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PubMed2001

Microbiological quality of retail poultry carcasses in Spain.

A total of 40 eviscerated and refrigerated chicken carcasses were collected from five retail outlets (three supermarkets and two poulterers' shops) in León (Spain). The level of microorganisms on chicken carcasses was assessed using the excised breast-skin technique. Mean counts (log10 CFU/g) of psychrotrophs, pseudomonads, fluorescent pseudomonads, enterococci, Micrococcaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeasts and molds were 4.84, 4.11, 3.32, 2.72, 3.80, 3.67, and 2.99, respectively. A significant correlation coefficient was found between pseudomonads and fluorescent pseudomonad counts (r = 0.827; P < 0.001) and between Micrococcaceae and S. aureus counts (r = 0.915; P < 0.001). Levels of psychrotrophs, pseudomonads, fluorescent pseudomonads, and yeasts and molds were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in supermarkets than in poulterers' shops, possibly due to the longer period of time the carcasses spent in the supermarkets (between 1 and 2 days, as opposed to only 4 to 16 h in the case of poulterers' shops). Carcasses from poulterers' shops showed higher (P < 0.05) counts of enterococci. Micrococcaceae, and S. aureus, which suggests higher storage temperatures in these outlets. Only S. aureus counts (especially those from poulterers' shops) exceeded the established values in the microbiological criteria for poultry meat consulted.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Histamine and tyramine production by bacteria from meat products.

A series of 94 strains of lactic acid bacteria and Micrococcaceae were tested for their ability to decarboxylate histidine and tyrosine in a laboratory medium. Histamine and tyramine were quantified by using a fluorimetric and a HPLC method. There was no significant difference between the results obtained with either method. Among the strains tested, only three released histamine. On the other hand, all the strains of Carnobacterium produced high concentrations of tyramine (2193 micrograms/ml). Some strains of Lactobacillus curvatus and also Lactobacillus plantarum showed tyramine production. Micrococcaceae and Lactobacillus sake did not produce tyramine.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1999

Effect of proteolytic starter cultures of Staphylococcus spp. on biogenic amine formation during the ripening of dry fermented sausages.

The effect of proteolytic starter cultures of Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus xylosus on biogenic amine production was examined during the fermentation process of dry sausages. Microbial counts (lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcaceae and Enterobactenaceae), pH, moisture and proteolysis-related parameters were also studied. The polyamines spermine and spermidine were the main amines found in the raw material and they only showed slight fluctuations during the fermentation. The four elaborated batches presented a significant (P < 0.001) formation of tyramine and putrescine. The main rate of amine production was during the first three days, when a sharp pH decrease and the development of lactic acid bacteria occurred. Sausages fermented with starters had lower amounts of tyramine than naturally fermented sausages (control), but differences in the Micrococcaceae counts were only significant during the first week of the ripening process. A slight formation of diaminopropane, cadaverine, agmatine, tryptamine and phenylethylamine was observed. The amounts of histamine were constant and remained below 0.5 mg/kg of dry matter, while serotonin, octopamine and dopamine were not detected. The sausages with Staphylococcus as starter culture showed strong proteolysis that was correlated with higher pH values than those of the control sausages. However, no positive correlation was found between the proteolysis index and biogenic amine production. Since proteolysis was stronger during the second half of the ripening process, the release of free amino acids as amine precursors occurred later than the early amine production.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Microbiological composition of raw milk from selected farms in the Camembert region of Normandy.

Raw milk from 27 farms was sampled over 6 months for listerias, salmonellas, Yersinia enterocolitica and campylobacters. Total bacterial counts and somatic cell counts were measured. Lactococci, lactobacilli, dextran-producing leuconostocs, Brevibacterium linens, yeasts and moulds, Staphylococcus aureus and other Micrococcaceae, Pseudomonas, coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens and spores of anaerobic lactate-fermenting bacteria were also counted. Pseudomonas (2000 cfu ml-1), lactococci (760 cfu ml-1) and Micrococcaceae (720 cfu ml-1) were the most numerous groups. Lactic acid bacteria were detected in all samples. Coliforms were present in most samples, but 84% of samples had counts < 100 cfu ml-1. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 62% of milks, the average count was 410 cfu ml-1. About 80% of supplies had < or = 10 E. coli cfu ml-1 and all samples had < or = 1 Cl. perfringens cfu ml-1. Two of the tested milks were positive for salmonellas (2.9%), four were positive for Listeria monocytogenes (5.8%), 25 for Yersinia enterocolitica (36%) and one for campylobacters (1.4%).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Acaricomes phytoseiuli gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis.

