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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The Morgan Recharger: a new horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) control device for beef cattle.

A 20% diazinon formulation was evaluated for control efficacy against the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), in the Morgan Recharger (Morgan International Products, College Grove, Tenn.). The Morgan Recharger releases insecticide with a wicking system from an insecticide reservoir and can be attached to an animal's ear or tail. This device was most effective against the horn fly when used as an ear tag with two per head; horn fly counts did not exceed five flies per side through 8 wk. The diazinon formulation tested was released from the Morgan Recharger at a decreasing rate. The problems and potential of the Morgan Recharger as an effective horn fly control device are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of horn fly and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae on the development of parasitic nematodes in bovine dung.

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), and house fly, Musca domestica L., larvae on the development of a mixed population of parasitic nematodes in compressed and crumbled bovine dung. Fresh dung (100 g per sample) from a single calf passing trichostrongyle type eggs was infested with 150 horn fly or 150 house fly eggs. After 14-15 d, more horn flies and house flies had emerged from the compressed dung than from the crumbled dung, but more third stage parasitic nematode larvae were recovered from the crumbled dung containing either fly species than from dung containing no flies.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Differential survival of male and female partially resistant horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on steers treated with permethrin.

Males and females from a heterozygous, resistant strain (SR) of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), were tested for survival until reproductive maturity on steers with ear tags in outdoor, screened enclosures and on steers sprayed on the neck in an indoor isolation room. After 6 d, female SR flies on outdoor steers with one tag had 10 times greater survival than males; almost no SR flies on steers with two ear tags survived. Survival of male and female SR flies on steers sprayed on the neck was reduced during the first 24 h, but not thereafter. Lower survival of males compared with females on treated steers reflected differential survival of the sexes during exposure to treated cloths in a laboratory bioassay. Hair samples from neck, back, rump, and lower legs of steers with ear tags in outdoor pens were tested for toxicity to the SR flies. These bioassays indicated high localization of insecticide on the neck of steers with ear tags.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Linkage, expression, and distribution of the pyrethroid resistance gene in the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

A sex-linked gene for pyrethroid resistance in the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), showed complete linkage to the male-determining gene in a laboratory colony that had been inbred for 10 generations. Within susceptible, heterozygous, and resistant populations, the level of resistance that was expressed was greater for females than for males. The increase in level of resistance conferred by the gene was similar for females and males. Preliminary synergism and allelism tests supported our supposition that the same gene was responsible for resistance in California, Florida, and Texas populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Developmental sites and relative abundance of immature stages of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in beef cattle feedlot pens in eastern Nebraska.

A 3-yr study was done to determine where and at what relative frequency stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), immatures develop in beef cattle feedlot pens and the relationship of stable fly immature versus adult sample densities. Pens within feedlots were divided into five areas (the feed apron, back fence, side fences, mound, and the general lot); from each area, three core samples were randomly taken weekly. In 1986 and 1987, the feed apron yielded the most immature stable flies (62.5%). The mound and side fences yielded a significant percentage of flies (24.6 and 8.4%, respectively). There was a strong correlation (overall r = 0.86) between numbers of immatures and numbers of adults 2 wk later. In 1988, a drought year, low numbers of immatures were collected, and only one correlation between numbers of immatures and adults was significant. In all 3 yr, sample densities of stable fly immatures peaked and began to decline by midseason. Waste management along the feed apron and mound areas could significantly reduce stable fly populations. Sampling immatures from these areas could permit prediction of adult numbers.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Bioassay for detecting active site insensitivity in horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae.

A bioassay was used to detect active site insensitivity (knock-down resistance [kdr]) in pyrethroid resistant larvae of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). The larvae of the resistant population had KD50's 42.0-, 28.1- and 29.2-fold greater to permethrin, fenvalerate and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively, compared with the susceptible population. In filter paper bioassays, resistant adult horn flies were 17 to 39.1 times less susceptible to the pyrethroids than susceptible adults at LC50. These results further document active site insensitivity as the major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in the horn fly.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) insecticide resistance in Kentucky and Arkansas.

