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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils of the Moscow region: concentrations and small-scale distribution along an urban-rural transect.

In soils of the Moscow region, we examined PCB concentrations in bulk samples and aggregate fractions. Topsoils under grassland and forest at five locations along a southeast-bound transect from Moscow and at a northeastern background location (grassland only) were analysed. We collected aggregates >1 cm and fractionated them into interior and exterior portions and also analysed the remaining soil without the aggregates >1 cm. The concentrations of the sum of 17 PCBs (sigma17PCBs) in 35 bulk soil samples ranged from 3.1 to 42 microg kg(-1). This was 48-61% of the sigma33PCBs determined in 23 selected samples. The congeners 138(+158), 101 and 52 were most abundant. All PCB concentrations and the degree of chlorination declined with increasing distance from Moscow. The PCBs were accumulated in the aggregate exterior (on average 146% of the sigma17PCBs in bulk soil). We conclude that the ecotoxicological risk of PCBs in soils may not be properly assessed with the conventional bulk soil analysis.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1998

Social patterning of ill health in Helsinki and Moscow: results from a comparative survey in 1991.

Social inequalities in health are widely documented in the western countries including Finland, but research on Russia has so far been scarce. This article compares self-reported ill health of men and women and its social patterning in Helsinki and Moscow on the basis of a survey. The data (Helsinki N = 824, Moscow N = 545) were collected by mailed questionnaires in 1991. The Muscovites fared more poorly on perceived and psychological health, but the differences in self-reported morbidity (prevalence of chronic illnesses) between the cities were quite small. The sex differentials were greater in Moscow and Muscovite women had the poorest health of all. Education, family income and occupation had the most consistent associations with perceived health and morbidity among Helsinki women and the weakest among Muscovite women. With few exceptions, men of both cities fell between these groups. The differences in health between the cities were smaller in groups with low education. Thus, the role of education as a protective resource was more pronounced in Helsinki, and more notably among women. The possibility of a different impact of social stratification on health in a transitional socialist society compared to a western market economy is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

An HIV type 1 subtype A strain of low genetic diversity continues to spread among injecting drug users in Russia: study of the new local outbreaks in Moscow and Irkutsk.

An explosive epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been documented among injecting drug users (IDUs) in the former Soviet Union republics. In 1999, the two largest local IDU outbreaks of HIV-1 infection in the Russian Federation were registered in the Moscow and Irkutsk regions, where 13,004 HIV-1 cases were identified (44% of the total number of HIV-1 infections in Russia in 1999). To study the prevailing genetic variants and to estimate the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in these outbreaks, 60 samples from Moscow (n = 36) and from Irkutsk (n = 24) were analyzed using the gag/env heteroduplex mobility assay, and the env gp120 V3 encoding regions obtained from 23 individuals were sequenced. Both virus populations were highly homogeneous (the means of pairwise nucleotide distance were 1.75 +/- 0.83 and 2.35 +/- 1.59 for Irkutsk and Moscow, respectively), and similar to the subtype A viruses obtained earlier from IDUs in the former Soviet Union. The subtype A HIV-1 variant thus dominates in the largest HIV-1 outbreaks among IDUs in the Russian Federation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Cancer incidence and mortality among beta-naphthylamine and benzidine dye workers in Moscow.

BACKGROUND: Cancer incidence and mortality were evaluated among 4581 aniline dye production workers in Moscow. METHODS: A historical cohort was assembled and followed-up from 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1989. Moscow district oncologic dispensary registries furnished case ascertainment and employer records provided job exposure data. Expected cancers and deaths were calculated based on gender-, age-, and calendar time-specific incidence and mortality rates for the Moscow general population applied to the cohort's person-years of follow-up. Disease-specific standardized mortality and incidence values were derived from ratios of observed to expected cancers. RESULTS: Men experienced elevated total cancer mortality (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 125; 95% CI: 110-142) and urinary bladder cancer mortality (SMR = 279; 95% CI: 192-391), and increased all malignancy (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 142; 95% CI: 125-160), oesophageal (SIR = 203; 95% CI: 108-347), respiratory tract (SIR = 154; 95% CI: 120-194) and bladder (SIR = 394; 95% CI: 268-559) cancer incidence. Women had elevated oesophageal (SMR = 313; 95% CI: 124-664) and bladder (SMR = 311; 95% CI: 149-571) cancer mortality and elevated all malignancy (SIR = 124; 95% CI: 106-144), oesophageal (SIR = 348; 95% CI: 140-719), and bladder (SIR = 861; 95% CI: 458-8002) cancer incidence. Bladder cancer rate increased with employment duration and younger age first hired. Rate estimates were highest among beta-naphthylamine exposed workers but was also increased among workers with other chemical exposures. A cancer prevention and control effort that limited benzidine exposure to < or = 3 years was apparently unsuccessful as indicated by a significant excess of bladder cancer (SIR = 1773; 95% CI: 356-5180) among these workers. CONCLUSION: Relative rates of oesophageal, lung, and stomach cancer were also elevated among all workers, but did not increase with total years worked, age first hired, or year first hired, suggesting a non-occupational aetiology.

