanum, S. nigrum or leaves of Polygonum senegalensis (Family Polygonaceae), all present in Kenya, and known to possess molluscicidal properties. The powdered material retained molluscicidal activity even after several months storage at room temperature. These findings suggest that S. aculeatum is a potent plant molluscicide, and has the potential for the control of vectors of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis in Kenya.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The mechanisms of the immunostimulating action of plant heteropolysaccharides].

In experiments on Wistar rats it was found that oral administration of heteropolysaccharide preparations isolated from medicinal plants of Asteraceae, Tiliaceae and Polygonaceae families induces the appearance in the blood serum and supernatant fluid of cells of the spleen and thymus of humoral immunostimulating substances. Similar factors appear in the supernatant fluid of cells of the spleen and thymus after their treatment with sera of the rats receiving polysaccharides. The administration of the preparations significantly changes the appearance of the immunostimulating factors in animals with the toxic liver damage as well as under intensive physical exercise.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