The effect of previous insecticide use patterns for horn fly control on the susceptibility spectrum of horn fly (Haematobia irritans [L.]) populations from Kentucky and Arkansas is described. Populations of horn flies from both states were tested with three pyrethroids (cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and permethrin), three organophosphates (diazinon, pirimiphos methyl, and tetrachlorvinphos), and a chlorinated hydrocarbon (methoxychlor). Dose-mortality data indicated insecticide resistance in Arkansas and Kentucky. Two permethrin-resistant horn fly populations in Kentucky that did not have a history of exposure to methoxychlor were cross-resistant to this chlorinated hydrocarbon. Horn fly populations from both states with a history of at least three consecutive years of exposure to various pyrethroid ear tags were subsequently exposed to cattle tagged with cyhalothrin-impregnated ear tags for 15-16 wk. Such exposure resulted in a decrease in susceptibility to this pyrethroid (ranging from approximately 30 to greater than 100-fold) when compared with levels before treatment. Horn fly populations from Arkansas resistant to cyhalothrin (as a result of exposure to cyhalothrin ear tags) were cross-resistant to pirimiphos methyl. Seasonal exposure of an Arkansas and Kentucky horn fly population to cattle with ear tags impregnated with pirimiphos methyl resulted in a significant decrease in susceptibility to this organophosphate.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Physiological and nutritional responses of beef steers exposed to stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Physiological and nutritional responses were measured in beef steers exposed to laboratory infestations of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Calves (n = 6 per treatment) were infested with four levels of stable flies for three periods daily (15 min each period) for 14 d. Steers exposed to 0, 10, 20, or 30 stable flies consumed similar amounts of feed and water; they excreted similar amounts of feces and urine throughout the study. During the experiment, changes in body weight were not influenced by treatment. Heart and respiration rates, rectal temperatures, and circulating cortisol concentrations were similar among groups. Finally, nitrogen consumed, nitrogen lost in feces and urine, and nitrogen retained were unaffected by treatment. We suggest that intermittent exposure to these levels of stable flies, under the conditions of this study, does not evoke physiological and nutritional responses in beef steers.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1991

Moxidectin evaluation against Solenoptes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae), Bovicola bovis (Mallophaga: trichodectidae), and Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae) on cattle.

Slow release formulations of 375, 750, and 1,125 mg (AI) in 50-g boluses and a subcutaneous injectable formulation (0.2 mg AI/kg body wt) of moxidectin (CL301423) were tested for the control of the little blue cattle louse, Solenoptes capillatus (Enderlein), and the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis (L). S. capillatus populations were reduced 4 wk after treatment and complete control was observed 6 wk after treatment in groups treated with boluses, B. bovis were first observed at 3 wk and continued to increase throughout the 14-wk test period. These were experimental boluses and future boluses may perform differently. Subcutaneous injections of moxidectin gave complete control of S. capillatus for a 27-d test period. Feces from animals treated with boluses were tested with face fly larvae, Musca autumnalis De Geer, to demonstrate fecal activity of moxidectin. Larval mortality in these groups ranged from 90 to 30% from 2 d to 10 wk after treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Economic effects of horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations on beef cattle exposed to three pesticide treatment regimes.

Horn flies could not be maintained below 50 per animal with sprays or dusts during a 21-wk study. However, weights of cows and calves and condition scores of cows were not influenced by suppression of Haematobia irritans (L.) populations. Results show that cattle in northwest Florida can tolerate average populations of greater than or equal to 200 flies for 70 d with no adverse economic effects. Spray treatments providing the best fly control were Lintox-D and Ra-Vap. The most economical products for use were Del-Tox, Lintox-D, and Ra-Vap.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1991

Interactive response of the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and selected breeds of beef cattle.

Statistically significant differences were observed in the population density of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), on different breeds of beef cattle. The European breed Chianina had a population density of horn flies generally less than or equal to 50% than that of the British cattle breeds (Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, and Red Poll) and another European breed (Charolais). Generally, no significant difference existed among numbers of horn flies on Hereford, Polled Hereford, and Red Poll cows in 1988 or among Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, and Red Poll cows in 1989. Factors other than color appeared to be involved in the selective process between the horn fly and its host. Population densities on two white European breeds (Charolais and Chianina) were significantly different on all weekly intervals except for 4 wk in both 1988 and 1989. No significant difference existed among Charolais and British breeds except during 4 wk in 1988 and 3 wk in 1989. When weaning weights of all calves were adjusted for the effects of age to 205 d, sex of calf, and age of dam, the indirect effect of the horn fly on weaning weight showed a significant linear regression. Each 100 flies per cow caused a reduction of 8.1 kg in calf weaning weight. Cows within each breed with low numbers of horn flies weaned significantly heavier calves than cows with higher numbers of horn flies.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Binomial sampling for pest management of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) that attack dairy cattle.

A binomial sampling plan for pest management of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was developed. Counts of stable flies on front legs of the same animal were independent and each leg from the same animal was considered a sample unit. The relationship between the mean number of flies per leg and the variance was determined and did not vary among farms. The relationship between the mean number of flies per leg and the proportion of legs with zero, one or less, and two or less flies (P0, P1, and P2) was determined and used as the basis of the binomial sampling plan. Predicted values of the mean number of flies per leg from P0, P1, and P2 were close to observed values of the mean number of flies per leg. Equations are presented for calculating the variance of a predicted value of the mean number of flies per leg using values of P0, P1 and P2 determined by sampling. Operating characteristic (OC) curves are also presented for determining the probability of making a treatment decision error at an economic threshold of one fly per leg (P0 = 0.47) using binomial sampling or direct counting. OC curves for binomial sampling with n = 50 legs were close to those for direct counting with n = 10 legs. Recommendations concerning the use of binomial sampling for stable flies are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate on survival, behavior, and egg viability of adult muscoid flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (Na2B8O13(.)4H2O) was mixed with sugar and fed to adult Musca domestica L. and Fannia canicularis (L.) to determine concentration-mortality relationships. LC50s (48-h exposure) were 5.7% for M. domestica and 1.0% for F. canicularis. Rates of 1 and 2% were used to test effects on M. domestica mortality and egg hatch over an 8-d period. Reduced egg hatch was evident after 1 d of feeding on the treated mixtures and was greatest (less than 10% egg hatch) after flies fed only on treated mixtures for 2 d. A partial rebound in egg hatch occurred after 3-4 d of feeding on treated diet. Sperm motility in females fed treated sugar was apparently normal. Fertile egg placed on treated poultry manure did not hatch, indicating embryonic death, which also may have been involved in the low hatch of eggs observed from treated flies. When flies were exposed to treated sugar for 2 d then returned to untreated diet, delayed mortality effects and reduced egg hatch persisted for at least 3 d. Behavioral assays (feeding) with M. domestica demonstrated that flies rejected borate-sugar mixtures in favor of sugar alone when the concentration of borate was greater than 2%. Given a choice of treated and untreated poultry manure for oviposition, flies also rejected the treated manure. The potential of borates in adult bait formulations or applied to developmental substrates for fly control is discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

