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PubMed1997

[Territorial distribution of neural tube defects in Poland].

Neural tube defects (ntd) remain unresolved therapeutic problems, even for contemporary health services. Prophylactic measures are the best methods for limitation of the problem. In many countries, the number of children born with ntd has been reduced significantly, even in 4-5 folds. Authors found that the situation in Poland remains stable since last 20 years. Epidemiological evaluation of the ntd morbidity in Poland is very difficult. There is no National Register of Inherited Defects. Authors observed and analysed mortality and hospitalisation due to ntd in Poland, in early ninetees, and compared these data with information originated from Regional (Wielkopolska) Inherited Defects Register. It was found that ntd mortality and hospitalisation in Wielkopolska was similar to average in Poland. It has been estimated that the rate of children born with ntd in Poland, in 1995 was 2.68 per 1000 live and stillbriths (in 1972-1974 was 2.04). Especially high rates of ntd's have been found in north-eastern part of Country. Incidence of ntd's was higher in rural, than in urban population of the Country.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Prevalence of diagnosing extrinsic allergic alveolitis in Poland in the years 1990-1994].

Poland is the country, where almost 40% of population inhabit rural areas. So EAA may be an important health problem. The aim of the study was to assess incidence of EAA in different districts in Poland. We asked hospitals to send us lists of patients with diagnosis of EAA established in the period of 1990-1994. In some hospitals we collected information by ourselves. This way, we have got data concerning patients with EAA. The highest prevalence of EAA 1.5-7.0/100,000 population was observed in eastern and south-western regions of Poland. Eastern Poland is rural area with small not specialised farms and possible high exposure to EAA antigens. In south-western Poland (Silesia) keeping pigeons is a very popular hobby, which may explain high incidence of EAA.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Poland and in the world].

The paper describes the risk of tuberculosis infection and the incidence of the disease as measures of the epidemiological situation and presents data on the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in Poland and the world. It also describes the effectiveness of the national tuberculosis control programme in Poland. The annual risk of tuberculosis infection in Poland is estimated at 0.2% which is about 10 times higher than the lowest one in Europe (the Netherland), but there are countries in the world with the risk of 2.0% and higher. The incidence of tuberculosis in Poland (all forms) declined from 182.6/100,000 in 1965 to less than 40,0/100,000 in 1996, of which less than half were bacteriologically positive cases. The incidence of smear positive cases, the most infectious group, declined from 18.7/100,000 in 1980 to 9.7/100,000 in 1995. All cases of tuberculosis in Poland are treated with 4-drugs regimen in the intensive phase of treatment and 3-drugs in the continuation phase. The duration of treatment is 6-8 months and the cure rate is above 90%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Reconstruction of breast asymmetry in Poland's chest-wall deformity using microvascular free flaps.

Poland's syndrome comprises a spectrum of chest-wall deformities affecting, to various degrees, the rib cage, the chest-wall muscles, the neurovascular structures of the ipsilateral arm, and the overlying breast. This study details our experience with nine female Poland's syndrome patients who had chest-wall and breast asymmetry corrected by microvascular free-tissue transfer. Nine female patients with Poland's chest deformity underwent 12 microvascular free flaps between 1989 and 1994. Donor sites for free-tissue transfer included eight transverse rectus abdominis flaps, two superior gluteal flaps, one inferior gluteal flap, and one contralateral latissimus dorsi flap. Recipient vessels were branches of the subscapular vascular axis in all patients. Patients' ages ranged from 18 to 47 years at the time of reconstruction. Chest-wall and breast asymmetry varied from accompanying severe pectus and rib cage deformities to isolated breast involvement. Complications were limited to a superior gluteal flap loss due to anomalous subscapular venous drainage. This patient underwent a successful second superior gluteal flap reconstruction utilizing the cephalic venous outflow system. Chest-wall and breast symmetry was restored in all patients. This study demonstrates that microsurgical reconstruction of chest-wall and breast asymmetry in Poland's syndrome yields excellent results with a high degree of patient satisfaction. Careful intraoperative assessment of the recipient vessels prior to flap transfer is mandatory. Because Poland's chest-wall deformity may include anomalies of the vascular system, preoperative vascular assessment with duplex ultrasonography should be considered in all patients, and use of preoperative angiography or venography in selected patients also appears justified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents in north-east Poland in the period 1988-1999].

