Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PUNISHMENT”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Amphetamine increases schedule-induced drinking reduced by negative punishment procedures.

RATIONALE: d-Amphetamine has been reported to increase schedule-induced drinking punished by lick-dependent signalled delays in food delivery. This might reflect a drug-behaviour interaction dependent on the type of punisher, because no such effect has been found when drinking was reduced by lick-contingent electric shocks. However, the anti-punishment effect of amphetamine could be mediated by other behavioural processes, such as a loss of discriminative control or an increase in the value of delayed reinforcers. OBJECTIVES: To test the effects of d-amphetamine on the acquisition and maintenance of schedule-induced drinking reduced by unsignalled delays in food delivery. METHODS: Rats received 10-s unsignalled delays initiated by each lick after polydipsia was induced by a fixed-time 30-s food reinforcement schedule or from the outset of the experiment. Yoked-control rats received these same delays but independently of their own behaviour. d-Amphetamine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) was then tested IP. RESULTS: d-Amphetamine dose-dependently increased and then decreased punished schedule-induced drinking. The drug led to dose-dependent reductions when the delays were not contingent or when they were applied from the outset of training. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the contention that d-amphetamine has an increasing effect on schedule-induced drinking that has been previously reduced by a negative punishment procedure. This effect cannot be attributed to other potentially involved processes, and therefore support the idea that drug effects on punished behaviour depend on punishment being delays in food or shock deliveries.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Interaction of buspirone and dopaminergic agents on punished behavior of pigeons.

The non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic buspirone was studied alone and in combination with either haloperidol or apomorphine. Drug effects were evaluated under a baseline of punished and unpunished keypeck responses of pigeons; every 30th response produced food (no punishment) in the presence of a white keylight and, when the keylight was red in alternate 3 min periods, every 30th response produced both food and a brief electric shock (punishment). Buspirone (0.03-3 mg/kg, IM) increased the low rates of punished responding to a maximum of 1000% of control at doses of 0.1-1 mg/kg. Unpunished responding was only marginally affected at lower doses and dose-dependent decreases were obtained from 1 to 10 mg/kg. Although less potent, chlordiazepoxide (1-100 mg/kg IM) produced effects which were similar to those of buspirone, a finding which contrasts with the greater efficacy of benzodiazepines for increasing punished behavior in mammals. Dose-effect functions for buspirone were unchanged by haloperidol administration (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg, IM, 5 min prior) or by concurrent treatment with a behaviorally-ineffective dose of apomorphine (0.003 mg/kg, IM). Rate-decreasing doses of apomorphine (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) reversed the increases in punished responding produced by lower doses of buspirone (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg) and the apomorphine-induced decreases in unpunished responding were antagonized by buspirone at doses which had little affect when given alone. The ability of buspirone to reverse the rate-decreasing effects of apomorphine on unpunished responding suggests that buspirone does exhibit dopaminergic antagonist properties in vivo. However, effects of buspirone on punished responding of pigeons do not appear to be due to dopaminergic mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A look at corporal punishment and some implications of its use.

The author notes several legal, social, philosophical and educational attitudes common to Canada and the United States which have, for centuries, characterized the uses of corporal punishment with children. Specifically, corporal punishment is viewed as a technique for developing discipline within the school system. Inconsistencies in both Canada and the U.S. are noted regarding court decisions and their application in the classroom. Recent revisions to The Ontario Child Welfare Act are discussed in light of its implications for parents and teachers who physically punish their children or students. Research findings related to corporal punishment and their implications for schools are cited. Negative side-effects of administering punishment are also described. The evidence suggests that corporal punishment besides being an ineffective learning technique, is not the uncomplicated, quick solution many may think it. The author concludes by proposing that because of their important role in the lives of developing children and considering the resources devoted to teacher training, teachers should be held as legally accountable for their use of corporal punishment with children as parents are. As well, he indicates the need for (1) increased teacher training in the areas of child management, classroom management and interactional processes; (2) greater opportunity to devise creative problem-solving strategies; and (3) a re-ordering of priorities at universities, colleges and faculties of education which would benefit not only teachers, but ultimately their students.

