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Increasing PAs' awareness and understanding of self-help groups. An educational model.

A model for inclusion of information about self-help groups into a PA training program is provided based on the results of a study of 26 PA students enrolled in a patient-counseling class. Interactions with self-help groups yield more positive beliefs and greater intentions to collaborate with self-help groups than training programs that do not address self-help groups. The experiential component is also useful for increasing understanding of appropriate roles for professionals interacting with self-help groups.

Chronic Disease↗

Enhancing clinical competence using a collaborative clinical education model.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether students in collaborative (two students to one Clinical Instructor [2:1]) learning placements differed on measures of clinical competence as compared with their peers in traditional (1:1) clinical placements. SUBJECTS: The population examined consisted of intermediate-level students in the physical therapy program at the University of Toronto. METHODS: The outcome measure of clinical competence in this study was a weighted score acquired from the university's Evaluation of Clinical Competence (ECC) form. Seven subgroup clinical competence scores as well as the total clinical competence score were analyzed. RESULTS: The collaborative learning group demonstrated significantly higher scores on all aspects of the ECC instrument. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: This result suggests that achievement of clinical competence in patient evaluation, program planning, implementation of treatment, communication, management skills, professional behavior, and documentation were enhanced through collaborative learning.

Adult↗

Design of an internationally accredited radiation oncology resident training program incorporating novel educational models.

PURPOSE: Our primary aim was to design a new, internationally accredited, comprehensive radiation oncology (RO) training program for Singaporean residents that satisfied the needs of stake holders and incorporated published evidence. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The evidence-based method included Medline literature review and broad-based training needs assessment. RESULTS: Literature review revealed few studies describing or evaluating RO resident training programs. Our program was designed by incorporating available published research and stakeholder views determined by the training needs assessment. The program includes novel evidence-based educational methods, including individually negotiated learning contracts, a mentor program, logbooks, task-based learning, tutorials, and formative plus summative assessments. The content and structure is consistent with most United States, United Kingdom, and Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologist (RANZCR) guidelines, with resident evaluation via RANZCR examinations. The RANZCR accredited the program in January 2002. CONCLUSION: We recommend institutions or countries introducing or revising RO resident training programs use an evidence-based approach, addressing the needs of stake holders (determined by a comprehensive training needs assessment) and incorporating published research. Novel educational methods may be considered in RO training. This new Singapore program is the first to achieve international accreditation by the RANZCR. It is clear that additional research in the design and evaluation of RO resident training programs is required.

Biomedical Research↗

A peer education model for teaching breast self-examination to undergraduate college women.

The incidence of breast cancer in women continues to rise, and there is no known cause or prevention. Additionally, > 70% of all diagnosed breast cancer has no known risk factor involved. Early detection is mandatory for survival from this disease, but only three imperfect methods are available: mammography, clinical examination, and breast self-examination (BSE). One-third of all breast cancer cases occur in women under the age of 50 years, and this is a period when mammography is ineffective and clinical examination is infrequent. Consequently, BSE is highly significant for this age group. However, women do not perform BSE on a consistent monthly basis. The significant developmental characteristic of late adolescence and young adulthood is the formation of a personal identity. This age group is also heavily influenced by their peers. Therefore, a BSE program that incorporates peer education and elements essential to positive identity formation may be an effective means to establishing BSE as a normal health routine in young women.

Adolescent↗

Prevention and treatment of alcohol-related problems: an international medical education model.

Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are among the world's most pressing public health concerns. Research has shown that while primary care physicians are in a good position to screen for alcohol-use disorders and to aid in treating these problems, they tend to identify only a small percentage of patients with such disorders and they rarely intervene with these persons. This situation is probably attributable to the fact that medical students worldwide are taught very little about alcohol-related problems. Clearly there is an urgent need to educate the world's doctors about preventing, diagnosing, and treating alcohol abuse and addiction. In this paper, the authors describe a model international program for educating physicians about alcohol-related problems that was developed by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) in cooperation with the Center for Addiction Research and Education (CARE) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. They describe the components of the initiative's "trainer-development" approach and critical issues in implementing the program in other countries. Finally, they discuss how the program was successfully implemented in Poland and describe the NIAAA's plans for introducing the model in several other countries.

Alcoholism↗

Geriatric medicine: a multidisciplinary training and education model in an acute care medical center.

