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PubMedDate not supplied

Compensated overexpression of procollagens alpha 1(I) and alpha 1(III) following perilla mint ketone-induced acute pulmonary damage in horses.

Interstitial lung disease with chronic fibrosis is a frequent cause of reduced performance in horses. The aim of this study was to establish a model of acute alveolar damage and interstitial lung disease in horses that could be used to monitor the histopathological lesions and changes in expression levels of genes relevant to pulmonary fibrosis. Six adult horses were given a single intravenous injection (6 mg per kg body weight) of perilla mint ketone (PMK). Transthoracic lung biopsy samples (1 x 0.2 x 0.2 cm) were collected before and after (days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25 and 29) the administration of PMK. Light and electron microscopy revealed severe acute alveolar damage (days 1 to 4), proliferation of type II pneumocytes (days 4 to 11) and finally complete healing at about day 18. However, unexpectedly severe clinical signs necessitated euthanasia in two horses on days 9 and 11. The expression levels of the collagen genes COL1AI and COL3AI as well as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta were examined in the biopsy samples by reverse transcription-real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. COL1AI and COL3AI gene expressions were upregulated (3- and 17-fold, respectively) between days 1 and 29 in all six horses, whereas TGF-beta was upregulated in two horses (2- and 4-fold, respectively), between days 4 and 18. Although the gene expression analyses indicated a strong activation of the pro-fibrotic pathway, no interstitial fibrosis was seen in any horse. A complete necropsy performed on day 60 revealed complete recovery of the lungs of the four surviving horses, with no evidence of fibrosis. Unidentified compensatory mechanisms may have prevented pulmonary fibrosis, despite strong upregulation of pro-fibrotic genes.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Inhibition of conjugated fatty acids derived from safflower or perilla oil of induction and development of mammary tumors in rats induced by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP).

Chemopreventive effects of conjugated fatty acids derived from safflower oil (CFA-S), which contains large amounts of conjugated linoleic acid, and from perilla oil (CFA-P) with abundant conjugated alpha-linolenic acid were examined in a 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis model. Groups of 20-22 6-week-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given eight intragastric injections of PhIP at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. during the initial 8 week period. Powdered basal diets containing 0.1% CFA-S or CFA-P were applied during or after PhIP treatment until week 40. In the rats receiving CFA-S or CFA-P together with PhIP treatment, retardation of mammary tumor emergence was observed until week 27. The groups given CFA-S or CFA-P after PhIP treatment, in contrast, demonstrated significant decrease in the final incidences of mammary adenocarcinomas. The indices of proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells in mammary adenocarcinomas were significantly reduced with both CFA-S and CFA-P in the post-initiation phase. Formation of aberrant crypt foci in the colon and basophilic foci of the pancreas due to the PhIP treatment group were not affected by CFA-S or CFA-P. In a second short-term experiment, female SD rats were maintained on powdered basal diet containing 0.03% PhIP alone or together with 0.1% CFA-S or CFA-P for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemically, CFA-S and CFA-P were revealed to suppress PhIP-DNA adduct formation in the epithelial cells of mammary gland (duct and alveolar cells), colon and pancreas. These results indicated that CFA-P and CFA-S may retard development of PhIP-induced mammary tumors with inhibition of PhIP-DNA adduct formation, and decreased mammary carcinogenesis in the post-initiation period with inhibition of cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparative effects of short- and long-term feeding of safflower oil and perilla oil on lipid metabolism in rats.

Diets high in linoleic acid (20% safflower oil contained 77.3% linoleic acid, SO-diet) and alpha-linolenic acid (20% perilla oil contained 58.4% alpha-linolenic acid, PO-diet) were fed to rats for 3, 7, 20, and 50 days, and effects of the diets on lipid metabolism were compared. Levels of serum total cholesterol and phospholipids in the rats fed the PO-diet were markedly lower than those fed the SO-diet after the seventh day. In serum and hepatic phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, the proportion of n-3 fatty acids showed a greater increase in the PO group than in the SO group in the respective feeding-term. At the third and seventh days after the commencement of feeding the experimental diets, expressions of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA were significantly higher in the SO group than those in the PO group, although the difference was not observed in the longer term. There were no significant differences in the LDL receptor mRNA levels between the two groups through the experimental term, except 3-days feeding. These results indicate that alpha-linolenic acid has a more potent serum cholesterol-lowering ability than linoleic acid both in short and long feeding-terms.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Two neolignans from Perilla frutescens and their inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7.

