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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Primary papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum in a man.

BACKGROUND: Primary papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum is a well-known entity in women. The tumour is derived from the extraovarian mesothelium and the pelvis and lower abdomen mesothelia. The treatment strategies are similar to ovarian serous papillary carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A case of primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum in a man is presented. The patient, 53 years old, died 2 months after diagnosis. RESULTS: The histologic and immunohistochemical studies of the tumour will be presented. These studies, made during lifetime and at autopsy of the patient, confirm a diagnosis of primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum. CONCLUSIONS: primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum can occur in men, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in cases of abdominal carcinomatosis of unknown origin. Treatment options remain to be determined.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed2001

Primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum: CT findings.

AIM: To describe the computed tomography (CT) findings of primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical data and imaging studies of 36 women aged 37-85 years with primary papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum were retrospectively evaluated. Twenty-seven patients presented with general abdominal complaints; all had elevated levels of CA-125. Thirty-two women were post-menopausal, four had had bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. RESULTS: The most common findings on pre-operative abdominal CT, performed in 30 patients, were a variable amount of ascites (n = 29), omental involvement (n = 28), irregular parietal peritoneum thickening (n = 22) and mural thickening of the sigmoid colon (n = 10). Thoracic findings included enlarged cardiophrenic nodes (n = 15) and pleural effusion (n = 11). Six patients had unilateral or bilateral adnexal masses of soft tissue density, which proved to be surface serous papillary carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Diffuse peritoneal disease on CT in patients with normal-sized ovaries or following bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, with elevated level of serum CA-125, but without an identifiable primary tumour, should suggest the diagnosis of primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum. Associated adnexal masses or focal bowel wall thickening may be seen, representing surface involvement by this tumour.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum: CT-pathologic correlation.

We present the CT findings of three cases of primary papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum. All patients presented with massive ascites. CT of the abdomen and pelvis showed omental caking in all patients. The parietal peritoneum of the pelvis showed diffuse enhancement with nodular thickening in all patients. No calcification was noted in the omental and parietal peritoneal masses, although psammoma bodies were present microscopically in one case. The ovaries were normal in size but showed a fine enhancing surface nodularity similar to the pelvic peritoneum. The CT findings of primary papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum are nonspecific, but this diagnosis should be considered when peritoneal carcinomatosis is seen on CT with normal-sized ovaries in the absence of other primary malignant neoplasms.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Monocyte/macrophage and T-cell infiltrates in peritoneum of patients with ovarian cancer or benign pelvic disease.

BACKGROUND: We previously showed that tumor-free peritoneum of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) exhibited enhanced expression of several inflammatory response genes compared to peritoneum of benign disease. Here, we examined peritoneal inflammatory cell patterns to determine their concordance with selected enhanced genes. METHODS: Expression patterns of selected inflammatory genes were mined from our previously published data base. Bilateral pelvic peritoneal and subjacent stromal specimens were obtained from 20 women with EOC and 7 women with benign pelvic conditions. Sections were first stained by indirect immunoperoxidase and numbers of monocytes/macrophages (MO/MA), T cells, B cells, and NK cells counted. Proportions of CD68+ cells and CD3+ cells that coexpressed MO/MA differentiation factors (CD163, CCR1, CXCR8, VCAM1, and phosphorylated cytosolic phospholipase A2 [pcPLA2]), which had demonstrated expression in EOC peritoneal samples, were determined by multicolor immunofluorescence. RESULTS: MO/MA were present on both sides of the pelvic peritoneum in EOC patients, with infiltration of the subjacent stroma and mesothelium. CD68+ MO/MA, the most commonly represented population, and CD3+ T cells were present more often in EOC than in benign pelvic tumors. NK cells, B cells, and granulocytes were rare. CXCL8 (IL-8) and the chemokine receptor CCR1 were coexpressed more frequently on MO/MA than on CD3+ cells contrasting with CD68+/CD163+ cells that coexpressed CXCL8 less often. An important activated enzyme in the eicosanoid pathway, pcPLA2, was highly expressed on both CD68+ and CD163+ cells. The adherence molecule Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM1) was expressed on CD31+ endothelial cells and on a proportion of CD68+ MO/MA but rarely on CD3+ cells. CONCLUSION: The pelvic peritoneum in EOC exhibits a general pattern of chronic inflammation, represented primarily by differentiated MO/MA, and distinct from that in benign conditions concordant with previous profiling results.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Biodegradable polymeric microspheres and nanospheres for drug delivery in the peritoneum.