Canada↗
PubMed1983

Corporal punishment in schools: myths, problems and alternatives.

In many countries, corporal punishment of school children continues to be an officially or unofficially sanctioned form of institutional child abuse. Continuing support for the use of corporal punishment is related to the following factors: (1) widely held beliefs regarding the effectiveness of corporal punishment, (2) an unawareness of problems resulting from the use of physical punishment, and (3) a lack of knowledge about effective disciplinary alternatives. The purpose of this paper is threefold: One is to show that many of the beliefs are myths, e.g., corporal punishment is not needed to build character. The second purpose is to show that physical punishment can lead to more problems than it appears to solve, e.g., the punitive teacher is avoided, and thus, is not a positive factor in the child's education and development. The third purpose is to discuss two types of alternatives to punishment, the social learning approach and communication skills training. These positive methods of discipline not only enhance classroom behavior, but also facilitate learning. In an atmosphere free of abusing and demeaning acts and in a classroom characterized by positive mutual regard, teachers can maximize their effectiveness as teachers and students can maximize their effectiveness as learners.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1990

Orienting and defense responses to punishment: effects on learning.

Two groups of students attempted to learn sequences of letter-number pairs. For both groups, a tone signalled each error. However, for aversive punishment subjects, a mildly painful electric shock followed the tone 20% of the time, whereas the informational punishment subjects received only the tone. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) and cardiac interbeat intervals indicated the presence of an orienting response to the tone in informational punishment subjects and a defense response to the tone in aversive punishment subjects. Accompanying these were significant differences in behavior: aversive punishment subjects completed fewer sequences and had higher error rates. The two groups did not differ in measures of tonic arousal. Session trends suggested that the cardiac orienting response developed in both groups as subjects learned to use the information in the punishment contingency. Defense responses to aversive punishers may complete with orienting responses necessary to the efficient learning of complex tasks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Testosterone shifts the balance between sensitivity for punishment and reward in healthy young women.

Animal research has demonstrated reductions in punishment sensitivity and enhanced reward dependency after testosterone administration. In humans, elevated levels of testosterone have been associated with violent and antisocial behavior. Interestingly, extreme forms of violent and antisocial behavior can be observed in the psychopath. Moreover, it has been argued that reduced punishment sensitivity and heightened reward dependency are crucially involved in the etiology and maintenance of psychopathy. A task that has been proven to be capable of simulating punishment-reward contingencies is the IOWA gambling task. Decisions to choose from decks of cards become motivated by punishment and reward schedules inherent in the task. Importantly, clinical and subclinical psychopaths demonstrate a risky, disadvantageous pattern of decision-making in the task, indicating motivational imbalance (insensitivity for punishment and enhanced reward dependency). Here, in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design (n = 12), whether a single administration of testosterone would shift the motivational balance between the sensitivity for punishment and reward towards this tendency to choose disadvantageously was investigated. As hypothesized, subjects showed a more disadvantageous pattern of decision-making after testosterone compared to placebo administration. These findings not only provide the first direct evidence for the effects of testosterone on punishment-reward contingencies in humans, but they also give further insights into the hypothetical link between testosterone and psychopathy.

