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PubMed1990

Chemical distribution in high-solids paint overspray aerosols.

The chemical composition of high-solids basecoat paint overspray aerosols was determined as a function of particle size. Detailed information on the chemical composition of the overspray aerosols is important in health hazard evaluation since the composition and distribution within the airborne particles may differ significantly from the bulk paint material. This study was conducted in a typical down-draft paint booth equipped with air-atomized spray painting equipment. A fixed paint target was used to simulate typical overspray generation conditions and the aerosols were collected isokinetically with a seven-stage cascade impactor for size-fractionated analysis. The overspray aerosol from six paints consisted of organic paint binders with varying amounts of inorganic species as pigments or luster enhancers. These overspray aerosols had mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) ranging from 2.9 to 9.7 microns. The size-fractionated paint samples collected on the impaction stages were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry on a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDXRS) to identify the metallic elements. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the mass distribution of aluminum and iron as indicators of nonuniform distribution. Three of the aerosols containing aluminum were found to have bimodal distributions with most aluminum distributions having cumulative MMADs larger than the total aerosol. Iron in the aerosols was bimodal for three of the paints with all samples having an overall iron MMAD less than or equal to the overspray aerosol MMAD. Analysis using ultraviolet spectrometry revealed that the organic compounds present in the size-fractionated particulate samples consisted of a single, polydispersed mode with an MMAD similar to that of the total overspray aerosol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aerosols↗
PubMed2004

Studying digital imagery of ancient paintings by mixtures of stochastic models.

This paper addresses learning-based characterization of fine art painting styles. The research has the potential to provide a powerful tool to art historians for studying connections among artists or periods in the history of art. Depending on specific applications, paintings can be categorized in different ways. In this paper, we focus on comparing the painting styles of artists. To profile the style of an artist, a mixture of stochastic models is estimated using training images. The two-dimensional (2-D) multiresolution hidden Markov model (MHMM) is used in the experiment. These models form an artist's distinct digital signature. For certain types of paintings, only strokes provide reliable information to distinguish artists. Chinese ink paintings are a prime example of the above phenomenon; they do not have colors or even tones. The 2-D MHMM analyzes relatively large regions in an image, which in turn makes it more likely to capture properties of the painting strokes. The mixtures of 2-D MHMMs established for artists can be further used to classify paintings and compare paintings or artists. We implemented and tested the system using high-resolution digital photographs of some of China's most renowned artists. Experiments have demonstrated good potential of our approach in automatic analysis of paintings. Our work can be applied to other domains.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1999

Volatile organic compound emissions from latex paint--Part 1. Chamber experiments and source model development.

Latex paints are widely used in residential and commercial indoor environments. The surface areas covered by the paints in these environments are relatively large. Thus, latex paints have the potential for having a major impact on indoor air quality (IAQ). A study was undertaken to develop methods for evaluating the impact of latex paint emission on IAQ. Small chamber experiments using stainless steel and painted and unpainted gypsum board substrates were conducted to determine the emission characteristics of latex paint. The emissions from the stainless steel were relatively short lived (3 to 4 days), whereas the emissions from gypsum board lasted for over 200 days. Because gypsum board is a common substrate for latex paint, all emission models were developed for the gypsum board substrates. The data from the small chamber tests led to the development of two empirical and two mass-transfer-based source emission models. Approximately 100 to 200 days of data were required to estimate the parameters required for the empirical models. Only 8 days of data were required to estimate the parameters for the mass-transfer-based models. The final models use paint formulation and mass transfer correlations to predict the emissions of the major individual volatile organic compounds emitted by latex paint.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2006

Managing the blue man: multiple traumas involving a paint-carrying truck.

INTRODUCTION: This report describes the difficulty in evaluating a patient with multiple traumas because he was covered with paint poured from a truck in a car accident. Cleansing with paint thinner and isotonic saline solution was necessary. CASE REPORT: A 29-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency department following the collision of his car with a paint-carrying truck. His head, face, neck and hands were covered with a cyan-blue oil paint, and bloody "paint mud" covered all frontal and occipital areas of the scalp. Abdominal guarding was identified. A rapid cleansing with normal saline solution (0.9% NaCl) was attempted in order to expose the lesions of the patient, but it had no effect on the drying paint. The patient's scalp, face and neck were cleaned with paint thinner (60% toluene). The patient was then diagnosed as having a maxillofacial fracture and underwent surgery for open reduction and rigid fixation by plastic and reconstructive surgeons. Thinner was not used for the eyes for fear of further chemical injury. Normal saline removed corneal and conjunctival paint remnants but proved ineffective for cleansing of the eyelids and eyelashes. CONCLUSION: Removal of the paint from the skin and the eyes was a prerequisite for the evaluation of the underlying structures. It is difficult to find a cleansing material that can be used effectively and safely in different parts of the body.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1997

An evaluation of the respiratory health status of automotive spray-painters exposed to paints containing hexamethylene di-isocyanates in the greater Durban area.