A description of a comprehensive multidisciplinary education and training program in geriatrics in an acute care hospital is presented. A brief review of the history of medical education in geriatrics is examined, and the need for and potential of a hospital-based training program is discussed. The methods used in implementing an education program that attracts house staff physicians and other health professionals are described. The program incorporates the application of a multidisciplinary team model of patient assessment and treatment, which is augmented by clinical bedside teaching and a broad-based educational program. Using hospital-wide faculty, the program includes a geriatrics/gerontology lecture series incorporating presentations on the biopsychosocial aspects of aging and a diversity of subjects relevant to aging. Other programs such as weekly house staff topic sessions on aging, interdisciplinary research seminars, orientations, and special symposia are all part of the education program.

Acute Disease↗

Update on the cancer pain role model education program.

Application of traditional educational methods has done little to improve cancer pain management in the United States. This report details the results of the first year of the expanded Wisconsin Cancer Pain Initiative Role Model Program, a novel approach to cancer pain education. One hundred and ninety-six physicians and nurse educators together with their clinical partners attended one of three role model conferences in 1992-1993 and developed Action Plans detailing their proposed educational goals. Results indicate that participants demonstrated significant improvement in cancer pain knowledge as a result of the 1-day conference. Within 12 months of the conference, 64% of Role Model teams completely or partially met their Action Plan goals. In total, 227 educational or clinical practice projects were completed. The Cancer Pain Role Model Program represents an excellent educational program for disseminating cancer pain information and instituting positive changes in clinical practice.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗

[Autism: educational models for a quality life].

AIMS: Our aim is to describe the change that is taking place in the field of education in developmental disabilities from models centred on the clinical symptoms and on the limitations in the adaptive skills to models that focus on valuable personal results in terms of quality of life. DEVELOPMENT: In order to understand these changes, we outline some of the key points that have given rise to a particular cultural construction of disability and we also discuss how the situation is changing towards models aimed at achieving important personal results. In autism, as in the other developmental disorders, special emphasis has traditionally been placed on an education focusing on symptoms and on skills, and, although things are now beginning to head in that direction, little attention has been given to education based on the person and his or her quality of life. These changes imply new roles for the professionals attending these people. These roles involve combining technique with empathy and ethics, and they are more firmly based on the active role of individuals with autism, together with their rights, interests and opinions. CONCLUSIONS: Models of intervention must pay special attention to the pursuit of valuable personal results, which are oriented towards living a quality life and must involve the active participation of the individuals themselves as well as their relatives.

Autistic Disorder↗

The 'Collaborative Care' curriculum: an educational model addressing key ACGME core competencies in primary care residency training.

AIM: The 'Collaborative Care' curriculum is a 12-month senior resident class project in which one evidence-based clinical guideline is designed, implemented and evaluated in our residency practice. This curriculum specifically addresses three of the six Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competencies: Practice-Based Learning and Improvement, Interpersonal and Communication Skills and System-Based Practices. Additionally, the project enhances the quality of patient care within the model family practice centre in a family practice residency. METHODS: During the project, the third-year residency class selects the disease, develops the clinical guideline, leads its implementation and guides the evaluation process. Select faculty members serve as mentors and coach the resident class through each phase of the project. Specific educational objectives are developed for each content area: evidence-based medicine, clinical guideline development, continuous quality improvement and team leadership. A series of seminars are presented during the project year to provide 'just-in-time' learning for the key content and skills required for each step in the project. By working together to develop the practice guideline, then working with nurses and allied health staff to implement the guideline and review its effectiveness, the resident team gains competence in the areas of practice-based learning and improvement, interpersonal and communication skills and system-based practices. RESULTS: The self-reported level of resident confidence in skill acquisition for each content area was measured for each resident at the time of graduation from the residency programme. Results from the first 2 years of this curriculum are reported (resident n = 12), and demonstrate a high level of physician confidence in the skills addressed and their utility for future practice. CONCLUSIONS: The senior resident seminar and team project model reported here creates learning experiences that appear to address at least three of the ACGME general competency expectations: practice-based learning and improvement, interpersonal communication skills, and systems-based practice. From the initial resident feedback, this educational model seems to establish a high level of physician confidence in the skills addressed and their utility for future practice.

Clinical Competence↗

An interdisciplinary community-based educational model.

The purpose of this article is to describe an innovative partnership among academic, community, and service to better meet the health care needs of underserved populations. The Center for Community Health Education, Research, and Service--a coalition of Boston education institutions, health services providers, and community agencies--was formed with a grant from the W. K. Kellogg Foundation. The initial goal was to establish academic community health centers comparable to the large teaching hospitals that combine service, education, and research as the corner-stone of their mission. With faculty based in the neighborhood health centers, students have learning opportunities to assess, plan care, and treat individuals and families using a community-based primary care model. The nature of the partnership, including the structure and process of implementation, is described. The developmental socialization of advanced practice nursing students in a community based-setting is discussed. Educational and service outcomes are identified.

Boston↗