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, strain CSCT, was isolated from diseased, surface-sterilized specimens of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain was a new member of the family Micrococcaceae. Nearest phylogenetic neighbours were determined as Renibacterium salmoninarum (94.0%), Arthrobacter globiformis (94.8%) and Arthrobacter russicus (94.6%). Although the predominant fatty acids (anteiso C15:0), cell-wall sugars (galactose, glucose) and polar lipids (diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol) are in accordance with those of members of the genus Arthrobacter, strain CSCT can be distinguished from members of the genus Arthrobacter by biochemical tests, the absence of a rod-coccus life cycle and the occurrence of the partially saturated menaquinone MK-10(H2) as the predominant menaquinone. The DNA G+C content is 57.7 mol%. On the basis of morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic differences from other species of the Micrococcaceae, a novel genus and species are proposed, Acaricomes phytoseiuli gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is CSCT (=DSM 14247T=CCUG 49701T).

Animals↗
PubMed1980

An analysis of sebum excretion rate, bacterial population and the production rate of free fatty acids on human skin.

Bacteria were sampled using a "scrub" technique from the skin surface of the faces of forty-nine female subjects aged 18-21 years. The sebum excretion rate was determined by a gravimetric method and the level of free fatty acids by titration. The production rate of free fatty acids was calculated from the product of the concentration of free fatty acids in the sebum and the sebum excretion rate. The date was analysed using Kendall's rank correlation method. Positive correlations existed between the number of Micrococcaceae and the skin propionibacteria (P < 0.001) and between both groups of organisms and the production rate of free fatty acids (P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between the size of the bacterial population and the sebum excretion rate. The results support the view that free fatty acids are produced as a result of bacterial action, that the Micrococcaceae and skin propionibacteria do not compete to the detriment of their respective populations, and that the size of the bacterial population is not dependent upon the sebum excretion rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Correlations between human skin bacteria and skin lipids.

Correlation matrices were constructed for various human skin variables (propionibacteria, micrococcaceae, sebum excretion rate, percentage of free fatty acids and free fatty acid production rate). Two independent populations were studied (n = 87 and n = 103), and a subpopulation (n = 30) was investigated on three occasions at intervals of I month. In this way consistently high correlations could be differentiated from 'fortuitous' correlations. Propionibacteria versus micrococcaceae showed the highest correlation coefficient and propionibacteria versus percentage free fatty acids was also highly correlated. A scatter diagram indicated a relationship between the lower threshold of microbial density and sebum excretion rate. An explanation based on relative duct and gland size is presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The carriage of Malassezia furfur serovars A, B and C in patients with pityriasis versicolor, seborrhoeic dermatitis and controls.

The aetiological role of Malassezia furfur in various dermatoses is controversial. The role of the three serovars of M. furfur in Malassezia-associated diseases has not been investigated. This study measured population densities of M. furfur serovars A, B and C, propionibacteria and Micrococcaceae on the chest, back, forehead, left and right cheeks of 10 patients with pityriasis versicolor, and 10 age- and sex-matched controls; and 10 patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis, and 10 age- and sex-matched controls. The population densities of M. furfur, propionibacteria and Micrococcaceae did not vary at a given site between patients and the corresponding control subjects. Malassezia furfur serovar A was found to be the predominant isolate on the chest and back of all four groups, but there was no difference in the distribution of serovars on the forehead and cheeks. No serovar was specifically associated with lesional skin in either disease. Thus, this data indicated that there was no difference in either the total population density of M. furfur or the distribution of serovars on lesional skin compared with control skin in either pityriasis versicolor or seborrhoeic dermatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The short-term treatment of acne vulgaris with benzoyl peroxide: effects on the surface and follicular cutaneous microflora.