Two neolignans were isolated from leaves of Perilla frutescens (Labiatae) as inhibitors of nitric oxide syntheses (IC50 5.9 microM and 53.5 microM, respectively) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Their structures were identified as 1beta,2alpha,3beta,4alpha-1,2-dimethyl-3,4-bis-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-cyclobutane (magnosalin), and 1alpha,2beta,3beta,4alpha-1,2-dimethyl-3,4-bis-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-cyclobutane (andamanicin), and their activities were confirmed as resulted from the suppressed expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme and from the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from activated macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Glycoprotein derived from the hot water extract of mint plant, Perilla frutescens britton.

Glycoprotein showing inhibitory activity against mast cell degranulation and hyaluronidase activity was purified from the hot water extract of mint plant (Perilla frutescens Britton). The purified inhibitor gave a single band detected with Coomassie brilliant blue staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. The molecular mass was estimated to be 6.0 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The inhibitor did not become inactivated when boiled for 30 min or digested with trypsin, V8 protease, or proteinase K but was inactivated by NaIO(4) oxidation. The inhibitor prevented mast cell degranulation and hyaluronidase activity (IC(50) = 0.42 mg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitor also inhibited the protein kinase C activity. It is possible to purify and characterize a glycoprotein with putative pharmacological properties from mint plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Two new prenylated 3-benzoxepin derivatives as cyclooxygenase inhibitors from Perilla frutescens var. acuta.

Two novel prenyl 3-benzoxepin derivatives, perilloxin (1) and dehydroperilloxin (2), were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the stems of Perilla frutescens var. acuta. Their structures were elucidated as (-)-(R)-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrofuro[2, 3-g][3]benzoxepin and 5-methoxyfuro[2,3-g][3]benzoxepin, respectively, based on UV, MS, (1)H and (13)C NMR, NOE, (1)H-(13)C COSY, and HMBC spectral data. They were isolated following bioassay-guided fractionation, using an in vitro cyclooxygenase-1 test. Compounds 1 and 2 possess inhibitory activities, with IC(50) values of 23.2 microM and 30.4 microM, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cloning and molecular analysis of structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and expressed in a forma-specific manner in Perilla frutescens.

Two cultivars of Perilla frutescens, red and green formas are known to differ in anthocyanin accumulation in leaves and stems. cDNA clones encoding the enzymes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and UDP glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (3GT), were isolated from cDNA libraries derived from the leaves of a red forma of P. frutescens by screening with partial fragments amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and heterologous cDNAs as probes. The deduced amino acid sequences of these four genes exhibited 40-90% identity with those reported for the corresponding gene from other unrelated species. Southern blot analysis for these genes and two other structural genes, the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX, anthocyanidin synthase) and anthocyanin acyltransferase (AAT) genes, indicated that each gene comprises a small multi-gene family. More than three copies of the CHS gene are present, two copies of the other genes being present. The expression of five genes, the exception being the CHS gene, was detected only in red leaves of the red forma of P. frutescens, i.e. not in green leaves of the green forma plant. The CHS gene was expressed in both red and green leaves, but 10-fold more in red leaves than in green leaves. These results suggest that the expression of all structural genes examined is coordinately regulated in a forma-specific manner. Under weak-light conditions, the accumulation of both anthocyanin and mRNAs of biosynthetic enzymes was lower in leaves of the red forma. High-intensity white light coordinately induced the accumulation of transcripts of all six genes examined in the mature leaves of red P. frutescens.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1999

A constitutively expressed Myc-like gene involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis from Perilla frutescens: molecular characterization, heterologous expression in transgenic plants and transactivation in yeast cells.