2-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed1998

Seasonal variation in mortality in Moscow.

BACKGROUND: Seasonal variation in mortality has been investigated in many countries but not, until recently, in Russia. There are some grounds for suspecting that it may differ in Russia from what is seen in western countries. This paper explores patterns of seasonal variation in mortality in Moscow between 1993 and 1995. METHODS: Analysis was based on individual data on deaths occurring in Moscow between January 1993 and December 1995, grouped by four-week period and by calendar month and on mean monthly temperature in Moscow for the same period. Crude, smoothed and deseasonalized trends were inspected. Auto-correlation functions were estimated and deaths were regressed against temperature. RESULTS: As in other northern hemisphere countries, there is a winter excess of deaths but this is much smaller than in many western countries. It is restricted to some causes of death, such as ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, and is associated with low temperature. In contrast, there is a marked summer increase in deaths among young people, especially from accidents and other deaths associated with alcohol consumption. Over the three-year period studied, there was an initial underlying increase in alcohol-related deaths that subsequently fell, coinciding with a previously observed increase in life expectancy. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible that the low level of excess winter mortality reflects warmer indoor environments than in the west. The seasonal variation of deaths among young people reinforces evidence of the important role of alcohol in the Russian mortality crisis.

Accidents↗
PubMed2003

The social organization of commercial sex work in Moscow, Russia.

BACKGROUND: Increased poverty, unemployment, and migration place the Russian population at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). A qualitative study was undertaken to clarify the organization of sex work and describe the likely contributions of different types of sex work to disease transmission. GOAL: The goal of the study was to describe the social-organizational patterns of sex work in Moscow, Russia. STUDY DESIGN: Four qualitative data collection methods were used: semistructured telephone interviews, semistructured face-to-face individual and group interviews with key informants, systematic and unobtrusive naturalistic observations, and geomapping. RESULTS: Intermittent, truck stop, and railway station sex workers may be the most important groups in the dissemination of STIs. Sex work is widely disseminated throughout the city. Identifiable positions in the social organization of street sex work include pimps, assistant female pimps, guards, drivers, "indicators," the sex workers themselves, and recruitment "pluckers." CONCLUSION: The Moscow sex market may be an adjustive response of the social system to the economic pressures in Russia. Sex work in Moscow has great potential for disseminating STIs throughout Russia and beyond. Understanding of these issues may enhance the impact of STI prevention programs.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experience at cooperation between the Moscow Municipal Center of Pathology Research and the Chair of Pathology of the Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Training].

Pathology service in Moscow, unlike in other cities of Russia, is not centralized and consists of 57 pathology departments of hospitals for adults and 5 departments of children hospitals of municipal subordination; 30 federal pathology departments of hospitals, 20 departments and laboratories of research medical centers and 5 pathology chairs of medical institutes. In spite of high professional levels of the pathologists, the lack of a centralized city service is a negative aspect. Cooperation between Moscow City Pathology Center and Chair of Pathology of Russian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education illustrates positive trends to consolidation of Moscow pathologists.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1999

[An attempt at the historical reconstruction of the genetic demographic structure of the Moscow population at the turn of the 20th century].

The genetic demographic structure of the Moscow population at the turn of the 20th century was studied based on the data from parish books and census records. The main sources of population gene pool replenishment were analyzed, and migration coefficients and the main parameters of the model of isolation by distance were estimated. Data on so-called quasigenetic markers (ethnicity and birthplace) were used to reveal intrapopulation heterogeneity, which facilitates the adaptation of migrants to a new ethnic and cultural environment. The spatial subdivision was analyzed with the use of GST statistics. Muscovites exhibited a considerable positive assortative mating with respect to birthplace. The results of this study provide the necessary historical perspective for predicting the current genetic demographic trends in the Moscow population. It was shown that the co-efficients of marriage migration were almost the same (0.7 < m < 0.8) in the late 19th and mid-20th centuries; however, these values were two times greater than in the late 20th century. This decrease in marriage migration was accompanied by a threefold increase in the radius of centripetal migration and a threefold decrease in the level of isolation by distance. It was determined that the increase in the ethnic and genetic diversity of the Moscow population in the 20th century had started in the 1860s.

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hygienic significance of geohydrochemical features of the Moscow region].