Administration, Sublingual↗
PubMed2001

Relationships among parental beliefs in corporal punishment, reported stress, and physical child abuse potential.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the extent to which parental belief in the value of corporal punishment moderates the association between level of parenting stress and physical child abuse potential. Based on existing theory, it was expected that levels of parenting stress would be positively associated with physical child abuse potential among parents who reported high levels of belief in the value of corporal punishment. METHOD: Forty-one parents (25 general population and 16 at-risk parents) were assessed for belief in the value of corporal punishment, level of parenting stress, and physical child abuse potential using self-report measures. After removal of respondents due to response distortion or missing data, the final sample consisted of 31 parents with valid and complete protocols. Based on their responses on the study measures, respondents were categorized as either high or low on belief in corporal punishment and parenting stress. RESULTS: Level of parenting stress was positively associated with physical child abuse potential. As expected, the interaction of parenting stress and belief in the value of corporal punishment was significant. Level of parenting stress was positively associated with physical child abuse potential among parents who reported high levels of belief in the value of corporal punishment. In contrast, level of parenting stress was not associated with physical child abuse potential among parents who reported low belief in the value of corporal punishment. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings are consistent social information processing and stress and coping models of the etiology of physical child abuse, and underscore the importance of considering both parental cognitions and levels of parenting stress in assessing potential for physical child abuse.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between attitudes toward corporal punishment and the perception and reporting of child maltreatment.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effect of workers' attitudes toward corporal punishment on the workers' perception and reporting of child maltreatment. Three hundred twenty-five (325) potential entry level workers participated in this study. METHOD: Responding to vignettes in multi-item scales, study participants 1) rated their approval of parental discipline involving corporal punishment; 2) rated the seriousness of incidents of probable maltreatment; and 3) indicated whether or not they would report the incidents of maltreatment to child protective services. Data were analyzed using correlation analyses and multiple regression procedures. RESULTS: 1) Respondents with higher scores for approval of corporal punishment were less likely to perceive maltreatment; 2) respondents with higher scores for approval of corporal punishment were less likely to report maltreatment; 3) the likelihood that a respondent would report maltreatment was a joint function of the respondent's perception of the seriousness of an incident and approval of corporal punishment. CONCLUSION: Attitudes about corporal punishment are important predictors of reporting behavior. Social service agencies face a challenge to provide workers with training which will enable them to detect and report maltreatment despite workers' individual beliefs about discipline and punishment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Altruistic punishment in humans.

Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment.

Altruism↗
PubMed2006

Level of response suppression and amphetamine effects on negatively punished adjunctive licking.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the level of response suppression is a major determinant of the effect of D-amphetamine on negatively punished adjunctive drinking. Rats were initially exposed to a multiple fixed-time (FT) 30-s FT 30-s food delivery schedule. They were then divided into two groups and subjected to one of two different multiple schedules, FT 30-s FT 45-s or FT 30-s FT 90-s. The FT 45-s and FT 90-s components were signalled by a tone. Comparably high levels of adjunctive licking were observed in both FT 30-s components, intermediate licking levels in the FT 45-s component, and little licking in the FT 90-s component. Licking during the FT 30-s components was subsequently punished by lick-contingent signalled delays (by a blackout) in food delivery. The duration of such delays was adjusted to reduce licking to levels obtained in the FT 45-s or FT 90-s components, respectively for each of the two groups. Punished licking was increased by 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg of D-amphetamine, an effect that was greater in the FT 30-s FT 90-s group. No increase in licking was observed in the FT 45-s component, but the 1.0 mg/kg dose also increased responding in the FT 90-s component. In general, no statistically significant differences were found between the effects of D-amphetamine on punished and unpunished schedule-induced licking. As licking decreased during the FT 90-s component when the punishment contingency was introduced in the alternate component, the punishment procedure and FT 30-s component were entirely removed. On this occasion, D-amphetamine failed to increase licking induced by the FT 90-s schedule. These results indicate that the level of response suppression might be a good indicator of the degree to which D-amphetamine shows antipunishment effects on adjunctive licking reduced by negative punishment procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A comparison of the effects of psychotomimetics and anxiolytics on punished and unpunished responding maintained by fixed interval schedules of food reinforcement in the rat.