The coordinate expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in leaves and stems of a red forma of Perilla frutescens is presumably controlled by regulatory gene(s). A Myc-like gene (Myc-rp) was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the leaves of red P. frutescens, and its deduced amino acid sequence shows 64% identity with that of delila from snapdragon. The Myc-rp gene was expressed in leaves and roots of both red and green P. frutescens equally. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequence of Myc-rp with that of Myc-gp, the second allele isolated from a green forma of P. frutescens, indicates that the 132nd amino acid, alanine, existing in MYC-RP was changed to serine in MYC-GP. The heterologous expression of these two alleles of Myc-like gene in tobacco and tomato resulted in an increase of the anthocyanin contents in flowers of tobacco and vegetative tissues and flowers of tomato. However, the flowers of transgenic tobacco expressing the fragment with a partial deletion (encoding 1-115 amino acids deleted) of Myc(-gp gave no change in anthocyanin accumulation, but some morphological changes of the flower were observed. In yeast, the MYC-RP/GP and Delila protein exhibited transactivation activity on the GAL-1 promoter from yeast and the promoter of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene from P. frutescens. A transactivation domain of MYC-RP/GP and Delila could be located in the region between the 193rd and the 420th amino acid of MYC-RP/GP proteins. Our data indicate that this Myc-like gene presumably functions in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis similarly in different tissues of dicot plants.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1999

Direct evidence for anthocyanidin synthase as a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase: molecular cloning and functional expression of cDNA from a red forma of Perilla frutescens.

Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), an enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway to anthocyanin, has been postulated to catalyze the reaction(s) from the colorless leucoanthocyanidins to the colored anthocyanidins. Although cDNAs have been isolated that encode putative ANS, which exhibits significant similarities in amino acid sequence with members of a family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases, no biochemical evidence has been presented which identifies the actual reaction that is catalyzed by ANS. Here we show that anthocyanidins are formed in vitro through 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxidation of leucoanthocyanidins catalyzed by the recombinant ANS and subsequent acid treatment. A cDNA encoding ANS was isolated from red and green formas of Perilla frutescens by differential display of mRNA. Recombinant ANS tagged with maltose-binding-protein (MBP) was purified, and the formation of anthocyanidins from leucoanthocyanidins was detected by the ANS-catalyzed reaction in the presence of ferrous ion, 2-oxoglutarate and ascorbate, being followed by acidification with HCI. Equimolar stoichiometry was confirmed for anthocyanidin formation and liberation of CO2 from 2-oxoglutarate. The presumptive two-copy gene of ANS was expressed in leaves and stems of the red forma of P. frutescens but not in the green forma plant. This corresponds to the accumulation pattern of anthocyanin. The mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by ANS is discussed in relation to the molecular evolution of a family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Inhibitory effect of Perilla frutescens and its phenolic constituents on cultured murine mesangial cell proliferation.

The inhibitory effects of Perilla frutescens and its phenolic constituents on cytokine-induced proliferation of murine cultured mesangial cells were investigated. DNA synthesis of mesangial cells stimulated by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF, 10 ng/ml) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (100 U/ml) was inhibited by the extract of P. frutescens (IC50 values, 3.3 and 1.4 micrograms/ml, respectively). The strength of the anti-proliferative activity was nearly equal in various chemotypes of P. frutescens. Caffeic acid, methyl caffeate, rosmarinic acid, and luteolin 7-O-glucuronide-6"-methyl ester were isolated as active constituents from the extract of the typical strain of P. frutescens, and their IC50 values for PDGF-induced mesangial cell proliferation were estimated as 26 microM, 2.6 microM, 1.8 microM, and 4.1 microM, respectively. We also compared the activities of related flavonoids previously isolated from P. frutescens, and luteolin had the highest anti-proliferative activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Genetic Control of Peltate Glandular Trichome Formation in Perilla frutescens.

The inheritance of peltate glandular trichome (PGT) formation in PERILLA FRUTESCENS leaves was investigated by crossing a normal strain with a variant strain with sparse PGT formation. The F (1) and F (2) data suggested that the sparse trichome is a dominant character that is controlled by a major gene and a few modifying genes which specifically inhibit the development of trichomes of the peltate type. Tracer experiments using [ (14)C]-sucrose showed that the quantity of essential oil components synthesized in the leaf was positively correlated with the number of PGTs, suggesting that the PGT is the main site for the biosynthesis of essential oil.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Differential expression of two cytochrome P450s involved in the biosynthesis of flavones and anthocyanins in chemo-varietal forms of Perilla frutescens.