The biochemical features of the Moscow artesian pool and the influence of water on the population's health are shown. The paper present information on the sources of the water-supply system in the town of Zelenograd whose population uses river and artesian waters. The drinking water in Zelenograd and in the populated areas of the Moscow Region contains toxic elements, such lithium, born, strontium, fluorine, barium in the quantities greater than the adopted specifications. It is stated that the presents of the above agents in the waters of the Moscow artesian pool suggests regional geochemical anomaly. Mixing artesian and river waters in Zelenograd has a positive effect, by causing a reduction in the incidence of fluorosis.

Barium↗
PubMed2001

[Five-year activity of new departments of emergency cardiological care with cardiac resuscitation units in Moscow].

AIM: To analyse results of treatment in new cardiological critical care units in Moscow (62 beds). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five years reports presented in 1993-1999 to Moscow Public Health Committee. RESULTS: The activity of the new cardiological units proved efficient: cardiovascular lethality reduced by 20%; quality of diagnosis and treatment improved; bed turnover increased. CONCLUSION: A new system of medical care for critical cardiological patients is recommended for introduction as basic form of organization of urgent cardiological inpatient care in Moscow.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A large-scale epidemic of diphtheria in Moscow in recent years: patterns of development].

Data on the dynamics of diphtheria morbidity in Moscow in 1958-1999 are presented. The last epidemic which started at the end of the 1980s and reached its peak in 1994, giving a 59-fold rise in morbidity in comparison with the pre-epidemic period, is characterized in detail. During the epidemic 12,267 persons fell ill, 454 of them died (mortality rate was 4%). Having started in Moscow, the epidemic gradually spread not only over the territory of Russia, but also over some other republics of the former Soviet Union (Ukraine, Belarus, etc.). Possible causes of this epidemic emergency are considered. The ever increasing share of adult population among persons affected by the epidemic (75%) is noted. The infection adults is characterized by severity of clinical manifestations and increased morbidity among adults, is shown. Under complicated social and economic conditions (crisis situation) the increase of groups of high risk which included unemployed adults of working age, retirees as well as socially non-adapted persons, was registered. Mainly these groups determined tense epidemiological situation in diphtheria in Moscow.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of fatal outcomes according to the Moscow pathology service data (1996-2000)].

The author presents the rate and structure of mortality in Moscow, the trend in the number of autopsies and analysis of lethal outcomes in Moscow for 5 years (1996-2000) vs those in Russia and abroad. Main causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (58%), malignant tumors (18%), traumas and poisoning (13%) and, according to the autopsy findings, alcohol-associated lesions of different organs (9%). Autopsy in Moscow was made in 43-48% of the deceased, in Russia--in 23-25%. Lack of clinical and postmortem diagnosis coincidence was 16-17% in hospitals and 48-56% for non-hospitalized patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Analysis of lethal outcomes of rheumatic diseases in Moscow].

AIM: To study the pattern of lethal outcomes due to rheumatic diseases (RD) in Moscow. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Annual reports of 38 pathological departments of Moscow have been analysed for 1999 and 2000. RESULTS: RD accounted for 1.8% diagnosis at autopsies (n = 784). RD as the main diagnosis was in 668 cases (1.53%). Diseases of the bone-muscle system caused death 3.5 times less often than rheumatism. As concommitent diseases RD were encountered in 118 cases (0.27%), diseases of the bone-muscle system were registered 2 times less frequently than rheumatism. Chronic rheumatic diseases of the heart were diagnosed in 590 cases (98.5%), rheumatic fever was detected in 9 (1.5%) patients. The main diagnosis of RA, seronegative arthritides, systemic vasculitides, SLE, osteoarthrosis was made in 49, 10 9.3, 12.7, 1.3%, respectively. Such nosological entities as osteoporosis, gout and other microcrystalline arthritides were referred to the group "other rheumatic diseases" and made up 12.7%. As concomitant pathology RA, OA, seronegative spondyloarthritides, SLE, other RD occurred in 54, 8.1, 27, 2.7, 2.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The share of RD in autopsy diagnosis accounts for 1.8% of the total number of necropsies. These figures seem to underestimate the real situation and may be explained by poor registration of RD at autopsy and a fall in the total number of autopsies for the last 10 years. For Moscow and Russia as a whole there is a prevalence of rheumatism mortality (76%), primarily deaths of chronic rheumatic cardiac diseases, over mortality due to diseases of the bone-muscular system (24%).

Autopsy↗
PubMed2003

[Physical development of schoolchildren in the city of Moscow during the recent decade and a related assessment].

Data on the long-term and short-term monitoring over the growth and development of schoolchildren in the city of Moscow during the second half of the last century are presented (including around 10,000 persons). According to the purpose-oriented 40-year observations of the growing generation in Moscow, the accelerated physical development started in the 60-ies with its peak falling on the middle 70-ies; the elements of deceleration set on in the 80-ies and continued through the 90-ies. As for now, a deficit of the body weight, reduced width and span parameters and a decreased power abilities as well as shifts of the menarche time in girls towards an older age are typical of contemporary schoolchildren in Moscow. The detected trends are common regularities typical of children in all Russia's big cities.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Strongyloidiasis im Moscow region].