High levels of pyrethroid resistance in horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) selected with cyhalothrin.

Lambdacyhalothrin cattle ear tags controlled horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), for 14 wks or longer during 1986-1988 in Georgia, USA. In 1989 and 1990, control of < 50 horn flies per side of cow was achieved for < or = 4 wk because of high levels of pyrethroid resistance in horn flies selected with lambdacyhalothrin. The highest resistance ratios (RRs) were seen in 1989. These were 498 for lambdacyhalothrin; 92,000 for fenvalerate; and 54 for permethrin. RRs for cypermethrin as high as 8,800 were estimated in 1990 when the RR for fenvalerate was only 1,060. No cross-resistance to diazinon was detected. These high levels of pyrethroid resistance seem to have a large component of metabolic resistance. Synergistic coefficients as high as 3,600 were determined by addition of nonlethal amounts of piperonyl butoxide. Resistance development in a no-pyrethroid-use area indicates movements of > or = 3km by sufficient numbers of horn flies can significantly change the RR.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and heat stress on weight gain and feed efficiency of feeder cattle.

Cattle respond to the feeding of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), by bunching to protect their front legs. This bunching can increase heat stress which indirectly accounts for much of the reduction in cattle weight gains. We used fly-screened, self-contained feedlot pens which allowed regulation of fly populations feeding on cattle. The indirect fly effects (bunching and heat stress) accounted for 71.5% of the reduced weight gain. The direct effect of the biting flies and energy loss involved in fighting flies accounted for 28.5% of the reduced weight gain.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

New diets for production of house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in the laboratory.

A diet for rearing the house fly, Musca domestica (L.), was developed from feed constituents available on a year-round basis in Gainesville, FL. The diet, called the Gainesville House Fly Diet, performed as well or better than the Chemical Specialties Manufacturers' Association fly larval medium (CSMA) and can be mixed, bagged, and delivered by a local feed mill within 3 d. By adding pelleted peanut hulls 1:1 by volume, the house fly diet becomes suitable for rearing the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Use of these diets and the economics involved are discussed further.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Continuous, alternating, and mixed insecticides affect development of resistance in the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

Susceptible populations of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), were selected with six insecticide treatment regimens: continuous use of permethrin, diazinon, or ivermectin; permethrin/diazinon (1:2) mixture; permethrin-diazinon rotation; and permethrin-ivermectin rotation. Insecticide selection was applied as low-volume sprays on steers infested with horn flies housed in environmentally controlled rooms. During the study period, horn fly populations developed an apparent resistance to all insecticide treatment regimens. Selection with permethrin, diazinon, and ivermectin resulted in development of resistance in generations 21, 31, and 30, respectively. Selection with insecticide mixtures and rotations resulted in the delay of any apparent resistance development for an additional one to seven generations. The magnitude of this resistance ranged from 1,470-fold for the single continuous use of permethrin to < 3-fold for ivermectin in the permethrin-ivermectin rotation. Compared with single continuous insecticide selections, the onset and degree of resistance development was significantly reduced by alternating and mixing insecticides.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Average daily gains of Brahman-crossbred and English x exotic feeder heifers exposed to low, medium, and high levels of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Brahman-crossbred and English x Exotic feeder heifers were exposed to low (5 per leg), medium (12 per leg), and high (30 per leg) stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), population levels to test relative tolerance of these cattle breeds to stable flies. The Brahman-crossbred heifers were tolerant to stable flies only when they were 12-13 mo old. At the same age, the English x Exotic heifers sustained reductions in average daily gain (ADG) at all three stable fly population levels of 0.22 kg/d (11.2%). At 14-15 mo of age, both breeds were affected only by the high stable fly level. The reduction in ADG was approximately 0.16 kg/d (10.6%) for both breeds. Stable fly numbers on the heifers varied with time of day. Both breeds appeared equally attractive to stable flies. With or without stable flies, the Brahman-crossbred heifers consistently gained less weight than the English x Exotic heifers by 0.24 kg/d (15%).

Analysis of Variance↗