Drug delivery to the peritoneum is hampered by rapid clearance, and could be improved by application of controlled release technology. We investigated the suitability for peritoneal use of micro- and nanoparticles of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), a biodegradable polymer with generally excellent biocompatibility commonly used for controlled drug release. We injected 90 kDa PLGA microparticles, 5-250 microm in diameter, into the murine peritoneum, in dosages of 10-100 mg (n=3-5 per group). We found a high incidence of polymeric residue and adhesions 2 weeks after injection (e.g., 50 mg of 5-microm microparticles caused adhesions in 83% of animals). Histology revealed chronic inflammation, with foreign body giant cells prominent with particles>5 microm in diameter. Five micrometer microspheres made from 54, 57, and 10 kDa PLGA (gamma irradiated) caused fewer adhesions (16.7%) with a similar incidence of residue. Nanoparticles (265 nm) of 90 kDa PLGA also caused much fewer adhesions (6.3% of animals), possibly because they were cleared from the peritoneum within 2 days, and sequestered in the spleen and liver, where foamy macrophages were noted. The effect of sterilization technique on the incidence of adhesion formation is also studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Growth factor expression in normal peritoneum of patients with gynecologic carcinoma.

Both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER-2/neu (neu) have been found to be of prognostic importance in epithelial ovarian and endometrial carcinoma, but alterations in proto-oncogene expression of normal tissues of patients with gynecologic malignancies are unknown. Patients (118) undergoing laparotomy for gynecologic indications (78 ovarian cancer, 11 endometrial cancer, 19 benign gynecologic disease, 10 other cancers) had biopsies of normal peritoneum for quantitative assessment of neu and EGFR concentrations. Patients undergoing exploration for gynecologic malignancy were found to have significantly higher median neu expression in the peritoneal biopsies than patients with benign gynecologic disease (P = 0.002). Most patients in this study were found to have ovarian cancer, and median peritoneal neu expression was found to be significantly higher in patients with ovarian cancer versus benign ovarian masses (P = 0.0008) or any benign gynecologic disease (P = 0.004). No significant alteration of unbound EGFR was found in peritoneal biopsies of any of the groups of patients. No associations were found for a history of breast cancer, presence of ascites, or menopausal status with alteration of neu or EGFR expression in normal peritoneum. These findings of altered expression of neu in normal tissues of patients with ovarian cancer are suggestive of the presence of proto-oncogene alterations in loco-regional tissues of the peritoneum, such as might be seen if a paracrine influence existed between tumor and peritoneal cells. Alternatively, the alterations may represent subtle alterations of proto-oncogene expression of germ-line tissues.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1988

Patch grafting the renal pelvis and ureteropelvic junction. A comparative study in pigs using lyophilized dura mater and free peritoneum.

Lyophilized dura mater (Lyodura) and autogenous free peritoneum were compared in the replacement of the partially resected renal pelvis and uretero-pelvic junction (UPJ) in the pig. The Lyodura and peritoneum grafts were both progressively resorbed, and replaced by fibroblasts which formed a mature scar lined by transitional epithelium, but without smooth muscle regeneration. Lyodura was found to be superior to free peritoneum with a longer time before resorption of the graft, less intense inflammatory reaction, absence of metaplastic bone formation, less risk of urine leak and greater ease of surgical manipulation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Culture of human peritoneum--a new method to measure the local cytokine response and the effect of immunomodulators.

The production of cytokines and chemokines, which are involved in cell activation and cell migration in native pieces of peritoneum, was measured to investigate immune regulatory reactions in the human peritoneum. The samples were obtained during abdominal surgery and cultured immediately afterwards. In order to test therapeutic options in vitro, the effect of IL-10 and IFN-gamma on the cytokine and chemokine production was also studied. The chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was produced and released spontaneously. When lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was added, MCP-1 production increased. In addition, TNF-alpha production was induced by LPS. When IL-10 was added, LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha production was reduced towards baseline levels, LPS-induced MCP-1 production was reduced by 37%. IFN-gamma did not affect LPS-induced TNF-alpha and MCP-1 production, but increased baseline MCP-1 production. It can be concluded that short-time culture of native human peritoneum is a method to investigate peritoneal chemokine and cytokine production in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Further studies are intended to detect cytokine patterns which identify patients at risk of developing peritonitis. In addition, the effects of medications may be tested in vitro in order to investigate options for preventive modulation of the peritoneal immune response in such patients.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2006

CD40 ligation restores cytolytic T lymphocyte response and eliminates fibrosarcoma in the peritoneum of mice lacking CD4+ T cells.

