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PubMed1980

Naturalistic observations of institutionalized retarded persons: a comparison of licensure decisions and behavioral observations.

In the last several years, various organizations have produced strikingly similar documents by which institutions for retarded persons are judged for licensure. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether residential units that were licensed differed from residential units that were not licensed in terms of the active programming behaviors of their staff and residents. Data were collected through a time-sampling procedure that yielded about 160,000 observations on eight staff and six resident behaviors. Results showed that the licensed units were just as derelict as unlicensed units in providing habilitative programming for their retarded residents. Maladaptive responding by residents occurred at least as much as task-related residents. Maladaptive responding by residents occurred at least as much as task-related behaviors: residents spent as much time self-stimulating as they did in programming; they also engaged in self-abusive behavior about as much time as they engaged in on-task responding. Results were discussed in terms of the failure of governmental regulations that are not based on observation to adequately assess habilitative programming.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[The effect of observational goals on observation of ongoing behavior of other].

The study investigated the effect of observational goals (i.e., impression formation and memory) on the process of observing ongoing behavior of others. Specifically, the amount of behavior extraction was studied. Forty-nine subjects were randomly assigned to impression and memory groups, and asked to watch a ten-minute video clip featuring a male actor in daily activities. The subjects in the impression group were instructed to press a button when they saw an impression-relevant action and to release it when it was over. Similarly, the subjects in the memory group were instructed to press the button when a memory-relevant action appeared and to release it when it came to an end. Results showed that the memory subjects extracted actions more frequently and in longer duration than the impression subjects. Furthermore, the memory subjects recalled more behaviors than the impression subjects, whereas the latter subjects used more personality-trait descriptions than the former.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Observations on the structural features and characteristics of biological apatite crystals. 2. Observation on the ultrastructure of human enamel crystals.

In a series of studies to investigate the structural features of biological crystals, using an electron microscope, we examined the ultrastructure of human enamel crystals at near atomic resolution through the cross and longitudinal sections of the crystals. The materials used for this study were the middle layer of the noncarious enamel from freshly extracted human erupted permanent molars. The small cubes of the enamel were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and embedded in epoxy resin using the routine methods. The ultrathin sections were cut with a diamond knife without decalcification. The sections were examined with HITACHI H-500 and H-700 types of transmission electron microscopes operated at 125-200 kV. Each crystal was observed at the initial magnification of 300,000 times and at the final magnification of 10,000,000 times and over. Using this approach, the authors have been able to show the configuration of the hydroxyapatite in the cross and longitudinal sections of the enamel crystals and observe the basic hexagonal pattern of the unit cell viewed down the c-axis. The authors sincerely believe that the electron micrograph shown in this report is the first atomic image to be obtained from a hydroxyapatite crystal from the human enamel, using the sections.

Dental Enamel↗
PubMed2005

Pervasive Observation Medicine: The Application of RFID to Improve Patient Safety in Observation Unit of Hospital Emergency Department.

Over the past decade, observation medicine has become an important component of emergency medicine. There are several settings in which observation medicine has been useful and valuable.(1) RFID as the patient identification, not only generates the on-line laboratory data and radiology report via hand-held wireless PDA, this RFID system help physician stream-line patient admission to acute bed or ICU in the emergency department more effectively.

Emergency Medicine↗
PubMed1991

[Deep mycoses observed in New Caledonia. Evaluation of observations from the laboratory of pathologic anatomy of the Pasteur Institute of New Caledonia 1975-1990].

All cases of deep mycotic diseases observed between 1975 and 1989 in the Laboratory of Anatomical Pathology at Nouméa's Pasteur Institute have been studied retrospectively together with all available data concerning this pathology both in New Caledonia and the Pacific area. During the period under review, two cases of histoplasmosis, 4 of actinomycosis, 3 sporotrichosis, 5 mycetoma and 5 chromoblastomycosis were recorded in New Caledonia. Clinical and histological data appear to be identical to those observed in other Pacific Islands. Diagnosis is most usually supported only by histological examination and, thus, for future studies it is vital that specific mycologic culture of all cases be carried out.

Actinomycosis↗
PubMed1985

[A study of the reliability and validity of the 'Observation Psychogeriatrics' behavior observation scale. An instrument for assessing residual ability and need for care of psychogeriatric patients].

In four Dutch nursing homes the reliability and validity of the behaviour observation scale 'Observation Psychogeriatrics' was investigated. This instrument was meant to assess the remaining capacity and need of care of psychogeriatric patients. It includes nine subscales: for ADL, mobility, specific daily activities, incontinence, time, place and person orientation, social contact, mood and disturbing behaviour, care by the inhabitant for others, care by relatives. The instrument is scored for 159 patients. All nine scales show high internal consistency. Interrater reliability is acceptable. No differences in this respect are found between the four nursing homes. Item reliability is sufficient in general. The scale is well capable of distinguishing psychogeriatric patients at different levels of impairment, especially in the less invalidated patients. The subscales that contribute to this classification, are the Orientation and Contact scale, as well as the scales for Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Observations on structural features and characteristics of biological apatite crystals. 8. Observation on fusion of human enamel crystals.

