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PubMed1994

Assessment of change in scores on personal control orientation and use of drugs and alcohol of adolescents who participate in a cognitively oriented pretreatment intervention.

The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effect of participation in a cognitively oriented, pretreatment intervention on the control orientation of substance-using behavior of 48 adolescents admitted to drug-free outpatient treatment. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions and to one of two counselors. A comparison of changes in control orientation between groups was made after implementation of the intervention with the treated group and after both groups had participated in six counseling sessions. A 2-way multivariate analysis of covariance showed type of treatment was significant. Follow-up analyses indicated the treated group were significantly more internal than the control group at both posttest occasions. A one-tailed chi-squared test indicated no significant association in substance use for the groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Influence of castration and estrogen replacement on sexual behavior of female-oriented, male-oriented, and asexual rams.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether exogenous estradiol-17beta (E2) could restore sexual behavior in castrated rams. The protocol consisted of three sequential 6-wk periods during which rams were studied while 1) intact, 2) bilaterally castrated, or 3) implanted s.c. with two 7.6-cm silastic implants each containing 309+/-16 mg of E2. Rams (classified as female-oriented [FOR, n = 7], male-oriented [MOR, n = 7], or asexual [n = 7]) were subjected to 30-min sexual behavior tests every 2 wk during the ensuing 18 wk. Rams were observed for mounts and ejaculations using two ovariectomized, estrous ewes and two intact males secured in stanchions. Behavioral data were analyzed using the signed rank test, but asexual rams showed no sexual behavior and therefore were not evaluated statistically. Jugular blood was collected prior to castration and at the end of the 18-wk period, and testicular venous (n = 21) and arterial (n = 8) bloods were collected immediately prior to castration. Radioimmunoassay was used to quantify systemic levels of estrone (E1), E2, and testosterone (T) and testicular serum concentrations of oxytocin (OT). Mounting behavior of MOR and FOR declined after castration (P < .05 and P < .10, respectively). Castration reduced the number of ejaculations by FOR (P < .05), but not by MOR (P > .10). Mounting behavior of castrated MOR and FOR was not affected by E2 treatment relative to that observed if castrated only (P > .10). Treatment of asexual rams with E2 did not stimulate sexual behavior in these rams. There were no marked differences (P > .10) among ram groups with regard to serum concentrations of E1, E2, or T prior to castration (overall mean +/- SE, 12.8+/-.7, 7.6+/-.5, and 2,670+/-780 pg/mL, respectively) or any difference (P > .10) in systemic concentration of E1 or E2 among ram groups after rams were implanted with E2 (overall mean +/- SE, 9.7+/-.7 and 9.0 +/-.7 pg/mL, respectively). Serum concentrations of E2 after implantation of the steroid did not differ from those present while rams were intact (P > .10). Testicular venous and arterial serum concentrations of OT were low and did not differ within or between rams. These results suggest that restoration of E2 concentrations to physiological levels in castrated adult rams (regardless of sexual orientation) cannot stimulate or reestablish sexual behaviors to levels observed prior to castration.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Object-orientated DBMS techniques for time-oriented medical record.

In implementing time-orientated medical record (TOMR) management systems, use of a relational model played a big role. Many applications have been developed to extend query and data manipulation languages to temporal aspects of information. Our experience in developing TOMR revealed some deficiencies inside the relational model, such as: (a) abstract data type definition; (b) unified view of data, at a programming level; (c) management of temporal data; (d) management of signals and images. We identified some first topics to face by an object-orientated approach to database design. This paper describes the first steps in designing and implementing a TOMR by an object-orientated DBMS.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1985

Measurement of erythrocyte orientation in flow by spin labeling III--erythrocyte orientation and rheological conditions.

