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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of acknowledging a hearing loss on social interactions.

An important part of the counseling process is to offer guidance to people with hearing impairments on accepting their disability and adjusting to the negative attitudes held by some communications partners. The purpose of this study was to determine subjects' (1) preferences for interacting with individuals with a hearing impairment who acknowledged their hearing loss, and (2) perceptions of personality, employability, intelligence, and adjustment related to acknowledgment of hearing loss. Two male students with hearing impairments were videotaped under two experimental conditions. During one condition students acknowledged their hearing losses, spoke about adjustment, concerns, etc., while during the other condition they did not acknowledge their hearing loss. Results indicated that subjects preferred speakers when they discussed their hearing loss. Speakers who acknowledged their hearing loss also received more favorable ratings on personality, employability, and adjustment. Clinical implications for aural rehabilitation programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A simple immunofluorescence technique for simultaneous visualization of mast cells and nerve fibers reveals selectivity and hair cycle--dependent changes in mast cell--nerve fiber contacts in murine skin.

Close contacts between mast cells (MC) and nerve fibers have previously been demonstrated in normal and inflamed skin by light and electron microscopy. A key step for any study in MC-nerve interactions in situ is to simultaneously visualize both communication partners, preferably with the option of double labelling the nerve fibers. For this purpose, we developed the following triple-staining technique. After paraformaldehyde-picric acid perfusion fixation, cryostat sections of back skin from C57BL/6 mice were incubated with a primary rat monoclonal antibody to substance P (SP), followed by incubation with a secondary goat-anti-rat TRITC-conjugated IgG. A rabbit antiserum to CGRP was then applied, followed by a secondary goat-anti-rabbit FITC-conjugated IgG. MCs were visualized by incubation with AMCA-labelled avidin, or (for a more convenient quantification of close MC-nerve fiber contacts) with a mixture of TRITC- and FITC-labelled avidins. Using this simple, novel covisualization method, we were able to show that MC-nerve associations in mouse skin are, contrary to previous suggestions, highly selective for nerve fiber types, and that these interactions are regulated in a hair cycle-dependent manner: in telogen and early anagen skin, MCs preferentially contacted CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) or SP/CGRP-IR double-labelled nerve fibers. Compared with telogen values, there was a significant increase in the number of close contacts between MCs and tyrosine hydroxylase-IR fibers during late anagen, and between MCs and peptide histidine-methionine-IR and choline acetyl transferase-IR fibers during catagen.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Guidelines for the planning and implementation of telemedical applications].

Before a telemedical application can be implemented in practice, various technical, organisational, and legal questions have to be solved. The answers to these questions are, however, in most cases not very obvious. Telemedicine guidelines which could provide a path to follow currently exist only for selected medical fields and are frequently customized for particular medical and technical scenarios. The use of existing telemedicine guidelines in Austrian health care is further complicated by the fact that most of them are based on foreign legal systems. This paper therefore aims to develop general telemedicine guidelines which are appropriate for all application areas of telemedicine in Austrian health care. From nine existing telemedicine guidelines for individual medical fields, two generally applicable guidelines were derived. The corresponding abstraction process was based on a categorization of telemedical applications, which is oriented on the communication partners involved. The derived, general guidelines address seven typical problem domains in the practical application of a telemedical application. As opposed to the existing guidelines, they (1) are independent of special medical fields and are therefore appropriate for all application areas of telemedicine -- also in medical fields where no specific guidelines have existed before; (2) are adapted to the Austrian legal system; (3) provide additional insight for medical fields where specific guidelines have already existed, as they can benefit from recommendations of other medical fields where equivalent telemedical applications are employed.

Austria↗
PubMed2005

Acceptability of a home monitor used to aid in conception: psychosocial factors and couple dynamics.

BACKGROUND: Assessing the psychological acceptability of technologies designed to assist couples in achieving pregnancy is complex. OBJECTIVE: The current study developed measures relating to the impact of one such technology on 52 couples' relationships, their feelings relating to pregnancy status and their feelings about the technology itself. METHODS: Pregnancy status and daily logs of sexual activity were recorded for four menstrual cycles, in addition to the completion of acceptability questionnaires. RESULTS: Baseline acceptability measures were more favorable among couples eventually achieving pregnancy. For couples not becoming pregnant, acceptability declined over time and relationships became more strained. Behavioral data clearly indicated a "targeting" and focusing of sexual activity in response to the information displayed by the monitor. CONCLUSION: Expectations of success, couple disagreements about prior failure and partner communication patterns appear to be related to pregnancy success when using such technology.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Men's attitudes towards a potential vaginal microbicide in Zimbabwe, Mexico and the USA.