OBJECTIVE: A survey of automotive spray-painting establishments was undertaken to evaluate the respiratory health status of spray-painters exposed to paints containing hexamethylene di-isocyanates (HDIs). DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING: Spray-painting establishments in the Durban municipal area. PARTICIPANTS: Spray-painters from a random sample of 40 (25%) of the registered spray-painting establishments were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Responses to an Interviewer-administered standardised respiratory health questionnaire and a cross-shift spirometric lung function test were obtained for each spray-painter, questionnaires assessing the firm's compliance with the spray-painting safety requirements were also obtained. RESULTS: The mean cross-shift decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 130.5 ml (SD 203.19) (P = 0.0002). The lung function data indicated that of the 40 spray-painters examined, 10 (25%) showed clinically significant cross-shift decreases in FEV1, viz, decreases > 250 ml. Only 2 subjects had a diagnosis of asthma. Chronic respiratory symptoms of cough, wheeze and wheeze with breathlessness were similar to those noted in community-based studies. A high proportion had eye irritation (55%) and dermatitis of the hand (32%). The potential determinants of FEV1 were examined in a multiple linear regression analysis and only the isocyanate concentration levels approached statistical significance (P = 0.082), suggesting that other factors such as duration of exposure, spray-paint 'bounce-back' phenomenon, and 'healthy worker' effect may be more important. ('Bounce back' refers to the phenomenon whereby some of the mist from the spray-gun, after striking the surface being painted, is deflected back into the operator's breathing zone in the form of fine droplets or aerosols.) Forty per cent of the 40 spray booths had ventilation standards substantially below that specified in current South African legislation. Only 21 (55%) spray-painters were provided with the regulation respiratory protective equipment, and in the cases where it was provided, 7 (33%) of these spray-painters used the positive pressure air-line respiratory recommended by the leading manufacturers of isocyanate-based paints. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study confirm the risk of exposure to HDIs in the spray-painting industry and highlight the need for more stringent industrial hygiene controls.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Discrimination of 1990s original automotive paint systems: a collaborative study of black nonmetallic base coat/clear coat finishes using infrared spectroscopy.

The 1990s saw the introduction of significantly new types of paint binder chemistries into the automotive finish coat market. Considering the pronounced changes in the binders that can now be found in automotive paints and their potential use in a wide variety of finishes worldwide, the Paint Subgroup of the Scientific Working Group for Materials (SWGMAT) initiated a validation study to investigate the ability of commonly accepted methods of forensic paint examination to differentiate between these newer types of paints. Nine automotive paint systems typical of original equipment applications were acquired from General Motors Corporation in 1992. They consisted of steel panels coated with typical electrocoat primers and/or primer surfacers followed by a black nonmetallic base coat and clear coat. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the discrimination power of common forensic techniques when applied to the newer generation original automotive finishes. The second purpose was to evaluate interlaboratory reproducibility of automotive paint spectra collected on a variety of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers and accessories normally used for forensic paint examinations. The results demonstrate that infrared spectroscopy is an effective tool for discriminating between the major automotive paint manufacturers' formulation types which are currently used in original finishes. Furthermore, and equally important, the results illustrate that the mid-infrared spectra of these finishes are generally quite reproducible even when comparing data from different laboratories, commercial FT-IR instruments, and accessories in a "real world," mostly uncontrolled, environment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Controlled enzymatic removal of damaging casein layers on medieval wall paintings.