The measurements of erythrocyte orientation, obtained through a spin labeling technique, are compared with a phenomenological model. Several rheological conditions are varied: hematocrit, suspending medium viscosity, blood age, artificial reversible aggregation. We found that the onset of orientation is very sensitive to any variation of these conditions, and that its measurement would be a good method to assess erythrocyte deformability. A critical shear rate for the orientation process is then determined and compared to the corresponding parameter obtained from viscosity measurements of identical suspensions. A close qualitative relationship is found between the two sets of values of the critical shear rate.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

[From disease-oriented andrology to health-oriented andrology].

One of the main current trends of andrology is the paradigm shift from disease-oriented to health-oriented andrology. One of the major tasks we are faced with now is to establish an holistic concept of male reproductive health, then, starting from the needs and demands of male reproductive health, to identify the scope of andrology, as well as to develop a new research priorities and agenda. The progress and perspective of three main areas in the field of health-oriented andrology, namely, molecular andrology, andrology for aging and environment and male reproduction, were briefly reviewed and discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Egocentric references and human spatial orientation in microgravity. II. Body-centred coordinates in the task of drawing ellipses with prescribed orientation.

This article describes the results of the "ellipses" experiment conducted during the second French-Soviet spaceflight (project Aragatz). The realization of oriented motor tasks, on the basis of internal body representation and without visual feedback, was chosen as a paradigm for studying the determinants of spatial orientation under weightlessness. The process of drawing ellipses in the air, using arm movements with axes parallel or perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis, was studied under normal gravity and in weightlessness, and recorded using a video computer motion-analyzing system (Kinesigraph). On Earth, the experiments were performed in standing and lying positions, and in flight, in the erect position with the feet fixed to the floor. In general, performance of the task in microgravity was not disturbed. Under conditions of spaceflight, the longitudinal ellipse was inclined forward in accordance with the inclination of the whole body relative to the fixed feet. On Earth, the angle between the long axes of longitudinal and transverse ellipses deviated from 90 degrees by 20-30 degrees. The same deviation persisted under microgravity conditions. The distinctive features of ellipses traced by individual subjects were also preserved. It is concluded that an egocentric reference system ensures normal performance of sensorimotor tasks in the absence of a gravitational reference.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Social attention orienting integrates visual information from head and body orientation.

Subjects were asked to detect visual, laterally presented reaction signals preceded by head-body cue stimuli in a spatial cueing task. A head rotated towards the reaction signal combined with a front view of a body resulted in shorter reaction times in comparison to the front view of a head and body. In contrast, a cue showing the head and body rotated towards the reaction signal did not result in such a facilitation in reaction times. The results suggest that the brain mechanisms involved in social attention orienting integrate ventrally processed visual information from the head and body orientation. A cue signaling that the other person, in his or her frame of reference, has an averted attention direction shifts the observer's own attention in the same direction.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Orientation- and frequency-modulated textures at low depths of modulation are processed by off-orientation and off-frequency texture mechanisms.

Intuitively it may seem likely that orientation-modulated (OM) and frequency-modulated (FM) textures are processed utilizing the first-order channels that are most responsive to the first-order (luminance) information contained in the textures. This assumption would imply that the detection or segmentation of OM or FM textures is accomplished by second-order mechanisms that receive their first-order input from neurons tuned to either the center, or to the peaks in the orientation and spatial-frequency distribution of the texture. Here we show that at low depths of modulation this is not the case. Using an adaptation paradigm, we show that the first-order filters involved in the perception of OM and FM textures are those which maximize the differential response between the different texture regions. Our explanation of this result is similar to that made by Regan and Beverley [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73 (1983) 1684; J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2 (1985) 147] for simple grating stimuli. However, we show that whereas Regan and Beverley's results could be accounted for on the basis of the tuning functions of the putative mechanisms involved, our results can be explained in terms of the characteristics of the textures themselves. Some implications of our finding are discussed.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1990

Limitations on the parallel guidance of visual search: color x color and orientation x orientation conjunctions.