Absence of CD4(+) T cell help has been suggested as a mechanism for failed anti-tumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) response. We examined the requirement for CD4(+) T cells to eliminate an immunogenic murine fibrosarcoma (6132A) inoculated into the peritoneal cavity. Immunocompetent C3H mice eliminated both single and repeat intraperitoneal (IP) inoculums, and developed high frequency of 6132A-specific interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-producing CTL in the peritoneal cavity. Adoptive transfer of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) isolated from control mice, protected SCID mice from challenge with 6132A. In contrast, CD4 depleted mice had diminished ability to eliminate tumor and succumbed to repeat IP challenges. Mice depleted of CD4(+) T cells lacked tumor-specific IFNgamma producing CTL in the peritoneal cavity. Adoptive transfer of PEC from CD4 depleted mice failed to protect SCID mice from 6132A. However, splenocytes isolated from same CD4 depleted mice prevented tumor growth in SCID mice, suggesting that 6132A-specific CTL response was generated, but was not sustained in the peritoneum. Treating CD4 depleted mice with agonist anti-CD40 antibody, starting on days 3 or 8 after initiating tumor challenge, led to persistence of 6132A-specific IFNgamma producing CTL in the peritoneum, and eliminated 6132A tumor. The findings suggest that CTL can be activated in the absence of CD4(+) T cells, but CD4(+) T cells are required for a persistent CTL response at the tumor site. Exogenous stimulation through CD40 can restore tumor-specific CTL activity to the peritoneum and promote tumor clearance in the absence of CD4(+) T cells.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production by the peritoneum in laparoscopic and open surgery.

BACKGROUND: Human mesothelial cells secrete a variety of cytokines. The levels of postoperative serum inflammatory cytokines are thought to reflect the magnitude of surgical stress. METHODS: Pieces of peritoneum were obtained immediately upon and 1 h after entry into the abdominal cavity in nine patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery and 11 patients undergoing open surgery. The samples were cultured and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and granylocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels in the supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of IL-6, IL-8, and G-CSF mRNAs was examined by RT-PCR. RESULTS: At 1 h after laparotomy, the amounts of IL-6 and G-CSF produced by the peritoneum were significantly greater than those obtained immediately after the procedure, but this difference was not observed with laparoscopic surgery. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which showed an increase in the expression of cytokine mRNAs at 1 h after laparotomy, was compatible with these results. CONCLUSION: The lower levels of cytokine production by the peritoneum suggest that laparoscopic surgery is associated with lower degree of surgical stress.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Morphology of the murine peritoneum after pneumoperitoneum vs laparotomy.

BACKGROUND: Although there have been studies of the effects of pneumoperitoneum on the peritoneal cavity, we still do not know whether the morphologic changes to the peritoneum are different for pneumoperitoneum vs laparotomy. Using scanning electron microscopy, we examined the murine peritoneum after pneumoperitoneum vs laparotomy and compared the changes. METHODS: Forty-five mice were anesthetized with diethyl ether and divided into seven groups. Pneumoperitoneum was established at 5 mmHg for 30 min with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) (n = 9), helium (n = 9), and air (n = 9). One group underwent laparotomy for 30 min (n = 9), and a control group underwent anesthesia only (n = 3). CO(2) pneumoperitoneum was further established at 10 mmHg for 30 min (n = 3) and at 5 mmHg for 60 min (n = 3). After the procedures, the peritoneum was resected from the mesenterium of the small intestine in each animal and examined by scanning electron microscope for morphologic changes of the mesothelial cells. RESULTS: Bulging up of the mesothelial cells was evident immediately after pneumoperitoneum, whereas detachment of the mesothelial cells was present immediately after laparotomy. Bulging up of the mesothelial cells was reduced at 24 h after CO(2) pneumoperitoneum and fully resolved at 72 h in all pneumoperitoneum groups, whereas the mesothelial cells remained detached at 72 h in the laparotomy group. Intercellular clefts were found immediately after helium pneumoperitoneum and were present at 24 h and 72 h after helium pneumoperitoneum, but they were not seen after air pneumoperitoneum and were only evident after CO(2) pneumoperitoneum at 10 mmHg. Depression of the mesothelial cell surface was observed when pneumoperitoneum lasted 60 min. CONCLUSION: Morphologic peritoneal alterations after pneumoperitoneum differed from those after laparotomy and were influenced by the type of gas, amount of pressure, and duration of insufflation. These peritoneal changes after pneumoperitoneum may be associated with a specific intraperitoneal tumor spread after laparoscopic cancer surgery.

