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PubMed2001

Discriminating the relation between relations: the role of entropy in abstract conceptualization by baboons (Papio papio) and humans (Homo sapiens).

Two baboons (Papio papio) successfully learned relational matching-to-sample: They picked the choice display that involved the same relation among 16 pictures (same or different) as the sample display, although the sample display shared no pictures with the choice displays. The baboons generalized relational matching behavior to sample displays created from novel pictures. Further experiments varying the number of sample pictures and the mixture of same and different sample pictures suggested that entropy plays a key role in the baboons' conceptual behavior. Two humans (Homo sapiens) were similarly trained and tested; their behavior was both similar to and different from the baboons' behavior. The results suggest that animals other than humans and chimpanzees can discriminate the relation between relations. They further suggest that entropy detection may underlie same-different conceptualization, but that additional processes may participate in human conceptualization.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Photically induced epilepsy in Papio papio as a model for drug studies.

Neurophysiological studies employing drugs have been undertaken in the natural syndrome of photically induced epilepsy in the Senegalese baboon Papio papio. GABA-mediated inhibition, both pre- and posysynaptic, plays an important role in the epileptic manifestations seen in this syndrome synapses can significantly modify photically induced epileptic responses, partly as a result of changes in afferent activity. The level of activity in dopaminergic systems can also modify the epileptic signs. Among anticonvulsant drugs, barbiturates and benzodiazepines are very effective against this type of epilepsy, whereas many other drugs are weakly active or toxic. A modification of the natural model (using allylglycine as a priming agent) is convenient for correlating acute anticonvulsant activity and neurological toxicity with plasma concentrations of anticonvulsant agents.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1979

Liver microsomal oxidations in baboon (Papio papio).

1. The activity of baboon (Papio papio) hepatic microsomes was evaluated using several model substrates. 2. As with other species studied in this laboratory, baboon microsomal enzyme activities were in the decreasing order: aldrin epoxidation greater than p-nitroanisole O-demethylation greater dihydroisodrin hydroxylation greater than benzo(a)pyrene oxidations. 3. Substrate, time, protein and cofactor requirements were examined. 4. Activities of stored frozen tissue and microsomal pellets remained similar up to seven days. 5. In the six animals studied (three male, three female), no differences in hepatic microsomal activity due to sex were apparent.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Correlation between the regional blood volume and epileptic seizures in Papio papio].

The method of labelling red cells with technetium-99m was used to measured regional blood volume auring different types of epileptic seizures induced in the Baboon Papio papio. During seizures the cerebral blood volume increases and there is simultaneously a decrease of blood volume in nasal and hepatic regions, and a transitory increase of blood volume in the forepaws.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Perception of pictorial eye gaze by baboons (Papio papio).

Pictorial faces looking left or right were presented to baboons (Papio papio) before the display of a target letter in the left or right hemifield of a monitor screen. Baboons had to provide go or no-go responses taking into account the identity of the target letter. The 1st 6 experiments showed no reliable effect of eye gaze on discrimination speed, using either schematic gazes or pictures of real gazes. Experiment 7 showed that eye gazes facilitated target processing when eye cues were perfect predictors of target location. Findings suggest that baboons do not spontaneously process eye-gaze direction but can learn to do so if the gaze has a predictive value. Implications of these findings on baboons' perspective-taking abilities are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Experimental infection of baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) with apathogenic and neurovirulent subtypes of herpesvirus papio 2.