In a series of studies to investigate the basic structural features and characteristics of the biological apatite crystals, using a transmission electron microscope, we examined the ultrastructure of the human enamel, dentin, and bone crystals at near atomic resolution and showed the configuration of the hydroxyapatite structure through the cross and longitudinal sections of the crystals. Subsequently, based on the results of the observations by the authors of the ultrastructure of the tooth and bone, using the same approach, we have been able to directly examine the images of the lattice imperfections in the human tooth and bone crystals, such as the point defect structure, line defect, and face defect, in the crystals. In this report, we describe the images of the crystal fusion obtained by using the same approach from the sections of the human enamel crystals. The materials used for this study were the noncarious enamel from the freshly extracted human erupted lower first molars. The small cubes of the material were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and embedded in epoxy resin using the routine methods. The ultrathin sections were cut with a diamond knife without decalcification. The sections were examined with the HITACHI H-800 H and H-9000 type transmission electron microscopes operated at 200 kV and 300 kV. Each crystal was observed at an initial magnification of 300,000 times and at a final magnification of 10,000,000 times and over. We are, therefore, able to confirm that the fusion between the adjacent crystals can occur at some time during the life history of the human enamel. We sincerely believe that the electron micrographs shown in this report are the first to show the ultrastructures of the crystal fusion in the human enamel crystals at near atomic resolution.

Crystallography↗
PubMed1993

Observations of structural features and characteristics of biological apatite crystals. 3. Observation on ultrastructure of human dentin crystals.

In a series of studies to investigate the structural features of the biological crystals, using electron microscope, we examined the ultrastructure of the human dentin crystals at near atomic resolution through the cross and longitudinal sections of the crystals. The materials used for this study were the deep layer of the non-carious coronal dentin from freshly extracted human erupted permanent molars. The small cubes of the dentin were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and embedded in epoxy resin using the routine methods. The ultrathin sections were cut with a diamond knife without decalcification. The sections were examined with the HITACH H-700 type of transmission electron microscope operated at 200kV. Each crystal was observed at the initial magnification of 300,000 times and at the final magnification of 10,000,000 times and over. Using this approach, the authors have been able to show the configuration of the hydroxyapatite structure in the cross and longitudinal sections of the dentin crystals deposited within and between the collagen fibrils (intrafibrillar and interfibrillar crystal) in the intertubular dentin and observe the basic hexagonal pattern of the unit cell viewed down the c-axis. The authors sincerely believe that the electron micrograph shown in this report is the first atomic image to be obtained from a hydroxyapatite crystal from the human dentin, using the sections.

Apatites↗
PubMed1993

Observations on structural features and characteristics of biological apatite crystals. 6. Observation on lattice imperfection of human tooth and bone crystals. I.

In a series of studies to investigate the basic structural features and characteristics of the biological apatite crystals, using an electron microscope, we examined the ultrastructure of the human enamel, dentin, and bone crystals at near atomic resolution and showed the configuration of the hydroxyapatite structure through the cross and longitudinal sections of the crystals. Subsequently, based on the results of the observations by the authors of the ultrastructure of the tooth and bone, using the same approach, we have been able to directly examine the images of the lattice imperfections in the human enamel, dentin, and bone crystals, such as the point defect structures and dislocations in the crystals. In this report, we describe the image of the point defect structures and line defect structures obtained, using the same approach from the sections of the human enamel, dentin, and bone crystals. The materials used for this study were the noncarious enamel and dentin from the freshly extracted human erupted lower first molars, and bone tissue obtained from the alveolar compact bone. The small cubes of the material were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and embedded in epoxy resin using the routine methods. The ultrathin sections were cut with a diamond knife without decalcification. The sections were examined with the HITACHI H-800 H and H-9000 types of transmission electron microscopes operated at 200 kV and 300 kV. Each crystal was observed at the initial magnification of 300,000-500,000 times and at the final magnification of 10,000,000 times and over. We sincerely believe that the electron micrographs shown in this report are the first to show the images of the lattice imperfections in the human enamel, dentin, and bone crystals, such as the point defect and line defect structures, at near atomic resolution.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1996