In visual search for a conjunction it is much more difficult to search for the conjunction of 2 colors or 2 orientations than for Color x Orientation or Color x Shape conjunctions. The result is not limited to particular colors or shapes. Two colors cannot occupy the same spatial location in Color x Color searches. However, Experiments 6 and 7 show that Color x Shape searches remain efficient even if the color and shape are spatially separated. Our guided search model suggests that in searches for Color x Shape, a parallel color module can guide attention toward the correct color, whereas the shape module guides attention toward the correct shape. Together these 2 sources of guidance lead attention to the target. However, if a target is red and green among red-blue and green-blue distractors, it is not possible to guide search independently toward red items and green items or away from all blue items.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Perceived orientation in physical and virtual environments: changes in perceived orientation as a function of idiothetic information available.

Two experiments examined perceived spatial orientation in a small environment as a function of experiencing that environment under three conditions: real-world, desktop-display (DD), and head-mounted display (HMD). Across the three conditions, participants acquired two targets located on a perimeter surrounding them, and attempted to remember the relative locations of the targets. Subsequently, participants were tested on how accurately and consistently they could point in the remembered direction of a previously seen target. Results showed that participants were significantly more consistent in the real-world and HMD conditions than in the DD condition. Further, it is shown that the advantages observed in the HMD and real-world conditions were not simply due to nonspatial response strategies. These results suggest that the additional idiothetic information afforded in the real-world and HMD conditions is useful for orientation purposes in our presented task domain. Our results are relevant to interface design issues concerning tasks that require spatial search, navigation, and visualization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effects of intertrial interval, orientation, and adaptation on orientation discrimination measured with a yes-no signal detection paradigm.

Orientation discriminations were measured with a 3.8-cpd sinusoidal grating stimulus and a yes-no signal-detection procedure. Analysis showed that such discriminations are independent of light-adaptation conditions and of intertrial interval over the 2- to 8-sec. range of values explored. However, they are strongly influenced by the orientation where measurements are made (the "oblique effect").

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed2003

Large sexual-orientation-related differences in performance on mental rotation and judgment of line orientation tasks.

This study examined the performance of heterosexual and homosexual men and women on 2 tests of spatial processing, mental rotation (MR) and Benton Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO). The sample comprised 60 heterosexual men, 60 heterosexual women, 60 homosexual men, and 60 homosexual women. There were significant main effects of gender (men achieving higher scores overall) and Gender x Sexual Orientation interactions. Decomposing these interactions revealed large differences between the male groups in favor of heterosexual men on JLO and MR performance. There was a modest difference between the female groups on MR total correct scores in favor of homosexual women but no differences in MR percentage correct. The evidence suggests possible variations in the parietal cortex between homosexual and heterosexual persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Dendritic pattern formation involves both oriented regression and oriented growth in the barrels of mouse somatosensory cortex.