AIM: The studies performed in many European countries show the increasing tendency of the incidence of type 1 diabetes in different regions of our continent. The aim of study was the evaluation of incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents in north-east Poland in the period 1988-1999 and its analysis according to sex, age, place of residence and season of diabetes diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Diabetic outpatient clinic and II Department of Pediatrics at Medical Academy in Białystok take medical care of children and adolescents in north-east macroregion of Poland (administrative border from 1975) with 4% population of Poland. Retrospective study was performed in the period 1.01.1988-31.12.1999. All new cases of diabetes in 0-18 years old children and adolescents were registered. Incidence index of IDDM was expressed by ratio of new diabetes cases to 100 000 age-selected population. The number of population was taken from Demographic Yearbooks 1988-1999 of Central Statistical Office. RESULTS: During twelve-year observation of developmental age population living in north-east Poland diagnosis of diabetes type 1 was established in 421 persons: 221 boys (52.5%) and 200 girls (47.5%). Incidence index for the whole region was 7.33 (4.6-10.1). The analysis of the patient age at the diagnosis revealed rarer occurrence of diabetes in children under 5 years - 53 persons (12.5%). The type 1 diabetes was more often recognized in pubertal period - 188 persons (44.65%). The highest increase in incidence of diabetes was noted in 5-14 years old persons and it reached 17/100,000 in 1999. The analysis of the place of residence showed the increase of diabetes incidence of only in country regions. It was the same in towns. The diabetes manifested itself more often in autumn and winter than in summer period. CONCLUSION: 1) The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in north-east Poland rised significantly from 4.6 in 1988 to 10.1 in 1999. The identification of the etiological factors and prevention of disease may be necessary. 2) The seasonal incidence of type 1 diabetes confirms the real participation of environmental factors in etiopathogenesis of the disease.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1977

[Embryology and etiology of the Poland and Amazone syndromes].

In 1841 A. POLAND described a rare complex of malformations in the male, characterized a unilateral pectoral muscle defect combined with ipsilateral symbrachydaktyly. If in the female a POLAND Syndrome is associated with ipsilateral hypo- or aplasia of the breast as a leading feature, we propose to name this entity "Amazone Syndrome". Altogether 5 POLAND Syndromes and 40 "Amazone Syndromes" were seen in our department. For the latter a morphological grading into four groups was performed for clinical purposes. The malformation complex of the poland syndrome develops between the 2nd and 5th week of gestation as a result of damage to an upper extremity bud. It is from this extremity-"Anlage" that the muscles of the shoulder girdle and the lateral thoracic wall (with common innervation by the brachial plexus) arise. In early embryonal life the lacteal ridge lies in close proximity to the exrremity bud. The "Amazone Syndrome" can be explained by simultaneous damage to an extremity bud and the lacteal ridge. Its aetiology is not clear. Lack of embryonal material, heredity, and teratogenic damage by medication are discussed. In our patients there was a strong suspicion of unwanted pregnancies with failed induced interruptions. On the other hand some siblings had various other congenital deformities. In conclusion we may state that any inhibition of the normal growth of the upper extremity bud may lead to the POLAND Syndrome, while a simultaneous damage to the extremity bud and the close-by lacteal mound may result in the "Amazone Syndrome.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1997

Poland sequence with dextrocardia: which comes first?

We report on two cases of Poland sequence (defect of the pectoralis major and hand on the same side) with dextrocardia, and review the literature on such patients. In all 16 reported cases, the Poland defect was on the left side, and associated with a rib defect, whereas most cases of Poland sequence involve the right side, and few have a rib defect. The dextrocardia appeared to be a dextroposition, and was not associated with other cardiac defects, whereas isolated dextrocardias (without situs inversus) frequently are. These observations suggest that the dextrocardia associated with Poland sequence is usually secondary to it.

Dextrocardia↗
PubMed1993

Cigarette smoking, alcohol, tea and coffee consumption and pancreas cancer risk: a case-control study from Opole, Poland.