Intra-observer and inter-observer variation in the histopathological assessment of chronic viral hepatitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The way in which liver biopsies showing chronic hepatitis are reported is undergoing re-evaluation. A related question is how the inflammatory and fibrotic changes in these liver biopsies can be semi-quantitatively assessed so that comparisons can be made between groups of patients and the effect of treatment on disease progression studied. METHODS: We have carried out a blinded trial in which 20 cases of chronic viral hepatitis were assessed by five histopathologists, using the Knodell and Scheuer scoring systems (two of the most commonly used systems), on two separate occasions. The results were analysed using Kappa statistics, and also by seeing for how many slides the pathologists showed no significant disagreement. RESULTS: While both systems produced good inter- and intra-observer variation when fibrosis was assessed the Scheuer system produced slightly higher Kappa values. The Scheuer system produced considerably better agreement when the severity of inflammation was examined. A multirater kappa analysis confirmed that both systems showed better agreement for fibrosis scores than for inflammation scores. CONCLUSION: We conclude that, while both systems produced reasonable agreement, this was greater using the Scheuer system. When any new scoring system is being developed, the question of reproducibility needs active consideration.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1992

Nerve terminal degeneration in the rat iris observed following chronic topical 2% epinephrine and 0.1% dipivalyl epinephrine: a quantitative comparison of electron microscopic observations and tissue norepinephrine levels.

This is the first report of nerve terminal degeneration within the iris following topical dipivalyl epinephrine 0.1% treatment. A quantitative comparison of the effects of topically applied epinephrine 2%, dipivalyl epinephrine 0.1%, and placebo vehicle on the nerve terminals within the iris of a rat was made using electron microscopy and a catecholamine radioenzyme assay. Thirty-nine rats were divided into these 3 treatment groups and treated for 10 weeks, after which they were killed and studied. Both the epinephrine 2%- and dipivalyl epinephrine 0.1%-treated groups showed greater nerve terminal degeneration compared with the placebo-treated group (P < 0.05). The epinephrine-treated group showed greater nerve terminal degeneration than the dipivalyl epinephrine-treated group. The clinical significance of these observations is unknown. It is impossible to decide whether these degenerative changes are related unavoidably to a desired therapeutic effect or to an undesirable, potentially avoidable, toxic side effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Postsurgical observations of mean hemispheric cerebral blood flow with patients receiving high-flow EC-IC bypass using a radial artery graft (preliminary report, one-year observation of 10 hemispheres).

BACKGROUND: When we encounter an inaccessible internal carotid artery lesion, we sacrifice the inaccessible internal carotid artery and, at the same time, establish a high-flow extracranial-to-intracranial arterial bypass (EC-IC bypass). Questions and concerns remain, however, about the dynamics of the patient's cerebral blood flow postoperatively. METHOD: Ten hemispheres from 9 patients had received radial artery grafting as an EC-IC bypass with the simultaneous obstruction of the internal carotid artery. Their mean hemispheric cerebral blood flow (mCBF) was measured longitudinally during 1 year after surgery by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and a 133Xenon-inhalation method. RESULTS: The serial mCBF values of the five hemispheres with giant aneurysm or paracavernous meningioma were attenuated during the postoperative 3-month period and then returned to the normal range. In only one case did the postoperative reduction of mCBF fail to return to normal; in addition there was a memory disturbance that had developed and progressed. Five hemispheres with the ICA stenosis did not present reduction in mCBF. In three out of five hemispheres, transient elevation of mCBF at 1 month after surgery was observed.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Biological changes observed on rice and biological and genetic changes observed on tobacco [correction of tabacco] after space flight in the orbital station Salyut-7 (Biobloc III experiment).

Caryopses and isolated embryos from Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Tobacco seeds (Nicotiana tabacum L. variety Xanthi) were studied in the Biobloc III container aboard the Soviet orbital space station SALYUT 7. The recovery from radiation damage under conditions of space flight was observed for rice caryopsis and embryos gamma irradiated (Co 60, 50 grays) prior to launch. There was a large decrease in the percentage of germinating seeds from the Tobacco strain tested when the seeds were exposed to heavy ions. Among the germinating plantlets there were few morphological anomalies. Furthermore, there was a significant greater amount of genetic change in those samples held in grids as compared to those in bags.

Cosmic Radiation↗
PubMed1989

An observational study of naturally acquired immunity to rotaviral diarrhea in a cohort of 363 Egyptian children. Calculation of risk for second episodes using age-specific person-years of observation.