The dendritic structure of neurons in the inner one-third of the wall of the barrels of somatosensory cortex was examined in animals at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days of age. In adults, dendrites of these neurons project largely towards the barrel hollow. The amount of dendrite in the hemifield towards the barrel hollow, in which thalamic afferents terminate, increased with age, while the amount in the hemifield away from the hollow decreased, as measured by dendritic intersections with concentric rings. Loss of primary dendritic branches across these ages occurred both for dendrites arising on the side of the soma oriented away from the barrel hollow and for dendrites on the side of the soma nearest to the hollow. The loss of primary branches was much greater on the side away from the hollow. The amount of dendrite per primary branch increased for branches oriented towards the hollow, whereas it did not change or was somewhat reduced for those branches that remained on the side of the soma opposite the hollow. Thus both the selective loss of entire branches and the selective embellishment of others occur during the development of these somatosensory cortical structures.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Oriented 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine/ganglioside membranes: a Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopic study. Band assignments; orientational, hydrational, and phase behavior; and effects of Ca2+ binding.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy was used to elucidate the hydration behavior and molecular order of phospholipid/ganglioside bilayers. We examined dry and hydrated films of the gangliosides GM1, deacetyl-GM1, lyso-GM1, deacetyllyso-GM1, and GM3 and oriented mixed films of these gangliosides with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (DMPC) using polarized light. Analysis of the amide I frequencies reveals that the amide groups are involved in intermolecular interactions via hydrogen bonds of varying strengths. The tilt angle of the acyl chains of the lipids in mixed films was determined as a function of ganglioside structure. Deacetylation of the sialic acid in the headgroup has a stronger influence on the tilt angle than the removal of the ganglioside fatty acid. The phase behavior was examined by FTIR ATR spectroscopy and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements on lipid suspensions. At the same molar concentration, lyso-gangliosides have less effect on changes of transition temperature compared to the double-chain analogs. Distinct differences in the amide band shapes were observed between mixtures with lyso-gangliosides and normal double-chain gangliosides. Determined from the dicroic ratio RATR, the orientation of the COO- group in all DMPC/ganglioside mixtures was found to be relatively fixed with respect to the membrane normal. In 4:1 mixtures of DMPC with GM1 and deacetyl-GM1, the binding of Ca2+ leads to a slight decrease in chain tilt in the gel phase, probably caused by a dehydration of the membrane-water interface. In mixtures of DMPC with GM3 and deacetyl-lyso-GM1, a slight increase in chain tilt is observed. The chain tilt in DMPC/lyso-GM1 mixtures is unchanged. Analysis of the COO- band reveals that Ca2+ does not bind to the carboxylate group of the sialic acid of GM1 and deacetyl-GM1, the mixtures in which a decrease in chain tilt was observed. Binding to the sialic acid was only observed for mixtures of DMPC with GM3, lyso-GM1, and deacetyl-lyso-GM1. Ca2+ obviously accumulates at the bilayer-water interface and leads to partial dehydration of the headgroup region in the gel as well as in the liquid-crystalline phase. This can be concluded from the changes in the amide I band shapes. With the exception of DMPC/deacetyl-GM1, the effects on the ester C==O bands are small. The addition of Ca2+ has minor effects on the phase behavior, with the exception of the DMPC/GM1 mixture.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Magnitudes and mutual orientations of dipolar and shielding interaction tensors determined from the orientation dependence of spinning sidebands of slowly rotating powder samples.

It is shown that the orientation dependence of spinning sidebands of slowly rotating solids can be exploited to determine with good precision the heteronuclear bond distances and mutual orientation of dipolar and shielding tensors from a single dipolar modulated chemical shift anisotropy spectrum. The method is based on the dynamics of polarization transfer in the initial period of tens of microseconds, and may be useful in solids with relatively isolated groups of spins.

Anisotropy↗
PubMed1994

Memory in naturalistic and laboratory contexts: distinguishing the accuracy-oriented and quantity-oriented approaches to memory assessment.

A distinction is drawn between the quantity-oriented approach to memory that has dominated traditional laboratory research, and the accuracy-oriented approach that is emerging in the study of everyday memory. This distinction is shown to underlie some troubling confusions in the interpretation of empirical findings. In particular, the recall-recognition paradox, which involves the claimed superiority of recall over recognition memory in naturalistic settings, is shown to stem from the common confounding between memory property (quantity vs. accuracy) and 2 other variables that have not generally been distinguished--test format (production vs. selection) and report option (free vs. forced reporting). Three laboratory experiments reveal the fundamentally different roles played by report option and test format in accuracy-based and quantity-based memory research. Implications for memory assessment, metamemory, and the everyday-laboratory controversy are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Extended rotational diffusion and orientational relaxation of symmetric top molecules in a strong dc electric field: second-rank orientational correlation functions.

Second-rank orientational correlation functions (pertaining to Kerr effect relaxation and Raman scattering) are obtained using the extended rotational diffusion (J-diffusion) model of symmetric top polar molecules in a strong constant external field. It is shown that the shape of the molecule noticeably affects all second-rank correlation functions and relaxation times in the rare collision limit. In the opposite limit of frequent collisions, the quantities of interest are shown to be shape independent as a consequence of vanishingly small inertial effects. An interpolation formula for the orientation relaxation times in the intermediate regime between the rare and frequent collision limits is also given.

Journal Article↗