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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Relative effects of GAL+ and GALlow/- porcine hematopoietic cells on primate platelet aggregation and endothelial cell activation: implications for the induction of mixed hematopoietic chimerism in the pig-to-primate model.

BACKGROUND: The induction of porcine hematopoietic cell chimerism in preconditioned baboons has been hampered by the development of thrombotic microangiopathy. As pigs that lack expression of Gal alpha 1,3 Gal (Gal) may become available in the near future, we have explored the effects of porcine hematopoietic cells that express low or no Gal (Gal(low/-)) on baboon platelet aggregation and on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) activation. METHODS: Porcine mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC; Gal(+)) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM; Gal(+) or Gal(low/-)) were investigated for their potential to (i) induce aggregation of baboon platelets, and (ii) to activate endothelial cells as measured by increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin on HUVEC. alpha-Galactosidase-treated PBPC were also investigated for their effect on platelet aggregation. RESULTS: Gal(+) PBPC and Gal(+) BM cells (10(7)) induced aggregation of baboon platelets by 42 and 31%, respectively, whereas Gal(low/-) BM cells did not induce any platelet aggregation. alpha-Galactosidase-treated PBPC induced less platelet aggregation than untreated PBPC. Gal(+) PBPC and Gal(+) BM cells (10(7)) increased expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin on HUVEC, whereas Gal(low/-) BM cells did not. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to Gal(+) PBPC or BM, Gal(low/-) BM cells do not induce aggregation of baboon platelets or activate HUVEC. The induction of tolerance through mixed hematopoietic cell chimerism may be facilitated when alpha-galactosyltransferase-knockout pigs become available.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Human T-cell leukemia virus: transformation in vitro of nonhuman primate T-lymphocytes and experimental inoculation of nonhuman primates.

T-lymphocytes from three species of New World monkeys were susceptible to transformation in vitro with human T-cell leukemia virus. Marmoset T-lymphocytes transformed in vitro with HVS or HVA, T-lymphotropic herpesviruses of New World monkeys, were also transformed with HTLV resulting in doubly transformed T-cells. This finding may provide a potential model for investigating the possible interaction between a herpesvirus and T-lymphotropic retroviruses in the clinical condition AIDS.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Thermal inactivation study of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in lenses of primates and non-primates.

Heat lability studies of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were conducted on rabbit, sheep, rat, human, galago, cat and rhesus monkey lens supernatants. These species represent five mammalian orders. Incubation periods were 10.0 minutes in duration, with temperatures ranging from 25-100 degrees C (depending on which enzyme was being investigated). Results obtained for glutathione peroxidase activity demonstrated nearly identical heat lability profiles for human and rhesus monkey lenses. Both species were extremely labile to heat, losing activity at 30 degrees C and becoming totally inactive at temperatures of 50 degrees C (rhesus monkey) and 55 degrees C (human). Their profiles were very dissimilar to those of the other five species investigated, providing evidence for the existence of an evolutionary break. Glutathione reductase activity was extremely stable under conditions of highly elevated temperature for all seven species investigated. The human lens enzyme, the most stable of the species, maintained nearly 100% of its original activity up to 65 degrees C. Lenticular glutathione reductase activity did not reach zero levels in any of the seven species until a temperature of at least 80 degrees C was attained.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Evolution of activity patterns and chromatic vision in primates: morphometrics, genetics and cladistics.

Hypotheses for the adaptive origin of primates have reconstructed nocturnality as the primitive activity pattern for the entire order based on functional/adaptive interpretations of the relative size and orientation of the orbits, body size and dietary reconstruction. Based on comparative data from extant taxa this reconstruction implies that basal primates were also solitary, faunivorous, and arboreal. Recently, primates have been hypothesized to be primitively diurnal, based in part on the distribution of color-sensitive photoreceptor opsin genes and active trichromatic color vision in several extant strepsirrhines, as well as anthropoid primates (Tan & Li, 1999 Nature402, 36; Li, 2000 Am. J. phys. Anthrop. Supple.30, 318). If diurnality is primitive for all primates then the functional and adaptive significance of aspects of strepsirrhine retinal morphology and other adaptations of the primate visual system such as high acuity stereopsis, have been misinterpreted for decades. This hypothesis also implies that nocturnality evolved numerous times in primates. However, the hypothesis that primates are primitively diurnal has not been analyzed in a phylogenetic context, nor have the activity patterns of several fossil primates been considered. This study investigated the evolution of activity patterns and trichromacy in primates using a new method for reconstructing activity patterns in fragmentary fossils and by reconstructing visual system character evolution at key ancestral nodes of primate higher taxa. Results support previous studies that reconstruct omomyiform primates as nocturnal. The larger body sizes of adapiform primates confound inferences regarding activity pattern evolution in this group. The hypothesis of diurnality and trichromacy as primitive for primates is not supported by the phylogenetic data. On the contrary, nocturnality and dichromatic vision are not only primitive for all primates, but also for extant strepsirrhines. Diurnality, and possibly X-linked polymorphic trichromacy, evolved at least in the stem lineage of Anthropoidea, or the stem lineage of all haplorhines.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Primates as pets in Mexico City: an assessment of the species involved, source of origin, and general aspects of treatment.

