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Results for “Observer Variation”

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PubMed1970

Observer variation in the clinical and radiological assessment of hepatosplenomegaly.

The size of the liver and spleen of 32 patients was assessed by four clinicians from a clinical examination and by four radiologists from a plain radiograph of the abdomen. The latter assessment was found to be subject to less variation than the former, particularly in regard to the liver. Large livers and spleens were more easily seen radiologically than small ones. Most of the variation among the radiologists arose because of the 6% and 24% of cases in which the liver and spleen, respectively, were poorly seen on the radiograph. It is concluded that a plain radiograph of the abdomen, including the diaphragm and with the costal margin indicated, is a useful adjunct to clinical examination.

Hepatomegaly↗
PubMed1974

Observer variation and quality control of cytodiagnosis.

The aim of quality control of a laboratory investigation is to ensure that similar results are obtained on the same material at different centres. To investigate its practicability in cytodiagnosis, the same cytological material was examined independently at six centres. Each centre supplied material from 20 cases, providing a total of 120 cases, ie, 100 cases excluding the donor centre's own material. The degree of agreement between the centres was studied using (a) the standard National Health Service cytology report terminology, (b) the centre's own terminology, and (c) the recommended recall time. The results revealed close agreement between five out of six centres in the reports obtained in relation to dysplasia and malignancy, namely, less than 3% false negative results and not more than 1.7% false positive results. The recommended recall time provided a similar order of agreement after discrepancies due to the management of inflammatory conditions had been eliminated. There was marked disagreement in the diagnosis of both presence and type of infection. The results indicate that improvement in the quality of cytological material would increase the consistency of cytodiagnosis. Cytodiagnosis itself, being an expression of opinion, does not appear to be an appropriate field for quality control.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1992

Stigma variations: observations on suppressor T cells and leprosy.

Few areas of immunology have been so controversial as that of suppressor T cells. Studies of T cell clones derived from patients with infectious diseases, including leprosy, and allergies have allowed the delineation of functional human T cell subsets. Both CD4 and CD8 cells can be discriminated into subsets that are differentiated by their functions and patterns of lymphokines. Type 1 CD4 cells reactive with lepromin and PPD produce IFN-gamma and IL-2 predominantly, while Type 2 CD4 clones, specific for tetanus toxoid, produce IL-4 and IL-5. Type 1 CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes produce predominantly IFN-gamma and IL-2. T suppressor clones derived from immunologically unresponsive lepromatous leprosy patients are antigen-specific, CD8 cells, HLA-DQ restricted, and produce predominantly IL-4, and were designated Type 2 CD8 cells. Several models for peripheral tolerance based on distinct functional T cell subsets are discussed. Previous models of T cell suppression in the mouse and the reciprocal relationship between humoral and cell-mediated immunity in general are reinterpreted in light of such T cell subset interactions.

Animals↗