A 28-day treatment regimen was undertaken by 12 volunteers, in which 5% (w/v) benzoyl peroxide (BP) in an aqueous gel was applied daily to the entire face. Clinical efficacy of the treatment was assessed after 2, 4, 9, 14 and 28 days, and the surface and follicular microbial populations were enumerated using established techniques. Viable counts were obtained for propionibacteria and Micrococcaceae. Mean numbers of propionibacteria recovered from the skin surface and follicular casts were significantly reduced after 2 days' treatment (P < 0.01), and the population was maintained at a significantly lower level throughout the study (P < 0.01), with mean values approaching the lower detection limit of the assay. Significant reductions in the surface and follicular Micrococcaceae were observed after 2 days' treatment, and at all subsequent visits (P < 0.05). After 2 days' treatment, only slight reductions in mean acne grade and mean inflamed lesion count were observed. However, at all subsequent visits the mean acne grade was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) compared with T0. The mean non-inflamed lesion count was lower than the pretreatment level at all visits, although the results were variable. The results indicate that significant reductions in surface and follicular microorganisms may be obtained after 48 h treatment with BP. Therefore, the non-specific antibacterial action of BP may be utilized in short intervening courses to reduce the carriage of antibiotic-resistant micro-organisms and thus improve the long-term efficacy of antibiotic acne treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of two commercially available test methods with conventional coagulase tests for identification of Staphylococcus aureus.

The API STAPHase (Analytab Products, Inc., Plainview, N.Y.) and SeroSTAT Staph (Scott Laboratories, Fiskville, R.I.) tests were compared to the conventional tube coagulase test and a slide coagulase test by using fresh isolates of members of the family Micrococcaceae. The 4-h, 24-h, and combined readings of the tube coagulase test detected 94.5, 99.5 and 100%, respectively, of 219 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The API STAPHase, SeroSTAT Staph, and slide coagulase tests detected 95.9, 95.4 and 95.9% of the isolates of S. aureus, respectively. There were no false-positive results with any of the systems when tested with 103 strains of members of the family Micrococcaceae other than S. aureus. We concluded that the STAPHase and SeroSTAT Staph tests were equal in accuracy to the slide coagulase and 4-h tube coagulase tests and were suitable for use in the clinical microbiology laboratory. However, SeroSTAT Staph gave faster results than the API STAPHase, and the test was easier to perform. Also, the false-negative rate was high enough with the STAPHase, SeroSTAT Staph, and the slide coagulase tests that all negative reactions should be confirmed with a tube test.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1999

Antibacterial efficacy of benzoyl peroxide in phospholipid liposomes. A vehicle-controlled, comparative study in patients with papulopustular acne.

BACKGROUND: Literature reports indicate that phospholipid liposomes facilitate the accumulation of active agents in the infundibulum. OBJECTIVE: The study hypothesis of an improved antibacterial efficacy of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) in phospholipid liposomes was tested in comparison with a commercial and a pharmacopoeial BPO preparation. METHODS: The infundibular bacterial samples were obtained with the Permabond technique from 20 acne patients who had been treated with the test substances (vehicle-controlled) for 2 weeks twice per day in a single-blinded, comparative study on the upper back. RESULTS: A significant antibacterial effect in the infundibula (Propionibacteria and Micrococcaceae, both: p < 0.001) for a BPO phospholipid liposome formulation could be demonstrated. In comparison to the other significantly efficacious BPO formulations which were also tested (commercial product and pharmacopoeial formulation), the BPO phospholipid liposome formulation showed a significantly greater antibacterial efficacy for Propionibacteria and Micrococcaceae (both: p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A BPO formulation in phospholipid liposomes may represent an improvement of the conventional external BPO treatment of acne.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2001

Growth and survival of immature Heamatobia irritans (Diptera; Muscidae) is influenced by bacterial isolated from cattle manure and conspecific larvae.

Twenty species of bacteria were isolated from cattle manure and seven species were isolated from the gut of larval horn fly Hematobia irritans (L.). Bacteria in manure belonged to the Bacillaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Micrococcaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, and two unassigned genera. Gut bacteria belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Neisseriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae. H. irritans larval survival and growth on the various bacterial species were evaluated by rearing larvae in sterilized cattle manure that was inoculated with single bacterial isolates. H. irritans larvae failed to develop in sterilized, uninoculated manure, indicating that bacteria are necessary for larval development. Survival averaged 74% in nonsterilized manure and ranged from 4 to 53% in manure with individual isolates. Survival was highest when larvae were reared on manure inoculated with Pseudomonadaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, and Bacillaceae and was lowest when reared in manure inoculated with Enterobacteriaceae and Microbacteriaceae. Pupal weights were heaviest when reared on the Flavobacteria, followed by the Pseudomonadaceae and Corynebacteriaceae. Pupae averaged 4.9 +/- 0.08 mg when reared on gram-negative isolates, compared with 3.6 +/- 0.09 mg when reared on gram-positive isolates. Pupal weights were not significantly correlated with larval survival, indicating that bacteria that promote growth do not necessarily promote survival. A reproductive index was used as a measure of fitness and was highest for larvae reared in the nonsterile control, followed most closely by Pseudomonadaceae and Corynebacteriaceae. These groups appeared to best meet the nutritional requirements of larvae and may be used in further experiments to define an artificial rearing media for H. irritans.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1991