A population-based, case-control study of pancreas cancer was undertaken in Opole, Poland, within the framework of the SEARCH Programme of the International Agency for Research on Cancer: this is the first aetiological study of pancreas cancer reported from Poland where the reported mortality rate has doubled since 1963. This study of pancreas cancer has provided some further supporting evidence of an association between increased pancreas risk with increasing levels of cigarette smoking. The risk rose with increasing lifetime cigarette consumption with a trend which was weakly significant (p = 0.061). Findings regarding lifetime tea and coffee consumption were not consistent with intake of either beverage increasing the risk of this disease. There was a strongly significant trend of decreasing risk with increasing lifetime consumption of tea (p < 0.001), which was also apparent when the analysis was restricted to subjects who were interviewed directly. For coffee consumption, which is low in Poland, there was also a negative association apparent in the data which was not statistically significant among the sub-set of subjects who were directly interviewed. The findings regarding alcoholic beverages were overall null, although the weakly positive trend in risk with spirits consumption (p = 0.71) may deserve further investigation in view of the special nature of the source of spirits (vodka) in Poland.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Marketing authorization of veterinary medicinal products in Poland.

Opening of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) in London (February 1, 1995) has begun harmonization of international requirements in veterinary drug legislation in the European Union (EU). The main objective of this paper is to introduce the principal rules of veterinary drug registration in Poland, a candidate to membership in the EU. In Poland the basic guideline governing quality, production, marketing, and inspection of medicinal products is "The Pharmaceutical Products, Medical Materials, Pharmacies, Wholesaler Outlets, and Pharmacy Inspection Act, dated October 10, 1991." The detailed rules are given in directives of the Minister of Health or the Minister of Agriculture in case of veterinary medicinal products. Since 1993 licensing of drugs in Poland has become a universal procedure for both human and veterinary products. The common Committee of Drug and Medical Materials Registration, which is under control of the Minister of Health and Social Welfare, ensures that the quality, safety (e.g., maximum residue limits and current FAO/WHO and EEC regulations for products used in food-producing animals are accepted), and efficacy are the criteria for the registration process. During 1994-1996 almost 300 veterinary products (more than 200 from the EU) received marketing authorizations in Poland. All these products were evaluated and registered on a similar basis to those in the European Union.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Poland's syndrome and head-and-neck tumour: an unusual association causing a reconstruction dilemma.

Poland's syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by unilateral chest wall hypoplasia and ipsilateral hand abnormalities. The literature data suggest its sporadic nature. The prevailing theory concerning its cause is hypoplasia of the subclavian artery or its branches, which may lead to a range of developmental changes. Relationships have been demonstrated between tumours and Poland's syndrome and also between tumours and other developmental defects. The explanation may lie in abnormal homeobox and tumour suppressor genes. This paper presents the first literature report of a malignant tonsillo-lingual tumour with metastatic neck involvement in a patient with partial Poland's sequence. In consequence of the aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle, an alternative (a free radical forearm flap) to the routine head-and-neck reconstruction (pedicled pectoralis major flap) was necessitated following tumour excision and radical neck dissection. This case report surveys the diagnostic and therapeutic considerations when previously unnoticed Poland's syndrome is diagnosed in a patient with head-and-neck cancer. One year following major head-and-neck surgery, our patient is tumour-free.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2005

Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis.

To test for human population substructure and to investigate human population history we have analysed Y-chromosome diversity using seven microsatellites (Y-STRs) and ten binary markers (Y-SNPs) in samples from eight regionally distributed populations from Poland (n = 913) and 11 from Germany (n = 1,215). Based on data from both Y-chromosome marker systems, which we found to be highly correlated (r = 0.96), and using spatial analysis of the molecular variance (SAMOVA), we revealed statistically significant support for two groups of populations: (1) all Polish populations and (2) all German populations. By means of analysis of the molecular variance (AMOVA) we observed a large and statistically significant proportion of 14% (for Y-SNPs) and 15% (for Y-STRs) of the respective total genetic variation being explained between both countries. The same population differentiation was detected using Monmonier's algorithm, with a resulting genetic border between Poland and Germany that closely resembles the course of the political border between both countries. The observed genetic differentiation was mainly, but not exclusively, due to the frequency distribution of two Y-SNP haplogroups and their associated Y-STR haplotypes: R1a1*, most frequent in Poland, and R1*(xR1a1), most frequent in Germany. We suggest here that the pronounced population differentiation between the two geographically neighbouring countries, Poland and Germany, is the consequence of very recent events in human population history, namely the forced human resettlement of many millions of Germans and Poles during and, especially, shortly after World War II. In addition, our findings have consequences for the forensic application of Y-chromosome markers, strongly supporting the implementation of population substructure into forensic Y chromosome databases, and also for genetic association studies.