A new, gentle enzymatic method was developed for a controlled removal of casein layers from medieval wall paintings. These casein layers were applied over the last 60 years on wall paintings in order to decrease substantial damage due to a peeling off of the frescoes from the roughcast surface due to environmental effects. However, due to the aging of the casein layers (at 40-50 years), a more drastic peeling occurred and the danger of total destruction of the wall paintings is severe. Thus, screening was performed to find the most suitable enzyme for casein digestion. Alcalase 2.5 DX L was the most appropriate enzyme for an effective proteolysis reaction. The enzyme was immobilized on functionalized cellulose membrane. A membrane pad system with immobilized enzymes was developed which could be pressed on the casein layers on the wall painting. A controlled removal of the casein layers by proteolytic digestion was observed and it was possible to continuously wash off the hydrolyzed casein fragments from the wall painting surface by an aqueous carbonate buffer flowing through the membrane pad. The removal and the digestion was monitored by reverse HPLC. Additionally, an on-line monitoring system was set up in order to continuously follow the casein layer removal and the digestion procedure directly on the wall painting. This technique is based on noninvasive 2D-fluorescence monitoring. Optical fiber systems were used to continuously monitor the fluorescence intensity of casein-bound tryptophan. The off-line data were verified with the on-line 2D-fluorescence data. Based on the scientific result an appropriate technique for the controlled enzymatic removal of damaging casein layers on the surface of medieval wall paintings using immobilized enzyme is now available. It is now applied to remove such casein layers from medieval wall paintings in the Allerheiligen-Kapelle Cloister, Wienhausen, Germany, and the St. Alexander Kirche, Wildeshausen, Germany.

Caseins↗
PubMed1984

Comparative carcinogenic and mutagenic activity of coal tar and petroleum asphalt paints used in potable water supply systems.

Coal tar and petroleum asphalt paints are among the products used as coatings for water pipes and storage tanks to retard corrosion. Formulations of these coatings were tested in the Ames mutagenesis and the mouse skin carcinogenesis bioassays. To test the mutagenicity of the paints, six doses ranging from 0.005 to 10 microliters per plate were assayed. In the mouse skin bioassay, doses of the coal tar paints ranging from 0.2 to 200 microliters were administered topically to 30 SENCAR mice per group. These initiating doses were followed by applications of 1.0 micrograms of 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in 0.2 ml acetone topically, three times weekly for 20 weeks. Petroleum asphalt paints were tested in groups of 40 animals at 200 and 600 microliters doses. All coal tar paints showed mutagenic activity after metabolic activation with S-9, with the highest response being in strains TA 98 and TA 100. None of the petroleum asphalt paints gave mutagenic responses. Both types of coatings resulted in positive responses in the initiation/promotion study. The coal tar paints gave rise to 1000-1800 times the tumor response observed with petroleum asphalt products. One coal tar product was positive when tested as a complete carcinogen in the mouse at 2 microliters per application once weekly for 30 weeks, whereas the asphalt paint was negative at 100 times the dose. The biological responses to the products were greater than expected from their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. These findings suggest that the hazard posed by these coatings may not be fully explained by their PAH contents.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Chromosome painting in plants: history and future perspectives.

Chromosome painting was developed in mammalian species nearly four decades ago and rapidly became a powerful tool for chromosome identification, comparative cytogenetics, and evolutionary genome analysis. Comparative chromosome painting among diverse mammals generated much of the foundational knowledge of chromosome structure, chromosomal rearrangements, and karyotype evolution before the advent of whole-genome sequencing. Although chromosome painting was first demonstrated in plants in 2001, its applications remained largely restricted to a few plant lineages until the development of oligonucleotide (oligo)-based chromosome painting in 2015. During the last decade, oligo-based chromosome painting has transformed plant cytogenetics, enabling many investigations that were previously impossible. These studies have provided new insights into meiotic chromosome pairing, crossover formation, chromosome fusion, karyotype stability, and chromosome evolution across diverse plant lineages. This review summarizes the history of technological development of chromosome painting in plants, highlights major discoveries enabled by oligo-based chromosome painting, and discusses future opportunities, particularly the integration of chromosome painting with three-dimensional chromosome and genome biology.

Chromosome Painting↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy and toxicity of self-polishing biocide-free antifouling paints.

The ban on harmful substances in antifouling paints requires the development of new antifouling strategies. Alternatives should be as effective as conventional paints but of lower toxicity. In the present study two commercially available, self-polishing antifouling paints were examined in order to get information on their antifouling properties and toxicological potential. Efficacy was shown in settlement assays with the marine barnacle species Balanus amphitrite, however, efficacy was related to toxic effects observed on target and non-target organisms. Toxicity of the paint extracts was concentration-dependent and differed according to the paint and the species investigated. Toxicity could at least partially be attributed to zinc leached from the paints. Effects of a water-soluble paint were more pronounced in larvae of B. amphitrite, Artemia salina and in the green algae Dunaliella tertiolecta. Embryos of the freshwater species Danio rerio and Vibrio fisheri were more affected by a paint based on organic solvents.