Characterization of anxiolytic drugs often employs conflict paradigms in which the drug effects on punished and unpunished responding can be compared. In this study, a fixed interval schedule generating a range of baseline response rates allowed comparison of the effects of anxiolytic drugs with those of psychotomimetic drugs on equivalent and differing rates of punished and unpunished responding. The first response made by the rat after a 40-s fixed interval elapsed resulted in food pellet delivery. In punished intervals, signalled by the illumination of stimulus lamps above each lever, a 0.6-mA shock was delivered after every 20th response, resulting in a lower rate of responding than that in the unpunished intervals. Three psychotomimetic agents, D-amphetamine, MK801 and DOI were compared with the anxiolytics chlordiazepoxide, NS2710 and pregabalin. The three psychotomimetics preferentially increased rates of unpunished responding compared with those of punished responding. Chlordiazepoxide, NS2710 and, to a lesser extent, pregabalin increased rates of both unpunished and punished responding. In comparison studies, yohimbine also increased rates of both unpunished and punished responding whereas the antidepressant citalopram had no effect. In conclusion, stable baseline performance over many months allowed the direct comparison of several different drugs in the same subjects with no need to adjust shock levels or equate baseline response rates. The drugs had systematic and replicable effects in this procedure, which, in the case of amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide, were similar to those in other species, and psychotomimetic drugs could clearly be distinguished from anxiolytic drugs. The procedure, however, has limited value for characterizing novel anxiolytic agents as the examples used here increased punished and unpunished responding to the same extent, and were indistinguishable in that regard from the clinically anxiogenic agent, yohimbine.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1967

A comparison of the punishing effects of response-produced shock and response-produced time out.

Electric shock and time out were compared as punishers in the squirrel monkey. At the parameters investigated, both suppressed responding to about the same degree. Scheduling punishment intermittently or administering pentobarbital reduced the effectiveness of both punishers. The effects of the punishers were different in that responding suppressed by shock recovered more within a session than responding suppressed by time out. Responding was suppressed after some shock-punishment components, but less often after time-out-punishment components. The similarities of the two punishers were more striking than the differences.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Some effects of punishment shock intensity upon discriminative responding.

Three pigeons received visual discrimination training under both multiple variable-ratio extinction and variable-interval extinction schedules. All birds developed nearly perfect discrimination. When punishment for every tenth response during food reinforcement was presented, responding decreased as shock intensity increased. At the same time, responding during extinction, which was not punished, increased at intermediate punishment intensities, but returned to low levels under severe punishment. A second procedure, in which punishment and no-punishment sessions alternated unsystematically, was employed with two of the birds. The results under this procedure essentially replicated the data obtained as punishment shock intensity increased gradually.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Increased rates of punished responding produced by buspirone-like compounds in rats.

Buspirone has been reported to have effects on punished responding in rats which are considerably smaller and less reliable than those produced by benzodiazepines. A recent study, however, found that buspirone and ipsapirone increased operant responding suppressed by a stimulus which preceded unavoidable shock, suggesting that conditioned emotional response protocols may be more sensitive than punishment procedures. This hypothesis was not supported by the results of the present study. The food-reinforced lever pressing of rats was maintained by a multiple VI schedule with punished and unpunished components. The experimental parameters were similar to those used in the previous conditioned emotional response study. The benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide and clorazepate, as well as buspirone (at one dose) and ipsapirone (at several doses), increased rates of punished responding. The 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptor ligands 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin and MDL 73005EF did not reliably produce similar effects, although increased rates of punished responding were seen in some animals. Haloperidol, imipramine and idazoxan did not increase punished response rates. Although the increases in punished responding produced by buspirone were smaller than those produced by chlordiazepoxide and clorazepate, the effect of ipsapirone was quantitatively similar to that of the benzodiazepines.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Attitudes and opinions on corporal punishment among urban Israeli Jews.

Corporal punishment of children constitutes a human rights violation and has mental health consequences, yet it is frequently practiced in many countries. The objectives of this study were to identify attitudes and opinions with regard to corporal punishment among urban Jewish Israelis. Corporal punishment was defined as the means to discipline children by the use of physical force. A short battery of questions exploring attitudes and opinions on the use of corporal punishment of children was added to a periodic survey conducted by a private polling organization. The sample included 1,000 urban Jewish Israeli community residents. Most respondents did not endorse corporal punishment. However, when confronted with a question tapping the readiness of adults to comply with a ruling by the Supreme Court that prohibits the use of corporal punishment at home, most respondents expressed skepticism that the public will comply. Forty percent thought that most parents would agree to undergo training in the use of alternative means of discipline. Fifty-seven percent experienced physical punishment when growing up, a variable which was associated with all responses favoring its use as a means of discipline. The results of the study provide the bases for public health action, including training programs on alternative methods of discipline. Further research targeting other population groups not yet explored is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effects of drugs that bind to PCP and sigma receptors on punished responding.