The large human populations in cities are an important source of demand for wildlife pets, including primates, and not much is known about the primate species involved in terms of their general origin, the length of time they are kept as pets, and some of the maintenance problems encountered with their use as pets. We report the results of a survey conducted in Mexico City among primate pet owners, which was aimed at providing some of the above information. We used an ethnographic approach, and pet owners were treated as informants to gain their trust so that we could enter their homes and learn about the life of their primate pets. We surveyed 179 owners of primate pets, which included 12 primate species. Of these, three were native species (Ateles geoffroyi, Alouatta pigra, and A. palliata). The rest were other neotropical primate species not native to Mexico, and some paleotropical species. Spider monkeys and two species of howler monkeys native to Mexico accounted for 67% and 15%, respectively, of the primate cases investigated. The most expensive primate pets were those imported from abroad, while the least expensive were the Mexican species. About 45% of the native primate pets were obtained by their owners in a large market in Mexico City, and the rest were obtained in southern Mexico. Although they can provide companionship for children and adults, primate pets are subject to a number of hazards, some of which put their lives at risk. The demand by city dwellers for primate pets, along with habitat destruction and fragmentation, exerts a significant pressure on wild populations in southern Mexico.

Accidents↗
PubMed2004

Use of primates in research: a global overview.

We assessed the use of nonhuman primates and nonhuman primate biological material in research by reviewing studies published in 2001 in peer-reviewed journals. The number and species of primates used, the origin of the animals, the type of study, the area of research of the investigation, and the location at which the research was performed were tabulated. Additionally, factors related to the animals that may have affected the outcome of the experiments were recorded. A total of 2,937 articles involving 4,411 studies that employed nonhuman primates or nonhuman primate biological material were identified and analyzed. More than 41,000 animals were represented in the studies published in 2001. In the 14% of studies for which re-use could be determined, 69% involved animals that had been used in previous experiments. Published studies most commonly used nonhuman primates or nonhuman primate biological material from the species Chlorocebus aethiops (19%), Macaca mulatta (18%), M. fascicularis (9%), and Papio spp. (6%). Of these studies, 54% were classified as in vitro studies, 14% as noninvasive, 30% as chronic, and 1% were considered acute. Nonhuman primates were primarily used in research areas in which they appear to be the most appropriate models for humans. The most common areas of research were microbiology (including HIV/AIDS (26%)), neuroscience (19%), and biochemistry/chemistry (12%). Most (84%) of the primate research published in 2001 was conducted in North America, Europe, and Japan. The animals and conditions under which they were housed and used were rarely described. Although it is estimated that nonhuman primates account for an extremely small fraction of all animals used in research, their special status makes it important to report the many husbandry and environmental factors that influence the research results generated. This analysis has identified that editors rarely require authors to provide comprehensive information concerning the subjects (e.g., their origin), treatment conditions, and experimental procedures utilized in the studies they publish. The present analysis addresses the use of primates for research, including the effects of a shortage of suitable nonhuman primate subjects in many research areas.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed2004

The Mio-Pliocene European primate fossil record: dynamics and habitat tracking.

We present here a study of European Neogene primate occurrences in the context of changing humidity. We studied the differences of primate localities versus non-primate localities by using the mammal communities and the ecomorphological data of the taxa present in the communities. The distribution of primates is influenced by humidity changes during the whole Neogene, and the results suggest that the primates track the changes in humidity through time. The exception to this is the Superfamily Cercopithecoidea which shows a wider range of choices in habitats. All primate localities seem to differ from non-primate localities in that the mammal community structure is more closed habitat oriented, while in non-primate localities the community structure changes towards open-habitat oriented in the late Neogene. The differences in primate and non-primate localities are stronger during the times of deep environmental change, when primates are found in their preferred habitats and non-primate localities have faunas better able to adapt to changing conditions.

Animals↗