In Perilla frutescens, there are two varietal forms of anthocyanin accumulation, i.e. red and green forms. The cDNA clones encoding flavone synthase II (FSII) and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), two cytochrome P450s that are involved in the biosynthesis of flavones and anthocyanins, were isolated from P. frutescens. The FSII cDNA encoded a 57.1 kDa protein designated as CYP93B6, and the F3'H cDNA encoded 57.5 kDa protein designated as CYP75B4. Recombinant CYP93B6 expressed in yeast converted flavanones to flavones with K(m) values of 8.8-11.9 microM. Recombinant CYP75B4 catalyzed 3'-hydroxylation of flavanones to the corresponding compounds with K(m) values of 18-20 microM. The CYP93B6 transcript accumulated to an equal level in leaves of both red and green forms of P. frutescens, in agreement with the accumulation pattern of flavones in the leaves. However, the CYP75B4 transcript was predominantly expressed in the red form of P. frutescens, and its expression was induced by light in conjunction with other transcripts of biosynthetic enzymes of anthocyanin. These results indicate that gene expression of a set of anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes including F3'H is regulated coordinately only in the red form of P. frutescens but not in the green form, whilst FSII gene expression is controlled in a similar manner in red and green forms of P. frutescens.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed1992

Effects of Perilla ketone on the in situ sheep lung.

We studied the effects of three different doses (15, 20, and 25 mg/kg) of Perilla ketone (PK) on the blood-perfused in situ sheep lung while obtaining external measurements of lung transvascular protein flux. Lymph flow and lymphatic protein clearance increased significantly after all doses of PK. Severe pulmonary edema was confirmed by high postmortem wet-to-dry lung weight ratios and increased extravascular lung water from multiple indicator-dilution studies. Urea permeability-surface area product and effective diffusivity from multiple indicator-dilution studies also increased after PK infusion. Because we observed no evidence of increased capillary pressure or increased microvascular surface area after PK, we conclude that PK significantly increased pulmonary microvascular permeability. Certain aspects of the in situ PK response appeared to be dose dependent. The lungs responded rather quickly to high doses of PK, but an apparent latency period was noted with low doses of PK. Postmortem wet-to-dry lung weight ratios were always high but did not suggest dose dependence. However, times of postmortem measurements were not the same for all doses of PK. The external scan technique appeared to be sensitive to changes that occurred in the lung after PK. Externally detected albumin interstitial-to-plasma mass (mass I/P) ratios were substantially higher after PK than during control in situ studies. In some experiments, final mass I/P ratios increased above 4 approximately 2.0 h after PK compared with control values of 0.2 and 0.4. A delay time between injection and change in mass I/P slope was also observed, which decreased with increasing dose of PK. PK causes a permeability injury in the in situ sheep lung and provides a useful model for studying the sensitivity of permeability measurement techniques such as the external gamma-ray detection method.

Albumins↗
PubMed1993

Perilla ketone increases endothelial cell monolayer permeability in vitro.

Perilla ketone (PK) is a potent lung toxin that causes increased microvascular permeability pulmonary edema in grazing animals. Because the mechanism of action of PK is not know, we investigated whether PK directly affects endothelial cells. Bovine aortic endothelial cells were grown to confluence on Cytodex-3 microcarrier beads and placed in a chromatographic cell column. Monolayer permeability was evaluated from the elution profiles of three optical tracers: blue dextran (2 x 10(6) mol wt), sodium fluorescein (NaF, 342 mol wt), and cyanocobalamin (B12, 1,355 mol wt). Perfusion with 1.2 mM PK increased permeability within 15 min to NaF and B12 by 51 +/- 6 and 54 +/- 11%, respectively. Permeability returned to baseline after PK removal. These in vitro results suggest that PK produces a rapid and reversible increase in endothelial permeability directly. Staining of fixed cells with rhodamine-phalloidin revealed a major disruption of actin microfilaments after PK treatment. Because previous reports suggested that PK may be activated via cytochrome P-450, we attempted to block this using the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor ketoconazole. Ketoconazole alone did not significantly affect permeability, and the combination of PK and ketoconazole resulted in permeability increases similar to those measured for PK alone. This suggests that PK may not require cytochrome P-450 to increase vascular permeability.