Vaginal microbicides are being developed in an attempt to expand women's and men's options for protecting themselves against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Taking account of men's attitudes during product development and introduction could increase the likelihood that products are acceptable and used. To capture the perspectives of urban and rural men from a range of cultural settings, we conducted focus group discussions with taxi drivers and farmers in Zimbabwe, Mexico and the USA. These explored HIV/STD risk perception and prevention strategies, desirable characteristics of vaginal products and of a microbicide, and attitudes towards use of a potential product. Men were generally supportive of the idea of a microbicide; urban somewhat more than rural men. Most thought microbicides would be preferable to condoms though many raised concerns about potential side effects. The men wanted these products to be as inexpensive and readily available as condoms, and differed as to whether a woman should have permission from her partner to use it. For them to be widely used, the men thought these products must not only be safe and effective, but should also have no negative effect on sexual pleasure. When a product becomes available, introductory messages must explain the limits on its effectiveness and encourage use with condoms. Further research is needed on definitions of pleasurable sex and the ramifications of this for microbicide formulation, and on partner communication around issues of sexuality and prevention of infection.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2002

Unsafe abortion: an avoidable tragedy.

An estimated 60 000-70 000 women die annually from complications of unsafe abortion and hundreds of thousands more suffer long-term consequences which include chronic pelvic pain and infertility. The reasons for the continuing high incidence of unwanted pregnancy leading to unsafe abortion include lack of access to, or misuse of and misinformation about, effective contraceptive methods, coerced sex which prohibits women from protecting themselves, and contraceptive failure. Unsafe abortion is closely associated with restrictive legal environments and administrative and policy barriers hampering access to existing services. Vacuum aspiration and medical methods combining mifepristone and a prostaglandin for early abortion are simple and safe. For second trimester abortion, the main choices are repeat doses of prostaglandin with or without prior mifepristone, and dilatation and evacuation by experienced providers. Strategies for preventing unsafe abortion include: upgrading providers' skills; further development of medical methods for pregnancy termination and their introduction into national programmes; improving the quality of contraceptive and abortion services; and improving partner communication.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1991

[Speech intelligibility and psychosocial adaptation in various voice rehabilitation methods following laryngectomy].

Intelligibility and psychosocial adjustment are measured by the PLTT (Post-Laryngectomy-Telephone-Test) and a newly developed questionnaire (FPAL). 110 male patients with total or partial laryngectomies are tested. Three different groups are compared with each other: laryngectomees with voice prostheses, laryngectomees with oesophageal voice or artificial larynx, and patients with partial laryngectomies. As was to be expected, intelligibility (single words and sentences) was best in patients with partial laryngectomies. The intelligibility of the laryngectomees with voice prostheses is significantly higher than the intelligibility of patients with oesophageal voice or artificial larynx. There was no difference between the groups with regard to the subjective assessment of intelligibility in relation to various communication partners. Partial laryngectomies have the lowest negative impact on the social and psychological situation of the patients. Laryngectomees, however, are more lonely, indicate more psychological stress in social interactions, and have a less positive evaluation of their life. Statistical analyses reveal no difference in psychosocial adjustment between laryngectomees with voice prostheses, oesophageal voice and artificial larynges.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

[Subjective and objective voice assessment following partial resection of the larynx].

There is no generally accepted, standardized approach for evaluation of voice quality and of intelligibility after partial laryngectomy. A voice evaluation which considers some aspects of voice quality is possible by assessing physical and acoustic voice parameters. But this approach does not consider how the patient subjectively assesses his postoperatively altered voice and how the patient believes he is understood by various communication partners. In this study objective and subjective variables of the voice quality of 32 patients with partial laryngectomies were measured. First, selected physical and acoustic variables of voice quality were quantified. Second, subjective criteria of voice quality and of intelligibility were assessed by a questionnaire. A significant correlation between variables of objective and subjective voice quality was found. The maximum vocal intensity, the maximum pitch, and the intensity range correlated significantly with the subjective assessment of intelligibility. No relationship was found between the acoustic variables and the subjectively perceived degree of vocal disability.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

The role of support groups and stuttering therapy.

Support groups for individuals who stutter provide an opportunity for consumers to incorporate emerging or newly learned fluency skills in speaking situations outside of the speech-language clinic. One major theme of this article is to promote the idea that support groups can be utilized by clinicians and consumers as an important adjunct to fluency therapy. In addition to addressing feelings and attitudes associated with stuttering, the supportive environment of such groups serves to provide individuals who stutter with opportunities to work on improved communication skills with several different communication partners. For many, this is an important step in the successful transfer of fluency skills from the clinic to the "real world."

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual life after breast cancer.

The trauma of being diagnosed and treated for breast cancer can impact greatly on womens' psychosexual functioning and intimate relationships. Survivors of breast cancer report that issues of body image, sexuality and partner communication rarely are addressed by traditional health care providers (Ganz, Rowland, Desmond, Meyerowitz, & Wyatt, 1998). Psychotherapy can help women cope with difficult changes in body image and sexual functioning, and there is evidence that psychotherapy may prolong life (Speigel, Bloom, Kraemer, & Gottheil, 1989). However, many mental health professionals are not comfortable addressing sexual issues, nor are they well versed in the medical aspects of the disease and its treatment. It would seem that marital and sex therapists are better equipped than most to provide mental health services to breast cancer patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

The socio-psychological factors of family planning with special reference to Iran: a theoretical appraisal.