Cercopithecine herpesvirus 16 (Herpesvirus papio 2; HVP2) is an alpha-herpesvirus of baboons (Papio spp.) that generally causes minimal to inapparent disease in the natural host species. HVP2 is very closely related genetically and antigenically to Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (monkey B virus; BV) of macaques, which is well known for its extreme lethality in nonmacaque species including humans. Preliminary evidence suggests that a mouse model of HVP2 would be an excellent tool for studying zoonotic BV infections. Although the pathogenicity of different BV isolates in mice spans the full range of severity from apathogenic to extremely neurovirulent, testing of multiple HVP2 isolates revealed only two distinct phenotypes in mice regardless of route of inoculation: apathogenic (HVP2ap) and highly neurovirulent (HVP2nv). For the HVP2nv mouse model to truly reflect BV infection in both its natural host and the differential pathogenicity of BV in aberrant host species, HVP2nv should not produce severe disease in its natural host. To test this, juvenile baboons were inoculated with doses of 10(6) or 10(4) plaque-forming units of HVP2ap or HVP2nv by using an oral subdermal inoculation route. Parameters followed included the appearance of lesions, shedding of infectious virus, general health, and the immune response to the infection. Regardless of the inoculum dose used, no differences were noted between the two HVP2 subtypes in baboons in any of the parameters measured. These findings further support the use of the HVP2nv mouse system as a model to elucidate and study the viral determinants associated with cross-species BV neurovirulence.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A naturally occurring fatal case of Herpesvirus papio 2 pneumonia in an infant baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis).

Here we describe the unusual finding of herpesvirus pneumonia in a 7-d-old infant baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis). This animal had been separated from its dam the morning of its birth and was being hand-reared for inclusion in a specific pathogen-free colony. The baboon was presented for anorexia and depression of 2 d duration. Physical examination revealed a slightly decreased body temperature, lethargy, and dyspnea. The baboon was placed on a warm-water blanket and was given amoxicillin-clavulanate orally and fluids subcutaneously. The animal's clinical condition continued to deteriorate despite tube feeding, subcutaneous fluid administration, and antibiotic therapy, and it died 2 d later. Gross necropsy revealed a thin carcass and severe bilateral diffuse pulmonary consolidation. Histopathology of the lung revealed severe diffuse necrotizing pneumonia. Numerous epithelial and endothelial cells contained prominent intranuclear herpetic inclusion bodies. Virus isolated from lung tissue in cell culture was suspected to be Herpesvirus papio 2 (HVP2) in light of the viral cytopathic effect. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and DNA sequencing of PCR products both confirmed that the virus was HVP2. This case is interesting because the age at onset suggests perinatal transmission at or immediately after birth, and the disease course suggests inoculation of the virus into the respiratory tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Anticonvulsant action of the beta-carboline abecarnil: studies in rodents and baboon, Papio papio.

Abecarnil (ZK 112119; isopropyl-6-benzyloxy-4-methoxymethyl-beta-carboxylate) is a metabolically stable beta-carboline derivative with potent anxiolytic and few sedative and ataxic effects in rodents. The anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant actions of abecarnil have been evaluated in mice, rats, gerbils and baboons. Abecarnil raised the threshold for tonic electroconvulsions in mice after corneal but not after auricular application, had no effect on maximal electroshock-induced tonic convulsions triggered by either method, protected mice against the tonic hindlimb extension in PTZ-, picrotoxin- and 3-mercaptopropionate-induced seizures and blocked clonus after PTZ, DMCM (methyl-4-ethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-9H-pyrido-(3,4-b)-indol-3-carboxylate) and 3-mercaptopropionate. Abecarnil had no effect on convulsions induced by bicuculline and strychnine. Furthermore, abecarnil blocked kindled seizures after chronic administration of PTZ and FG 7142 (beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methylamide) and protected mice and rats against limbic convulsions induced by pilocarpine. Severity and afterdischarge duration of amygdala-kindled seizures were reduced in rats treated with abecarnil. Abecarnil also antagonized selectively convulsions induced by i.c.v. administration of kainate, but not those triggered by N-methyl-D-aspartate or quisqualate. In genetic models of reflex epilepsy, abecarnil was effective against sound-induced convulsions in DBA/2 mice, against air blast-induced generalized seizures in gerbils and against myoclonus in baboons Papio papio. The anticonvulsant effect of abecornil in a PTZ seizure model in mice was potentiated by ethosuximide, whereas no significant potentiation was found with diazepam, clonazepam, diphenylhydantoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital. Electromyographic monitoring in a etorphine model of muscle rigidity in rats showed no or little muscle relaxant effect of abecarnil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Photosensitive epilepsy in Papio papio as a model for drug studies.