[STAPHYOGRAM, a new rapid identification kit for the aerobic, gram-positive, catalase-positive cocci--application of fluorometric microplate hybridization for the pre-identification of 386 isolates used].

A new simplified test kit, STAPHYOGRAM plate, was developed for 4-hr identification of aerobic, Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci. The plate has 18 wells, in which different dehydrated substrates and nutrients are fixed. An 18-hr agar-culture suspension of a test strain with a turbidity of McFarland No. 4 was distributed into all wells in 50-microliters quantities. After 4-hr incubation at 37C, the profile number was obtained by summarizing positive reactions. The ability of the plate to differentiate the type strains of the 30 species of the three genera in the family Micrococcaceae was confirmed. These three genera are Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Stomatococcus. The applicability of the fluorometric microplate hybridization technique to identification of aerobic, Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci was confirmed by homologous hybridization among the type strains of the 30 species. Thus, 386 isolates of human and animal origin were pre-identified by microplate hybridization and used for evaluating the STAPHYOGRAM plate. Of the 236 profile numbers thus obtained with the 386 isolates, 218 (92.4%) were species-proper each and all for the 15 species of Staphylococcus and Stomatococcus mucilaginosus. A total of 342 (88.6%) of the 386 isolates were given such profile numbers, and were identified without any additional test. Among the 15 species identified primarily by the results of STAPHYOGRAM plate culture, S. caprae, S. lugdunensis, S. gallinarum and S. delphini were validly published after Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. The identified strains of S. caprae (48), S. haemolyticus (46), S. capitis (35) numbered between those of S. epidermidis (67) and S. saprophyticus (31). Profile numbers common to two species were seven (27 strains) and that to four species was one (17 strains). These 44 strains were identified with one to three additional tests. From these results, we were convinced that the STAPHYOGRAM test plate is useful for the rapid identification of members of family Micrococcaceae. By compiling STAPHYOGRAM plate data on genetically identified strains, an exclusive list of profile numbers will soon be prepared for perfection of the kit.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from pasteurized milk and characterization of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance genes.

The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in pasteurized milk was detected by plating 18 milk samples on selective media containing beta-lactams, macrolides, or a glycopeptide. Most samples contained gram-positive bacteria that grew on agar plates containing oxacillin, erythromycin, and/or spiramycin. The disk-diffusion method confirmed resistance to erythromycin and/or spiramycin in 86 and 65% of the coryneform bacteria and Micrococcaceae tested, respectively. PCR and sequence analysis revealed the presence of an ermC gene in 2 of the 25 Micrococcaceae strains investigated for their resistance to erythromycin and/or spiramycin. None of the 14 corynebacteria strains resistant to erythromycin and/or spiramycin harbored the erm(X) gene. No gene transfer could be demonstrated between the two erm(C) staphylococcal isolates and recipient strains of Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 or Staphylococcus aureus 80CR5.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Contribution to the interpretation of the occurrence of unsuccessful therapeutical results in acne vulgaris with topical erythromycin (Propionibact. acnes).

Investigations are reported which attempt to contribute towards an understanding of those cases in which topical treatment with erythromycin is unsuccessful. In 13 acne patients no resistance of P. acnes was observed after seven weeks of topical treatment with erythromycin. This demonstrates that the 20% frequency of resistance induction reported in the literature is too high. In the 13 treated patients there was no essential reduction in the number of inflammatory lesions although a decrease in the number of Propionibacteria in the pilosebaceous ducts occurred. This result is perhaps connected with a concurrent increase in Micrococcaceae, which could suggest that not only Propionibacteria, but also Micrococcaceae play a role in the pathogenesis of acne.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1996

Changes in microbial populations on fresh cut spinach.