Aliivibrio fischeri↗
PubMed2004

New biocide-free anti-fouling paints are toxic.

A number of new anti-fouling paints claimed to be more friendly to the environment, have entered the market since prohibition of biocide containing paints have been enforced in many areas. Leakage waters from five new anti-fouling paints were tested for toxic effects to the macro algae Ceramium tenuicorne and Ceramium strictum and to the crustacean Nitocra spinipes. A banned copper and irgarol 1051 containing anti-fouling paint was used as reference. Five of the six paints tested were toxic to all or some of the organisms after two weeks of leakage with EC50 ranging from 0.08 to around 2% leakage water and LC50 ranging from 1.1% to 88%. The toxicity of leakage water from these paints was still high after 16 weeks. We conclude that these paints contain substances toxic to common organisms in the coastal Baltic ecosystem. A silicone based paint did not exhibit toxic effects to the two organisms. We recommend that biological tests should be used to identify the most harmful products before they are released on the market.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Exposure assessment of organic solvents for aircraft paint stripping and spraying workers.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the personal or area exposure of organic solvents during paint stripping and paint spraying. Three aircraft paint stripping/spraying workplaces in Taiwan were selected, and the Council of Labor Affairs and NIOSH recommended sampling/analytical methods used in this study. Activated charcoal tubes were used to investigate the personal and area exposure concentration of organic solvents in paint stripping and paint spraying operations. During aircraft paint stripping, experiment results show that methylene chloride personal exposure concentration at the ground area, 42.01+/-31.86 ppm, is higher than that at the working platform 4 M high above the ground, 20.41+/-11.43 ppm. Exposure concentration of methylene chloride in the initial paint stripping operation stage of every workplace is over the PEL (50 ppm) set by the Taiwan Council of Labor Affairs. Corrective actions are needed. During paint spraying, concentrations of all organic solvents were found to be below the PEL of OSHA.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychophysical estimation of the best illumination for appreciation of Renaissance paintings.

A variety of light sources are used in museum environments where the main concern is to prevent damaging effects of the light on paintings. Yet, the visual impression of an artistic painting is strongly influenced by the intensity and spectral profile of the illumination. The aim of this work was to determine psychophysically the spectral profile of the illumination preferred by observers when seeing paintings dated from the Renaissance époque and to investigate how their preferences correlate with the color temperature of the illumination and with the chromatic diversity of the paintings. Hyperspectral images of five oil paintings on wood were collected at the museum and the appearance of the paintings under five representative illuminants computed. Chromatic diversity was estimated by computing the representation of the paintings in the CIELAB color space and by counting the number of nonempty unit cubes occupied by the corresponding color volume. A paired-comparison experiment using precise cathode ray tube (CRT) reproductions of the paintings rendered with several illuminant pairs with different color temperatures was carried out to determine observers' preference. The illuminant with higher color temperature was always preferred except for one pair where no clear preference was expressed. The preferred illuminant produced the larger chromatic diversity, and for the condition where no specific illuminant was preferred the number of colors produced by the illuminant pair was very similar, a result suggesting that preference could have been influenced by chromatic diversity.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Subcritical (hot/liquid) water dechlorination of PCBs (Aroclor 1254) with metal additives and in waste paint.

No disposal option exists for "mixed wastes" such as paint scrapings that are co-contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and radioactive metals. Either removal or destruction of the PCBs is required prior to disposal. Comparison of subcritical water dechlorination (350 degrees C, 1 h) of Aroclor 1254 in paint scrapings (180 ppm) and of standard Aroclor 1254 showed significantly enhanced dechlorination in the presence of paint. While no significant degradation was observed for standard Aroclor (no paint), the dechlorination of PCBs in paint was 99, 99, and 80% for the hepta-, hexa-, and pentachlorinated congeners, respectively, indicating that metals in the paint enhanced the dechlorination reactions. Adding metals to the standard Aroclor (no paint) reactions enhanced PCB dechlorination in subcritical water in descending order of activity: Pb approximately = Cu > Al > Zn > Fe. In the presence of both zerovalent and divalent lead and zerovalent copper in subcritical water (350 degrees C, 1 h), 99% of the Aroclor 1254 mixture (tetra- to heptachlorinated biphenyls) was dechlorinated. High dechlorination (ca. 95%) was also achieved with zerovalent aluminum. In contrast to other metals, lead retained its degradation ability at a lower temperature of 250 degrees C after 18 h. The high degradation efficiency achieved using metal additives in water at reasonable temperatures and pressures demonstrates the potential for subcritical water dechlorination of PCBs in paint scrapings and, potentially, in other solid and liquid wastes.

Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine)↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Indoor air exposure to volatile compounds emitted by paints: experiment and model.

To describe the evaporation of organic solvents from paints and the resulting indoor concentrations, a mathematical model and an indoor paint experiment are presented. The model describes painting in terms of an increasing area of paint during application and two compartments of paint once applied. Evaporation of organic solvents is driven by the vapor pressure of the organic solvent. The experiment revealed concentrations of n-alkanes in indoor air, during painting, and 3 days thereafter. To compare experimental results to model predictions, model parameters were measured at the start of the experiment. Diffusional exchange between paint compartments and fraction of paint applied to the upper compartment were set by expert judgment. Model predictions and experimental results were in agreement, although the timing of the concentration peak appeared difficult to predict.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2003

Estimation of polishing and leaching behaviour of antifouling paints using mathematical modelling: a literature review.

The development of chemically active antifouling paints has traditionally been based on an empirical approach. Optimisation and evaluation of novel and existing products are frequently conducted by means of, for example, systematic paint rotary tests in the laboratory or at sea sites. In this review, the usefulness of combining rotary experiments with the development of detailed mathematical models of paint behaviour will be discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Mathematical models can generally be used in the design of suitable release systems for various active components such as proteins or biocides, as well as for the estimation of release rates from different compositions of paints under various seawater conditions. Insoluble matrix, soluble matrix and self-polishing paints will be considered. Simulations from recent publications that show the effects of dynamic changes in seawater on paint behaviour will be presented. Examples of potential uses of paint models for accelerated polishing and leaching tests and screening of novel paint components will also be discussed. Directions of future modelling work are suggested.

Materials Testing↗
PubMed1999

An evaluation of the effectiveness of lead paint hazard reduction when conducted by homeowners and landlords.

This research project was conducted in collaboration with the Iowa Department of Public Health to evaluate whether property owners who follow recommended procedures for lead-based paint removal/repair can do the work safely and effectively. This study included 29 homes where a lead-based paint hazard had been identified and lead-based paint was removed or repaired (hazard reduction). Exposure evaluation included pre-project surface dust wipe sampling, air monitoring during lead-based paint removal, post-project surface dust wipe sampling, and pre- and post-project blood samples from adult study participants. The comparison of surface dust wipe samples taken before and after lead paint hazard reduction was used to evaluate the effectiveness of lead paint hazard reduction. The lead loadings on window sill surfaces in the work area were significantly lower after completion of the project (p = 0.04), and the lead-based paint removal did not contaminate the adjoining living area. The proportion of homes with surface dust lead loading exceeding Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) clearance standard was 73 percent pre-project and 38 percent post-project. Personal airborne exposures during lead removal activities (geometric mean = 59.3 micrograms/m3) reinforce the need for respiratory protection and good hygiene. There was no difference in adult pre-/post-blood levels, indicating that participants did remove lead in a safe manner with respect to their own exposures. The results indicate that hazard reduction can be done effectively when recommended procedures for the removal of lead-based paint are followed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Bactericidal activity of copper and noncopper paints.

OBJECTIVE: To screen copper and noncopper paints for their bactericidal effectiveness in rendering surfaces self-disinfecting. DESIGN: Tested paints were applied to glass coverslips, cured, inoculated with test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis), and dried. After 0, 24, or 48 hours, surviving organisms were eluted and enumerated, and counts compared with those obtained from inoculated control (unpainted) coverslips for the corresponding time periods. Copper elution from select copper paints was quantified by complete immersion of coated coverslips followed by spectroscopic analysis to infer a threshold relationship between kill and copper release. RESULTS: Nearly all of the tested copper paints were capable of reducing organism counts to negligible levels within 24 hours. Exterior latex paints supplemented with a fungicide were similarly efficacious. Standard interior latex paint reduced bacterial counts to nearly zero within 24 hours for E coli and P aeruginosa, and to zero within 48 hours for E faecalis. However, substantial survival of S aureus occurred (up to 4 logs at 24 hours). Chi-squared analysis of elution and cidal data indicated that lethality was dependent on copper release in excess of 32 micrograms. CONCLUSION: The data support presumptive bactericidal claims for several copper and noncopper paints. Despite controversy over environment-based contagion, such paints could be used to render surfaces self-disinfecting in strategic locations where environmental causation of nosocomial infections is suspected.

Chi-Square Distribution↗