A cohort of 363 rural children in Bilbeis, Egypt, were followed from birth from 1981 to 1983, with twice-weekly home visits made to detect diarrheal illness. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for detection of rotavirus in stools collected during episodes of diarrhea. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea was detected once in 74 children and twice in 12 children. Using a technique not previously described, the authors calculated the age-specific incidence rates for initial episodes and second episodes of rotavirus-associated diarrhea to estimate the effectiveness of naturally acquired immunity. Assuming that the risk of exposure was the same before and after the first episode, the observed and expected numbers of second episodes of rotaviral diarrhea were equal (age-adjusted rate ratio = 1.01; 95 percent confidence interval 0.55-1.86), given the age-specific person-years at risk. The assumption of equal risk for reexposure to rotavirus appears to be invalid, however, since the children with one and two rotavirus-positive episodes appeared to be at greater risk for diarrheal illness of all causes (rate ratios of 1.42 and 1.78, respectively). The clinical illness may have been less severe in second episodes; emesis was reported more often with first rotavirus episodes than with second rotavirus episodes, and the only fatal case was in an initial episode. These data are compatible with the existence of partial immunity, since it appears that the risk of reexposure may be greater in children who experienced rotaviral gastroenteritis earlier in life. In four of seven children, rotavirus isolates from first and second episodes were of identical serotypes, indicating that even serotype-specific immunity for rotaviral diarrhea was incomplete.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Observing client-therapist interaction in behaviour therapy: development and first application of an observational system.

A category system for coding the interaction in psychotherapy (CIP) is presented. Six therapists carried out 64 standardized intake sessions with clients presenting with chronic insomnia. The sessions were fully coded by three raters using the CIP. The 19 client categories as well as the 18 therapist categories showed sufficient reliability with kappa coefficients of 0.80 and 0.79 respectively. The frequencies of the client and the therapist categories of the first versus the second half of the interview were compared. Shifts in the behavioural patterns of therapists and clients during the course of the interviews are in accordance with the given rationale of the session. Correlations between the observational data and subjective ratings of the participants are further evidence for the utility of the CIP.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Observing the tooth. The paths of light in visual and instrumental observation].

The light we observe when we look at a tooth has travelled a long way through the tooth. A large fraction has passed through the dentine. There is also a sideways displacement: the point of entrance into the tooth is about 2 mm away from the point of exit. This implies that tooth color cannot correctly be measured with an instrument employing a single circular window for both illumination and measurement. Visual caries diagnosis of smooth surfaces and with Fiber Optic Trans Illumination (FOTI) is discussed in terms of light paths through the tooth.

Color↗
PubMed1990

Observations on the structural features and characteristics of biological apatite crystals. 1. Observation on the shape and arrangement of the cross sectioned enamel crystals.

In a series of studies to investigate the structural features of biological crystals, using transmission electron microscope, the observations have been made on the shape and arrangement of the cross-sectioned crystal obtained from cross sections through the body of adult human enamel rod, in the surface layer, and in the middle and deep layers. The shapes of the cross sectioned crystals in the surface layer of the enamel are generally different from those in the middle and deep layers. In the surface layer of the enamel, the cross sectioned crystals show a considerable variation in shape and size, and have an irregular shape. The crystals are densely packed. Each crystal is adjacent to the neighboring one, and usually, the arrangement of crystals have an appearance rather like a "stone wall". In contrast, the cross sectioned enamel crystals in the middle and deep layer, are somewhat small than those in the surface layer, and have greater gaps between the crystals. In the middle and deep layers of the enamel, it is rare for the shapes of the crystals to be irregular, therefore, they retain their original shape, most of which are long and hexagonal.

Dental Enamel↗
PubMed1984

Tethered versus loose sows: ethological observations and measures of productivity. I. Ethological observations during pregnancy and farrowing.

Ethological parameters were recorded from sows housed in the same room and allocated to four experimental groups: sows that were tethered during pregnancy as well as from one week before farrowing to 8 weeks after; sows that were tethered during pregnancy but were loose during farrowing and lactation; sows that were loose during pregnancy in social groups of 2-5 animals and tethered during farrowing and lactation, and sows that were loose during pregnancy as in group 3 and also loose during farrowing and lactation. By using a timelapse-film technique it was found that pregnant sows in all groups had a similar diurnal rhythm with peaks around feeding times. The animals lay down for 20 h or more per day, and their activity was reduced due to tethering during the pregnancy period itself and due to preceding periods of tethering during farrowing and lactation. With increasing environmental temperature the loose sows increased the time spent lying on the side at the expense of lying on the belly. The tethered sows, however, showed no such change, but contrary to the loose sows they increased their activity. Observations around feeding time revealed that the tethered sows showed more aggression and fewer non aggressive social elements than the loose sows. Additionally their eating time was longer. Rubbing the neck was less and lying unquietly more frequent in tethered sows. Finally tethering during pregnancy reduced exploration directed towards straw and floor and increased stereotyped bar-biting and chain-nippling. With increasing temperature rubbing behaviour and drinking increased in tethered but not in loose sows. Timelapse-videorecording during the last 48 h prior to- and until the end of farrowing revealed that sows in all groups, no matter whether they were loose or tethered, showed a characteristical increase in nestbuilding activity until about 12-6 h before first piglet was born. Tethering in any period (pregnancy and/or farrowing-lactation) resulted in an increased farrowing time by approximately 100 min.

Animals↗