The microbial populations found on fresh-cut spinach leaves that were stored in gas permeable bags at 10 degrees C for 12 days were examined and identified. The microorganisms consisted of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Populations of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae increased sharply during the storage period. The initial populations were 10(7), 10(6), 10(6) and 10(4) CFU.g-1 respectively. Populations reached 10(10) for the mesophiles, psychrotrophs and Pseudomonadaceae and 10(7) CFU.g-1 for Enterobacteriaceae after 12 days of storage. Micrococcaceae, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts remained constant (10(3)-10(4) CFU.g-1. The majority of the bacterial isolates were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas caviae and Staphylococcus xylosus. The yeasts, which were most frequently isolated, were classified in the genus Cryptococcus. No pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella were detected. Observations with low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) indicated that the microorganisms were not present on the surface of healthy unbroken leaves. Alternatively, they were found in areas where the cuticle was broken and could be seen infecting the internal palisade parenchyma.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1996

Main microbial flora present as natural starters in Cebreiro raw cow's-milk cheese (northwest Spain).

Thirty samples of Cebreiro, a fresh or short-time-ripened raw cow's-milk cheese produced in Northwest Spain, were analyzed for the presence of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, (AMC) lactic acid bacteria (LAB), enterococci and Micrococcaceae. Mean AMC and LAB counts exceeding 10(9)/g were higher than those reported for other fresh or short-time-ripened cheeses, although Micrococcaceae occurred in lower numbers (< 10(5)/g) than reported for other raw-milk cheeses. Out of a total of 126 LAB representation isolates, 59 were identified as enterococci (38 as Enterococcus faecalis) 30 as lactococci (24 as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis), 25 as leuconostocs (14 as Leuconostoc mesenteroides) and 6 were identified as mesophylic lactobacilli. The enterocci in general were more proteolytic and produced more diacetyl/acetoin than the other LAB groups lactic acid bacteria isolated. It seems that a starter for making Cebreiro cheese should contain these microorganisms so as to reproduce the typical characteristics of traditional raw milk Cebreiro cheeses.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Microbiological characteristics of "androlla", a Spanish traditional pork sausage.

Counts of total aerobic mesophilic microflora, lactic acid bacteria, salt-tolerant microflora, Enterobacteriaceae, enterococci, moulds and yeasts, and staphylococci, and some physico-chemical parameters (total solids, NaCl and nitrate contents and pH and aw values) were determined in 20 units of "androlla", a traditional dry-fermented sausage made in the NW of Spain. In general, high counts of all the investigated microbial groups were observed, with average values of 8.99 +/- 0.46 log cfu/g for the total aerobic mesophilic microflora, 9.11 +/- 0.16 log cfu/g for the lactic acid bacteria, 6.87 +/- 0.68 log cfu/g for the salt-tolerant microflora, 2.80+/-1.85 log cfu/g for the Enterobacteriaceae, 3.25 +/- 1.86 log cfu/g for the enterococci, 4.30 +/- 1.73 log cfu/g for the moulds and yeasts, and 3.62 +/- 0.60 log cfu/g for the staphylococci. From MRS agar, SPC agar + 7.5% NaCl, VRBG agar, and KAA agar, 10 colonies were randomly taken from each androlla unit and from each culture medium. A total of 200 strains per culture medium were then identified using the classical methods. Among the isolates from MRS agar, Lactobacillus sakei predominated, followed by Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus alimentarius and Lactobacillus plantarum. Of the 200 isolates obtained from SPC agar + 7.5% NaCl, only 56 strains belonged to the Staphylococcaceae or Micrococcaceae families. Among the Staphylococcaceae, Staphylococcus xylosus was the main species, followed by Staph. epidermidis; Staph. equorum, Staph. capitis and Staph. saprophyticus were isolated in very low proportions. Among the Micrococcaceae, Micrococcus luteus predominated, followed by Micrococcus lylae, Kocuria varians and Kocuria kristinae. Of the 150 isolates obtained from VRBG agar, Hafnia alvei was the main species, followed by Serratia liquefaciens and Enterobacter amnigenus; six isolates were identified as Salmonella. Among the 190 isolates obtained from KAA agar, 122 were considered enterococci; 20 isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecium, one as Enterococcus faecalis and 101 as Enterococcus inter faecalis-faecium.

Animals↗