Actins↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of perilla ketone-induced unilateral lung injury using external gamma scanning.

We used a modified external gamma scanning technique to quantitate right and left lung permeability changes to iodinated sheep albumin before and after perilla ketone (PK)-mediated unilateral lung injury in seven anesthetized sheep. Three portable gamma scintillation probes containing 2-in. NaI crystals detected radioactivities of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells and 125I-labeled albumin over the right and left lungs and blood, respectively. Radioactivities were monitored for 1 h before and 3 h after infusion of 25 mg/kg PK into a single lung. Calculation of normalized slope index (NSI) (Roselli and Riddle, J. Appl. Physiol. 67: 2343-2350, 1989) over the 30-min interval before PK and over the 60- to 90-min interval after PK for each lung revealed a four- to five-fold NSI increase in lungs receiving PK (0.00237 +/- 0.00065 to 0.0109 +/- 0.0016 min-1) and no increase in contralateral control lungs (0.00214 +/- 0.00065 to 0.00201 +/- 0.00032 min-1). Observed changes in NSI were consistent with postmortem evaluations of each lung. Lungs receiving PK had significantly higher wet-to-dry lung weight ratios and extravascular lung water volumes than contralateral control lungs. Measured bloodless wet-to-dry lung weight ratios were 5.68 +/- 0.39 and 3.27 +/- 0.27 (P < 0.05) for PK and control lungs, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Perilla ketone: a model of increased pulmonary microvascular permeability pulmonary edema in sheep.

A model of increased microvascular permeability pulmonary edema was developed in chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep using perilla ketone (PK). PK did not cause changes in pulmonary hemodynamics but did cause marked increases in the flow of protein-rich lung lymph. The changes in lung lymph flow were accompanied by radiographic evidence of both interstitial and alveolar pulmonary edema as well as hypoxemia. PK did not cause acute changes in lung mechanics. Dynamic compliance of the lungs and FRC decreased later, concomitant with the changes in lung lymph flow, radiographic evidence for pulmonary edema, and hypoxemia. Resistance to air flow across the lungs and specific conductance did not change significantly after PK infusion. The severity of the radiographic evidence for pulmonary edema observed after PK correlated with the severity of the concomitant hypoxemia and changes in dynamic compliance of the lungs. PK did not cause increases in the concentrations of cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid in lung lymph or plasma or changes in blood leukocyte counts. We conclude that PK causes increased lung microvascular permeability pulmonary edema without acute changes in pulmonary hemodynamics. This model permits study of the pathophysiologic aspects of increased lung microvascular permeability without the concomitant functional alterations that complicate most other experimental models of diffuse lung injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Dietary manipulation by perilla oil and fish oil of hepatic lipids and its influence on peroxisomal beta-oxidation and serum lipids in rat and mouse.

Rats and mice were fed a diet, prepared with soybean oil (SO), perilla oil (PO) or fish oil (FO), for 4 weeks. Compared with the groups of SO-feeding, FO-feeding increased content of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) and PO-feeding elevated the content of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3), 20:5 n-3 and 22:5 n-3 or hepatic lipids of both rats and mice. FO-feeding increased the activity of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in the livers of both rats and mice. The activities of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in rats and mice that were fed FO diet at a high fat (40% of energy) concentration corresponded to 20% and 30%, respectively, of the maximum activities induced by peroxisome proliferators (4-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid or perfluorooctanoic acid). To a lesser extent, PO-feeding elevated this activity too. There were significant correlations between peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity and the content of either 20:5 n-3, 22:5 n-3 or 22:6 n-3 in hepatic lipids. FO-feeding decreased effectively serum level of cholesterol of both rats and mice. The reduction in serum cholesterol by feeding PO was less pronounced than that observed with FO-feeding. A high correlation was found between 22:6 n-3 content in hepatic lipids and serum concentration of cholesterol. Although FO-feeding lowered the level of circulating triacylglycerol, PO-feeding produced no change. No substantial correlation was observed between the hepatic content of n-3 fatty acid and the concentration of serum triacylglycerol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