Iran's explosive population growth, which increases the country's population by about 1.9 million people annually, is causing a considerable strain on resources and the environment, and the coming generations will be facing a serious situation unless this trend is reversed. The strength of cultural values has not encouraged a declining population growth rate in parallel with the Iranian wave of modernization before and after the revolution. A special cultural revolution is the prerequisite for a demographic revolution. This study is placing main emphasis on the social and psychological factors involved in family planning. The general findings of surveys conducted so far demonstrate that few people know anything about family planning and methods of contraception. Social, cultural, and religious institutions seem to inhibit the expansion of family planning. Moreover, the lack of economic and social security promotes a large family size and prevents contraceptive use. However, social change in Iranian society will eventually be brought about by urbanization, industrialization, and education, and the ensuing modernization of values is expected to increase the use of contraceptives and lead to changes in the associated social and cultural institutions.

Asia↗
PubMed2005

The meaning bearing other--a relational view of the child psychotherapeutic process.

With child psychotherapy as the point of departure, meaning making in therapy may be described in light of the patient's relationship to the psychotherapist as "a meaning bearing other"-that is, someone who allows the possibility of meaningful thoughts and feelings, either through his or her actual communicative presence or as an unconsciously imagined communication partner. Within the theoretical framework of this article, being with a meaning bearing other is regarded as a prerequisite for development of both immediate, playful and reflective understanding of needs, wishes, and affect in self and other. The term meaning bearing other refers to three distinct but often synchronic modes of relatedness. These may be seen as developmental imperatives in both parenting and psychotherapy. The present article is a theoretical and clinical inquiry into the prerequisites for change in relationally oriented psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The article discusses what might be seen as basic forms of relatedness and interaction in light of Winnicott's developmental approach, relational and neo-Kleinian approaches within psychoanalysis, and also Heidegger and Gadamer's philosophy of meaning and interaction. The theoretical points of view are illuminated and illustrated through an excerpt from the first session from a twice-a-week psychotherapy with a 5-year old boy.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Borderless teleradiology with CHILI.

Teleradiology is one of the most evolved areas of telemedicine, but one of the basic problems which remains unsolved concerns system compatibility. The DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) standard is a prerequisite, but it is not sufficient in all aspects. Examples of other currently open issues are security and cooperative work in synchronous teleconferences. Users without a DICOM radiological workstation would benefit from the ability to join a teleradiology network without any special tools. Drawbacks of many teleradiology systems are that they are monolithic in their software design and cannot be adapted to the actual user's environment. Existing radiological systems currently cannot be extended with additional software components. Consequently, every new application usually needs a new workstation with a different look and feel, which must be connected and integrated into the existing infrastructure. This paper introduces the second generation teleradiology system CHILI. The system has been designed to match both the teleradiology requirements of the American College of Radiology (ACR), and the functionality and usability needs of the users. The experiences of software developers and teleradiology users who participated in the first years of the clinical use of CHILI's predecessor MEDICUS have been integrated into a new design. The system has been designed as a component-based architecture. The most powerful communication protocol for data exchange and teleconferencing is the CHILI protocol, which includes a strong data security concept. The system offers, in addition to its own secure protocol, several different communication Methods: DICOM, classic e-mail, Remote Copy functions (RCP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), the internet protocols HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure),and CD-ROMs for off-line communication. These transfer METHODS allow the user to send images to nearly anyone with a computer and a network. The drawbacks of the non-CHILI protocols are that teleconferences are not possible, and that the user must take reasonable precautions for data privacy and security. The CHILI PlugIn mechanism enables the users or third parties to extend the system capabilities by adding powerful image postprocessing functions or interfaces to other information systems. Suitable PlugIns can be either existing programs, or dedicated applications programmed with interfaces to the CHILI components. The developer may freely choose programming languages and interface toolkits. The CHILI architecture is a powerful and flexible environment for Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS)and teleradiology. More than 40 systems are currently running in clinical routine in Germany. More than 300,000 images have been distributed among the communication partners in the last two years. Feedback and suggestions from the users influenced the system architecture by a great extent. The proposed and implemented system has been optimized to be as platform independent, open, and secure as possible.

Radiology Information Systems↗
PubMed1985

Male role in fertility decisions in Robertsport, Liberia.

"This paper examines the role of men in family planning among the Vai tribe in Robertsport, Liberia. The data were collected from a sample survey of Vai males in the town in 1982." The author found in a sample of 100 married men aged 15-39 that husbands, generally desiring large numbers of children, are a dominating influence in fertility decisions. In decisions that are reached jointly, educational attainment appears to be a significant factor.

Africa↗