Air↗
PubMed2001

Increased expression of P-cadherin mRNA in the mouse peritoneum after carbon dioxide insufflation.

BACKGROUND: Although systemic responses to carbon dioxide (CO(2)) pneumoperitoneum have been studied, there have been few reports of local responses within the peritoneum. We investigated the expression of mRNA for adhesion molecules involved in cell-cell interactions, including ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CD44, E-cadherin, P-cadherin, and N-cadherin, after the induction of a CO(2) pneumoperitoneum in mice. METHODS: Mice were treated with CO(2) pneumoperitoneum (4-6 mmHg for 30 min) and then killed after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The peritoneum of the abdominal wall was resected, and total RNA was extracted by the acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction procedure, cDNA were synthesized by reverse transcription. Expression of the mRNA for each gene was normalized to that of b-actin for semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The expression of P-cadherin mRNA was significantly increased at 48 h (p = 0.007) and returned to the control level by 72 h after CO(2) pneumoperitoneum. The expression of CD44 increased gradually, reaching a peak at 48 h and returning to the control value by 72 h after CO(2) pneumoperitoneum. Expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was not changed significantly after the application of CO(2). CONCLUSION: The expression of P-cadherin mRNA in the peritoneum can be induced to repair injuries to mesothelial cells caused by CO(2) pneumoperitoneum.

Actins↗
PubMed1999

A pneumoperitoneum perpetuates severe damage to the ultrastructural integrity of parietal peritoneum in gastric perforation-induced peritonitis in rats.

BACKGROUND: Minimal invasive surgery is increasingly used in conditions complicated by peritonitis-e.g., peptic ulcer perforation. This study was devised to assess the effect of a pneumoperitoneum (PP) on the ultrastructural integrity of parietal peritoneum in perforation-induced peritonitis. METHODS: Anesthetized rats were subjected either to standardized gastrotomy simulating gastric perforation (groups Ia-d; IIa-d) or to sham perforation (groups IIIa-d, IVa-d). In group I (a-d) and III (a-d), CO2 was insufflated 12 h after gastrotomy for 60 min (Pia 4 mmHg). Glutaraldehyde was administered intraperitoneally at the end of the PP period while the abdominal wall was still extended (group index a), as well as 30 sec (b), 2 h (c), and 12 h (d) after desufflation. Specimens were taken from the parietal peritoneum of the left diaphragm for scanning electronic-microscopic (SEM) analysis. In groups II (a-d) and IV (a-d), simple puncture of the abdominal cavity was performed, and specimens were taken at corresponding times. RESULTS: In group Ia (gastric perforation with PP), distortion of the mesothelial cell layer with concomittant opening of stomata to the submesothelial tissue was already observed in specimens harvested while the abdominal wall was still extended. Concomitantly, scarce microvilli, which appeared coarse and thickened, were lying flat on top of the mesothelial cells. After desufflation (groups Ib-c), a rapid process of mesothelial disintegration with disruption from the submesothelial layer and vanishing of microvilli occurred. At 12 h after PP (group Id), complete deterioration of mesothelial cell integrity was observed. In groups IIa-c (gastric perforation without PP), microvilli appeared shrunk and coarse, while integrity of the mesothelial cell layer remained intact up to 2 h after the abdominal puncture. At 12 h after abdominal puncture (group IId), the microvilli had nearly completely vanished and the mesothelium was breaking apart into multiple soils. CONCLUSIONS: In SEM analysis of parietal peritoneum, premature distortion, and disintegration of the mesothelial cell layer was observed in animals exposed to increased abdominal pressure in addition to gastric perforation-induced peritonitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Alpha-fetoprotein in ovarian teratoma with glial implants on the peritoneum.

A case of ovarian teratoma with glial implants on the peritoneum associated with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood is reported. After repeated surgical excision the AFP became negative. The AFP can also be considered as a tumor marker in case of ovarian teratoma. The literature concerning ovarian teratoma with glial implants on the peritoneum is reviewed. The pathogenesis of glial implantation on the peritoneum and the association with AFP is discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Non-closure versus closure of peritoneum during cesarean section: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Adhesion bands are reported to be among the most common complications of gynecological surgery procedures. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of post-surgical adhesion among patients with closed or open peritoneal repair in the subsequent cesarean sections. METHODS: A prospective randomized trial was performed on 45 patients who underwent cesarean section during a 5-year period. Among these patients, 24 patients were operated on by closure of the peritoneum and 21 patients were operated on by the non-closure method. Overall, 31 patients had a second pregnancy and cesarean section within the time of the study. These patients were evaluated to determine if they had any adhesion between the omentum and abdominal wall or uterus or between the uterus and abdominal wall or rectus muscle. RESULTS: The two groups were similar to each other with regard to the causes of cesarean section. Seven cases of adhesions were diagnosed during subsequent cesarean sections among 13 patients (54%) with peritoneal non-closure, compared with 3 in 18 women (15%) with peritoneal closure (relative risk: 3.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.0-10.2). CONCLUSION: Closure of the peritoneum increases the operating time, but may decrease the risk of adhesions. The results of this study suggest that, during cesarean section, suture of the peritoneum may be a better option than leaving it unsutured.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed2004