Photically-induced epilepsy in Papio papio provides a convenient model for assessing the efficacy and the acute neurological toxicity of new anticonvulsant drugs prior to clinical trial. Its drug sensitivity is broadly comparable to that of generalized seizures in man. It also shares some specific properties with syndromes of reflex epilepsy in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Behavioral toxicity of chronic ethosuximide and sodium valproate treatment in the epileptic baboon, Papio papio.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of chronic administration of gradually increasing doses of the anti-petit mal agents, ethosuximide (15-60 mg/kg/day) and valproic acid (7.5-240 mg/kg/day) on the performance of incremental repeated acquisition and incremental fixed-ratio tasks in the epileptic baboon, Papio papio. At approximately equipotent anticonvulsant doses, ethosuximide (45-60 mg/kg/day) was more behaviorally toxic than valproic acid (7.5-60 mg/kg/day), as determined by the ability of each drug to suppress the incremental repeated acquisition of behavioral chains. The behavioral deficits induced by ethosuximide (60 mg/kg/day) were still present 8 weeks after cessation of drug treatment in two of four animals. Evidence of enhanced acquisition of behavioral chains (decreases in errors) was noted in two of six animals during chronic treatment with valproic acid at a dose of 60 mg/kg/day but was never seen during chronic treatment with ethosuximide. Responding under an incremental fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement was only affected minimally by either drug. These data suggest that 1) cognitive processes are more vulnerable to disruption by chronic ethosuximide administration than they are to chronic valproic acid administration, 2) performance under the more complex incremental repeated acquisition schedule is more sensitive to disruption than that under an incremental fixed-ratio schedule and 3) the effects of ethosuximide and valproic acid on performance under the incremental repeated acquisition schedule are not due to decreases in motivation or ability to manipulate the response levers.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Myoclonia. From the myoclonia of Papio papio to various human myoclonias].

The baboon Papio papio is naturally predisposed to present several types of myoclonus, the study of which can help in understanding the various human myoclonic symptomatologies. The three types of myoclonus which are studied have been called A, B and C. Myoclonus A, which is induced by intermittent photic stimulation in photosensitive animals, is of epileptic nature: It is always preceded by spikes-waves predominating in the fronto-rolandic cortex (areas 4 and 6) and can be followed by secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Myoclonus B, which occurs when the animal is agitated, is facilitated by somatic stimulations. Since it is never preceded or accompanied by spikes-waves and since it is never associated with epileptic seizures, myoclonus B is considered as non-epileptic. Myoclonus C occurs during wave-sleep. They are associated with spikes-waves during the slow but not during paradoxical sleep. Myoclonus A, B and C can co-exist in the same animal when it is photosensitive. Myoclonus B and C can co-exist in the same animal when it is non-photosensitive. Clinically, the three types of myoclonus have different symptomatologies. Myoclonus A is bilateral and synchronous. It always involves initially the eyelids and face. It can secondarily become generalized to the whole body. Myoclonus B, which is also bilateral and synchronous, is limited to the truncular musculature and to the proximal part of limbs. It never involves the eyelids and face. It never becomes generalized. Myoclonus C has a variable symptomatology and can be parcellar. The nervous structures originating the three types of myoclonus in the baboon are not identical. Myoclonus A is originated in the fronto-rolandic cortex, where a neuronal generator is triggered by visual inputs induced by photic stimulation. It appears mainly due to a dysfunction of the GABA system, because it is suppressed by GABA agonists and by benzodiazepines. On the contrary, it is facilitated by GABA antagonists. Myoclonus B has probably its origin in the lower brain stem (ponto-bulbar reticular formation) and is favored by cerebellar lesions. It appears mainly due to a dysfunction of the cholinergic system and is considerably facilitated by atropine. Myoclonus C can also have its origin in the lower brain stem but, contrary to myoclonus B, it can involve the cortex and thus can be accompanied by spikes-waves. The 3 types of myoclonus which are distinguished in the baboon have different relationships with epilepsy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Photomyoclonic seizures in the baboon, Papio papio.