Several arylcyclohexylamines and opioid benzomorphans that bind to phencyclidine (PCP) receptors were studied for their effects on punished and unpunished responding maintained under fixed-interval schedules of food presentation. All of these drugs increased both punished and unpunished responding, although higher doses decreased responding. The order of potency for increasing punished responding was MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzoa(a,d)-cyclohepten-5,1 0-imine] greater than [1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine] = PCP greater than (+)-N-allylnormetazocine = (-)-N-allynormetazocine. There was a high correlation (0.95) between the relative potency of these drugs in increasing punished responding and their relative affinity for PCP receptors. Because some of these drugs also bind to sigma receptors, drugs with a high affinity for sigma receptors, such as haloperidol, BD 737 [1S,2R-(-)-cis-N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N- methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) cyclohexylamine] and (+)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine, were also studied for their effects on punished and unpunished responding. These drugs produced only rate-decreasing effects. The correlation between the relative potency of drugs in increasing punished responding and their relative affinity for sigma receptors was low (-0.19). These data suggest that the PCP receptor is involved in some drug-induced increases in punished responding.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of serotonin receptor antagonists on punished responding maintained by stimulus-shock termination or food presentation in squirrel monkeys.

The behavioral effects of a series of serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonists were examined on punished performances maintained by termination of a stimulus correlated with shock (stimulus-shock termination) or by food presentation in squirrel monkeys. Intramuscular administration of metergoline (0.03-0.3 mg/kg), methysergide (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), mianserin (0.1-10 mg/kg) and cinanserin (1.0-3.0 mg/kg) increased punished responding under the stimulus-shock termination and food schedules. The 5-HT2-selective receptor antagonist pirenperone (0.001-0.3 mg/kg) and the 5-HT2 receptor ligand spiperone (0.001-0.1 mg/kg) did not increase punished responding maintained by either event. In contrast, the prototype 5-HT2 ligand ketanserin increased punished responding maintained by food at doses (i.e., 0.1-3.0 mg/kg) that only decreased behavior maintained by stimulus-shock termination. Highly significant correlations were found between the peak rate-increasing effects of the 5-HT antagonists on punished responding maintained by stimulus-shock termination and their reported affinities at 5-HT1 (r = 0.99) and 5-HT2 (r = 0.95) binding sites. In contrast, under the food schedule a significant correlation was found only between the peak rate-increasing effects of the 5-HT antagonists and their reported affinities for the 5-HT1 site (r = 0.87). These findings confirm the involvement of serotonergic pathways in punishment-suppressed operant behavior and suggest that different populations of 5-HT receptors modulate punished behavior maintained by different types of consequent events (i.e., stimulus-shock termination or food).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Corporal punishment of adolescents by parents: a risk factor in the epidemiology of depression, suicide, alcohol abuse, child abuse, and wife beating.

Over 90% of parents of toddlers spank or use other forms of corporal punishment. Although the rate declines each year from about age five, this study of a large national sample of U.S. adults found that almost half recalled having been corporally punished during their teen years. This high prevalence indicates a need to investigate the possibility that corporal punishment puts adolescents at increased risk of developing mental health and social relationship problems later in life. The analysis, which controlled for a number of possible confounding risk factors such as low socioeconomic status, found that children who experienced corporal punishment in adolescence had an increased risk later in life of depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, alcohol abuse, physical abuse of children, and wife beating. The consistent association of corporal punishment with major adult problem behavior, together with the fact that at least half of all adolescents are victims of corporal punishment by their parents, indicates a need to replicate the study using longitudinal data. If the findings are confirmed, it suggests that a major step in primary prevention of violence and mental health problems can be achieved by a national effort to reduce or eliminate all use of corporal punishment.

Adolescent↗