Chromosomes, Human, Y↗
PubMed1994

Myoelectric prostheses in the management of Poland's syndrome. A report of 2 cases.

Two cases of Poland's syndrome are reported in whom myoelectric prostheses have been used. The rare congenital sporadic disorder of Poland's syndrome characterized by absence of pectoralis major and varying degrees of ipsilateral upper limb deficiency has been reported by various authors (Rasjad and Sutiaksa, 1991, Gausewitz et al, 1984; David, 1982; Ireland et al, 1976). Management of the upper limb deficiency depends on the degree of functional and cosmetic disability. We report two cases of Poland's syndrome where myoelectric prostheses have been successfully used. We have been unable to find any published report of the use of a myoelectric prosthesis in Poland's syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Mumps in Poland since 1990 to 2003; epidemiology and antibody prevalence.

The annual incidence of mumps in Poland over the period 1990-2003 was 45-570 per 100,000 population with the epidemic peak every 4-5 years. Till 2003, mumps vaccination has not been included in the part of National Immunisation Program in Poland that comprises the obligatory vaccinations. However, mumps vaccination was recommended by National Health Authority for children at the second year of life and it could be obtained privately. The proportion of vaccinated children has increased by 50% in last years. It has influenced on decreasing of number of notified mumps cases in Poland, on lengthening of inter-epidemic period as well as on drift of infections towards older groups of children. The results of serological survey carried out on 1390 serum samples have indicated, that the proportion of positive serum samples (>11 VE/ml) was only 24.1% for children aged 1-4 years, 45.4% for children aged 5-9 years, 72.5% for age group 10-14 years, and over 85% for persons aged 15-30 years. Epidemiological data and the high proportion of individuals with negative titres of specific mumps IgG antibodies justify the need of introduction of obligatory mass immunisation against mumps in Poland.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HCV infection in Poland.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. In 1997, hepatitis C became a statutorily noticeable disease in Poland. Nevertheless, to date, only a few notable studies on the prevalence of HCV infection have been carried out in Poland. Therefore, a study to determine the prevalence of HCV infection markers in an unselected population of Polish subjects was performed. METHODS: After several advertisements (in the print media and on television, radio, and other public media) concerning free testing for all volunteers in a hospital laboratory, serum samples of 2,561 subjects (765 men and 1,796 women), with a mean age of 43 years (range 1-88 years), were collected and assessed. In the samples, we first tested for the presence of IgG anti-HCV antibodies using the third generation enzyme immunoassay Anti-HCV EIA Cobas(R) Core Test (Hoffmann La Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The determination of HCV-RNA was then performed on anti-HCV IgG-positive samples by qualitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by automatic Cobas Amplicor (Roche Molecular Systems Hepatitis C Virus Test 2.0, Roche Molecular Systems, Nutley, NJ, USA). RESULTS: The presence of anti-HCV IgG was detected in a total of 48 cases (1.9%). Prevalence was significantly higher in men (2.3%) than in women (1.7%) (p = 0.0057), but was not significantly related to the subject's age (p = 0.51) or domicile (p = 0.35). The presence of HCV-RNA was detected in 31 (65%) anti-HCV-positive cases tested, with no significant relationship to either the age (p = 0.15), domicile (p = 0.24), or gender (p = 0.79) of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study on the prevalence of HCV infection in the general population in Poland. The study has several limitations, such as, the use of a nonrandomized population. Nevertheless, the results obtained may be more realistic and applicable to the general population in Poland than those obtained previously (i.e., in voluntary blood donors).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Women's health status in Poland in the transition to a market economy.

Since 1989 Poland has been experiencing large-scale social and economic changes as a result of the reforms associated with the transition to a market economy. This study uses a 1996 Health Survey of over 20,000 women to examine the impact of the new socio-economic situation and of women's multiple roles on their health at the early stage of transition. We investigated the importance of selected economic, socio-demographic and cultural determinants in explaining differences in women's health status in Poland, focusing on education level, (un)employment, living conditions, marital status, smoking and life style. There are health inequalities between men and women in Poland based on life expectancy, chronic diseases and health self-assessment. Some of these, especially the large differences between life expectancy at working ages, may be attributed to the difficult socio-economic situation. The multivariate analysis of women's self-assessed health and morbidity from selected chronic diseases indicated substantial inequalities in health. Together with the behavioural and cultural risk factors recognized by medicine, such as obesity, lack of physical exercise and smoking, the paper shows the crucial role of economic factors in influencing Polish women's health. Women whose financial position is poor are more likely to assess their health as less than good, to suffer from respiratory and circulatory systems' diseases and report neurotic problems. Other factors, strongly connected with the transition process in Poland, which contribute to health problems are lack of employment and low educational level, particularly for younger women. Women's marital and parental status are also important predictors of some categories of health problems; however, their influence varies for women of different ages. Our survey also supports the thesis that loneliness in old age, defined on the basis of living in a one-person household, may be negatively correlated with health status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Poland and U.S. collaborative study on cardiovascular epidemiology hypertension in the community: prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the Pol-MONICA Project and the U.S. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