Differential macrophage infiltration in early and advanced endometriosis and adjacent peritoneum.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of macrophage (Mphi) infiltration in eutopic and ectopic endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. DESIGN: Controlled clinical study using intact tissue. SETTING: Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan. PATIENT(S): Twenty infertile women with pelvic endometriosis and 20 women without endometriosis. INTERVENTION(S): Biopsy specimens from peritoneal lesions and corresponding eutopic endometrium were collected from women with or without endometriosis. Adjacent peritoneal biopsies were also obtained from a fraction of these women. The activated Mphi marker CD68, mitogenic marker hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and endothelial cell surface marker von Willebrand factor were immunolocalized and quantitated by light microscopy and Q-H score. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Tissue infiltration of Mphi in eutopic endometrium, ectopic endometrium, and adjacent peritoneum was examined, and its relationship with the immunoreaction of HGF and microvessel number was analyzed. The possible production of HGF by the isolated basal Mphi was also examined. RESULT(S): Tissue infiltration of Mphi in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with stage I-II endometriosis was significantly higher than with stage III-IV endometriosis or in control women. Red peritoneal lesions and their adjacent peritoneum had the greatest Mphi concentration, compared with black or white lesions. These inflammatory cells showed a higher distribution in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. The Mphi density in the eutopic endometrium and corresponding red lesions showed a significant correlation with both Q-H score of HGF and microvessel density. A substantial amount of HGF was also produced by the isolated basal Mphi from women with endometriosis. CONCLUSION(S): These results suggest that the peritoneal lesions of early and active endometriosis and their adjacent peritoneum harbor abundant Mphi that could be involved in the growth of endometriosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Caesarean section: closure or non-closure of peritoneum? A randomized trial of postoperative morbidity].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate postoperative morbidity with non-closure of the visceral and parietal peritoneum during caesarean section. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective randomized study of 170 patients. Operative time, postoperative pain, postoperative morbidity (febrile morbidity, wound haematoma, wound infection, postoperative ileus) and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Duration of operation was significantly shorter without peritoneal closure (38.89 vs 42.00 minutes; P<0.05). Wound haematoma were more frequent when peritoneum was closed (P<0.029). There were no significant difference between the two groups for postoperative ileus, length of hospital stay, postoperative pain and other complications. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We report the first French study on this subject. In this study, non-closure of both visceral and parietal peritoneum is associated with shorter operation duration and seems to reduce immediate complications. A long-term evaluation of morbidity, regarding adhesions is necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis, and fibrosis in the rat peritoneum.

Peritonitis, a common complication of peritoneal dialysis, is followed by acute changes in the function of the peritoneum. The role of inflammatory cytokines in these processes is not clearly identified. We used adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to transiently overexpress interleukin (IL)-1 beta (AdIL-1 beta) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (AdTNF-alpha) in the rat peritoneum then used a modified equilibrium test to study the histological and functional changes. Overexpression of IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha led to an acute inflammatory response. Both inflammatory cytokines induced an early expression of the angiogenic cytokine, vascular endothelial growth factor, along with increased expression of the profibrotic cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta1, along with fibronectin expression and collagen deposition in peritoneal tissues. Both inflammatory cytokines induced angiogenesis, increased solute permeability, and ultrafiltration dysfunction at earlier time points. Changes in structure and function seen in AdTNF-alpha-treated animals returned to normal by 21 days after infection, whereas AdIL-1 beta-treated animals had persistently increased vasculature with submesothelial thickening and fibrosis. This was associated with up-regulation TIMP-1. TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta both induce acute changes in the peritoneum that mimic those seen in peritoneal dialysis patients who experience an episode of peritonitis. These functional changes were associated with early angiogenesis that resolved rapidly after exposure to TNF-alpha. IL-1 beta exposure, however, led to a different response with sustained vascularization and fibrosis. IL-1 beta inhibition may be a therapeutic goal in acute peritonitis to prevent peritoneal damage.

Adenoviridae↗