The inborn seizure response of Papio papio to intermittent light stimulation has been reviewed as a model of human epilepsy. The electrographic and clinical features have been described and useful methodology has been outlined. A diurnal cyclicity in seizure responsiveness has been described with greatest seizure severity at 8 AM in parallel with a rise in urinary output of cortisol. Hormonal influences on the seizure response have been described for ethinyl estradiol, thyroxin, and triiodothyronine. Evidence regarding neurotransmitter involvement has been reviewed. Data regarding use of the animal for anticonvulsant testing in single and chronic doses has been discussed. Particular advantages of the model for study of age-related drug effects and the assessment of the effects of chronically administered anticonvulsant agents on learning and memory have been described.

Amines↗
PubMed1982

Comparative gene mapping of the baboon (Papio papio) and man.

Seven new gene assignments were demonstrated in the baboon (Papio papio) by cosegregation analysis of twelve cell hybrids obtained between PPA fibroblasts and a mouse cell line deficient in thymidine kinase. The following markers and syntenic groups were localized : GUSB on PPA3 ; NP-MPI-PKM2-IDH2 on PPA7; ADA on PPA10 and IDH1 on PPA12. These results are consistent with the following homoeologies of PPA and HSA chromosomes : PPA3-HSA7 ; PPA7-HSA14 and 15 ; PPA10-HSA20 and PPA12-HSA2q

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Stereological analysis of normal Papio Papio liver parenchymal cells (author's transl)].

Stereological analysis of normal Papio Papio liver parenchymal cells has been performed according to the method of Weibel (1969). The study was carried out on liver samples collected from 3 males and 3 females. Sampling was done at three levels of magnification (X 250, X 5 000, X 15 000) without taking into consideration the lobular variations. The lobular stereological model included the hepatocyte, all the cellular organelles and the extra-hepatocytic space compartment. Surface and volume densities were determined; the results are given with respect to three reference units : 1 cm3 lobular tissue, 1 cm3 hepatocyte and 1 cm3 hepatocytic cytoplasm. The mean volume of the Baboon hepatocyte and its components were also measured. Statistical analysis of the results did not show wide individual variation in the population studied. The volume densities of the components were compared to those of rat, dog and man as determined by other investigators. The hepatocytes constitute 84,9% of the lobular volume, and the extra-hepatocytic space 15,1%. The mean individual volume of the hepatocyte is 6 470 micrometer3, which is higher than in rat and dog. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a much higher surface density (3,93 m2/cm3) than that of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (1,53 m2/cm3). The values obtained in the present study can be used as reference values in the evaluation of experimentally induced hepatic modifications in Baboon.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Biogenic amines and the photomyoclonic syndrome in the baboon, Papio papio.

The role of biogenic amines in the proclivity of the baboon, Papio papio, to exhibit an epileptoid response to flashing light was studied. Intraventricular injections of epinephrine and norepinephrine reduced or blocked the photomyoclonic syndrome without modifying ongoing behavior. Epinephrine was effective at doses of 100 mg and more, and norepinephrine was effective at doses of 250 mg and more. Neither intraventricular injections of as much as 1.5 mg of dopamine and 1.0 mg of serotonin nor chronic systemic administration of L-dopa and L-tryptophan affected the syndrome, but reserpine, administered chronically at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg/day, induced photosensitivity in previously nonphotosensitive animals. Seizure testing of usually photosensitive animals 12 hours after reserpine, 0.5 mg/kg, showed that the drug prevented totally or reduced the intensity of seizures in these animals. Studies of the spontaneous electroencephalogram and of visually evoked potentials of the reserpine-treated animals revealed changes in power spectra and in the averaged evoked response from the occipital area which paralleled the induction of photosensitivity. The probability that epinephrine and norepinephrine brain concentrations are essential for inhibitory modulation and control of seizures in this species is discussed.

Animals↗