PURPOSE: The objectives of this manuscript are to assess differences in blood pressure levels and in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control for selected rural and urban areas in the U.S. and Poland, where ischemic heart disease mortality trends are different. METHODS: Included are white persons aged 45-64 selected in Minneapolis, MN suburbs [urban] and Washington County, MD [semi-rural] from the U.S. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) surveyed in 1987-89, and in Warsaw [urban] and Tarnobrzeg Province [semi-rural] from Poland's Pol-MONICA Project surveyed in 1987-88. Sample sizes were: U.S.--3,696 men, 3,801 women; Poland--875 men, 960 women. RESULTS: Mean blood pressures were > 15% higher for Polish samples than for the U.S. (p < 0.01). In multivariable analysis, hypertension was significantly positively related to age and body mass index (BMI) in both U.S. and Polish samples (except age in Polish men), and to heart rate in Polish samples and U.S. rural women. Smoking was significantly negatively related to hypertension in urban Polish and rural U.S. men. Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control were better in U.S. than in Polish samples. In the U.S. > 80% of subjects with hypertension (systolic blood pressure (SBP) > or = 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > or = 95 mmHg or on treatment) were controlled whereas in Polish samples < or = 17% of hypertensive men and 16% of hypertensive women were controlled. When SBP > or = 140 mmHg or DBP > or = 90 mmHg or on treatment defined hypertension, control was about 55% in U.S. samples and about 2% in Polish samples. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension prevalence is higher and blood pressure levels are less well controlled in Polish than in U.S. samples. These striking differences can be expected to contribute to opposing trends in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in the two countries. Hypertension control programs in the U.S. are almost certainly responsible for much of the observed differences. There is a clear need for similar programs in Poland.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of asthma with aspirin hypersensitivity in the adult population of Poland.

BACKGROUND: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and other nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are reported to account for 21-25% of all adverse drug reactions. Some asthmatics may react to ASA and other NSAIDs with acute bronchoconstriction, profuse rhinorrhea and skin flushing. This is a distinct clinical syndrome called aspirin-induced asthma (AIA). The prevalence of AIA among asthmatic patients in Poland has not been previously assessed. METHODS: A questionnaire survey of 12,970 adults of both sexes, randomly selected from the population of Poland. RESULTS: The prevalence of AIA in the general population of Poland was estimated as 0.6%. Thirty patients (4.3%; 95% CI: 2.8-5.8) of 703 asthmatics (5.4% of general population) reported symptoms attesting to hypersensitivity to aspirin. In 27% of them the reactions were precipitated by aspirin, whereas in the remaining subjects by other NSAIDs. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AIA in Poland is 4.3%, being somewhat lower than in Finland and Australia, where it was recently reported to account for 8.8 and 10.9% of the adult asthmatics, respectively. These figures indicate that aspirin hypersensitivity might be a significant community problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

Cancer of the upper alimentary tract and larynx in Poland and in Polish-born Americans.

Mortality for cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx, oesophagus and larynx in Poland in 1959-72 was analysed and compared with cancer incidence registered in the selected regions of Poland, with cancer mortality and incidence in other countries, and with mortality among Polish-born migrants to the U.S.A.The patterns of occurrence of these cancers in Poland appear to be similar to those of other European and American countries, except perhaps for the rather high and still increasing incidence of laryngeal cancer. Among male Polish migrants, however, mortality for these cancers was distinctly higher than either in Poland or among native Americans. This contrast, largest for oesophageal and laryngeal cancer, decreased between 1950 and 1959-61, but only for those aged below 65. Similarity of these shifts with those observed for lung cancer is stressed and explanations are looked for. Factors associated with the studied cancers and outlines for the further studies are discussed briefly.

Adult↗