The paper presents two cases of infection with Strongyloides stercoralis (in a 13-year-old boy and in a 93-year-old female), occurred in the Moscow Region, which is indicative of the resurgence of stronglyoidiasis in the Moscow Region. Although the likelihood of this infection in this region is little, nevertheless, strongyloidiasis should be borne in mind in examining patients who are not leaving for well-known endemic areas if they have an allergic reaction of unclear etiology, eosinophilia, and digestive disorders. In these cases, the syndromic-and-empiric approach to justifying and performing chemotherapy is recommended due to the inadequate efficiency of parasitological methods for diagnosing strongyloidiasis at the low rate of invasion. These cases are indicative of the rather low virulence of Moscow strains, but at the same time of their capacity for autoinvasion and accordingly for the long-term infection of patients without recurrent infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Organization of detection of patients with tuberculosis in Moscow].

The authors studied the X-ray detection of patients with tuberculosis in Moscow over 5 years (1997-2001). The subject of the study was the Moscow population numbering about 7 million people to undergo fluorographic examinations and a group of new cases (more than 12,000) of pulmonary tuberculosis. The study has provided the following data: The most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are detected in the polyclinics, general somatic and mental hospitals, and psychoneurological nursing homes; they amount to 74.8, 22, and 3.2%, respectively. The leading detection method among Moscow adults and adolescents is currently fluorography that detects 83.7% of the patients. The highest proportion in the structure of clinical forms is infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis that amounts to 52.6%. Next is focal tuberculosis (14.9%); then in the descending order: disseminated tuberculosis (14.6%); tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes (4.1%); tuberculoma (3.9%), pleuritis (3.3%), caseous pneumonia (2.9%), cavernous and fibrocavernous tuberculosis (1.8%), and cirrhotic tuberculosis (0.5%). There are 69.3 of males and 30.7% of females in the structure of new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. The unemployed able-bodied persons account for 34.5%, workers, 14.7%, disabled, 12.7%, and pensioners, 10.8%. Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are most frequently detected in social risk groups. With this, the highest detection rate per 1000 examinees is 29.1% in homeless persons and 26.9% in migrants. In medical risk groups, tuberculosis is more frequently identified in patients with mental diseases, chronic nonspecific respiratory diseases, and alcohol and drug users (8.7, 5.3, and 2.5, respectively per 1000). In an epidemiological risk group, the highest detection rate is noted among persons who are in contact with patients with tuberculosis (5.4 per 1000). Examination of risk-group patients who amounted to 32.2% of those undergone fluorography detects 62.9% of patients with tuberculosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Malaria in Moscow in 2000-2004].

Malaria was eradicated on the territory of Moscow in 1960; its imported cases mainly from the countries of Asia and Africa and sporadic cases secondary to the imported ones were recorded during the following 40 years. Mass migration of the population (businessmen, seasonal workers, etc.) from the endemic CIS countries in the late 1990s, particularly to the Moscow Region, increased cases of tertian malaria, resulting from the transmission of the infection by the mosquitoes Anopheles. A total of 793 cases of malaria, including 27 parasitic carriers, were recorded from 2000 to 2004. The proportion of Muscovites was 24.1% of the total cases of malaria in 2002 and increased up to 50% in 2004. The causative agents of tertian malaria (Plasmodium vivax) were detected in 74.8% of the total number of cases. The ongoing importation of malaria from Tadjikistan and Azerbaijan, the late establishment of final diagnosis, the shortage of antimalarial drugs make the malaria situation worse in Moscow, which requires that antiepidemic measures should be intensified in the coming 3 years.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of the Moscow population of Neisseria meningitidis strains by the method of multilocus sequencing-typing].

The analysis of meningococcal strains of different serogroups, isolated from the liquor of patients in Moscow, which was carried out with the method of multilocus sequencing-typing (MLST), was presented. At the periods of epidemic morbidity rises in Moscow the prevalence of group A meningococcal strains, belonging to subgroups III with sequence-types 5 (in the 1970s) and 7 (in 1996), was noted, and at a period between epidemics strains of genetic subgroups VI and X were isolated. Meningococcal strains, groups B and C, isolated in 1995 - 2002, had, as a rule, unique sequence-types, differing both one from another and from N. meningitidis sequence-types detected in other countries. Among group B meningococci the prevalence of strains belonging to clonal complex ST-18 was noted, while for group C meningococcci strains belonging to clonal complex ST-41/44 were most typical. Such genetic variability of circulating meningococci was regarded as characteristic of the period between epidemics, observed in Moscow since the end of the 1980s.

Cerebrospinal Fluid↗