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"Since 1960 the marital status of single parents has shifted strongly in the Netherlands. Fewer single parents are widows or widowers and more are divorced. At the moment about half of single parents are divorced. The proportion of never-married single parents has grown only slightly." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
"This article presents a graphical and a life table analysis that summarizes some 14,000 values of data by single year of age and time on marriage and fertility in China up to 1989. In the 1970s, age at first marriage shifted upward by about four years, and fertility dramatically declined. The age at marriage and childbearing decreased in [the] 1980s, which are associated with some socio-economic factors. Fertility rates slightly increased in the second half of the 1980s, from their low level in 1984. The analysis also reveals that Chinese marriage and childbearing remain virtually universal and occurred at rather young ages." Data are from the 1988 2-in-1,000 fertility and contraceptive survey. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)
"This paper reviews the roles of divorce, nonmarital childbearing, and cohabitation in the changing family contexts of children, and then provides new estimates of current family composition which incorporate cohabitation. The underlying process is viewed in terms of the declining significance of marriage linked to long-term trends in individuation. Half of all children in the U.S. will spend some time in a single-parent family, and nonmarital childbearing is an important factor creating these families. At the same time, increased cohabitation requires that family definitions which are based on marital status in the U.S. be replaced with those that include cohabitation. A sixth of traditionally defined ¿mother-only' families are cohabiting two-parent families, and the one-fourth of current stepfamilies that are cohabiting are missed by marriage-based definitions." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
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"The institution of polyandry has a long history in India. Having its origin in the remote past polyandry flourished through the ages; it witnessed change with the alteration of cultural perspectives, and gradually it started diminishing due to some obvious reasons. Polyandry has its own appeal...owing to which it has been discussed by [a] large number of social scientists from diversified angles. In the present paper the author has put forward a systematic review of the various observations made by the different authorities. Various factors relating to the emergence of polyandry and the related causes have been pin-pointed here. The study highlights that [the] once flourishing social institution [of] polyandry is now in a state of disappearance."
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The persistent rise in the proportion of firstborn babies conceived out of wedlock, which characterized the period from the 1950s to the early 1970s, has apparently abated, according to data analyzed from the June 1980 and June 1982 Current Population Surveys (CPS). Although the proportion increased from 16 percent of firstborn children among women 15 years and older in the 1950-1954 period to 34 percent in the 1970-1974 period, it subsequently declined to 31 percent in 1975-1979, and has remained at that level. Since 1970, approximately 68 percent of firstborn children among teenage women have been conceived outside of marriage, four times the level recorded during the same period among women aged 20 and older. In addition, more than 90 percent of firstborn babies among black teenagers have been conceived out of wedlock, compared with about 60 percent among white teenagers. Among women aged 20 and older, about 50 percent of firstborn babies of black mothers and approximately 13 percent of firstborn babies of white mothers have been conceived outside of marriage. Despite the recent overall stability in the proportion of first babies conceived out of wedlock, a notable decline has occurred in the likelihood of mothers to marry before the birth of the child. Between the 1950-1954 and the 1970-1974 periods, about 50 percent of all women who had an out-of-wedlock pregnancy married before the birth; this proportion has since fallen below 40 percent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The number of marriages in England and Wales fell to its lowest level for 50 years in 1993 at just under 300 thousand. In addition, the number of marriages which were the first for both partners was the lowest recorded this century. This article examines the trends in marriage, cohabitation, and of living outside a partnership, to provide some background information to the decline in marriage. Seven out of ten first marriages in the early 1990s were preceded by premarital cohabitation, compared with only one in ten in the early 1970s. Of the couples who lived together before marriage, the median duration of premarital cohabitation was about 2 years for those who first married in the early 1990s, compared with about 1 year for those who first married in the early 1970s. Over one in 5 of non-married men and women were cohabiting in 1993, compared with under one in 7 in the mid-1980s. On the basis of these trends which have persisted for a number of years, as well as the growing tendency to live outside a partnership, the incidence of marriage, particularly at the younger ages, seems likely to decline further.
This article provides estimates of the proportions of marriages which ended in divorce for the different groups of couples who have married since the 1950s. Over one quarter of all couples who married in the late 1970s and early 1980s had divorced by the end of 1994. As well as giving the overall proportion of couples married in a given year who subsequently divorced, estimates are provided of the corresponding proportions for different subsets of those couples--according to each partner's marital status before marriage, and age at marriage. For some of the higher risk groups--bachelors and spinsters who married as teenagers and divorced men and women who remarried in their early twenties--the proportions who had divorced by 1994 had reached over 40 per cent, and in some cases just over 50 per cent, amongst those who had married between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s. Finally, a life table analysis is carried out to estimate the proportion of marriages which would end in divorce were the duration--specific divorce rates to remain unchanged at their 1993/94 levels. On this basis, two in five marriages would ultimately end in divorce; just under one half of couples would celebrate their silver wedding, whilst the average length of marriage would be 26 years.
A study was carried out to determine factors affecting place of death (home, hospital, nursing home or "other places") among all 426,115 resident deaths in Washington State during 1968-1981, using death certificate information. Sixteen percent of deaths occurred at home, 74% in institutions (51% in hospitals, 23% in nursing homes) and 9% at "other places." Age, marital status and cause of death all strongly affect place of death. Further, the effect of each factor was strongly dependent on the others. Sex had no effect on place of death after controlling for other factors. Elderly people died relatively more frequently in nursing homes, infants and middle aged people in hospitals and young adults in "other places." The frequency of deaths at home was quite constant by age. Hospitals were the most common place of death following both vascular disease (including heart attack) and neoplasms, and nursing homes were the most common place of death following cerebrovascular disease (including "stroke"). Race, socioeconomic status and urban or rural residents affected the place of death only slightly or not at all. The place of death pattern changed little during the time period 1968-1981, except for a slight increase in frequency of home deaths and a corresponding decrease in the frequency of deaths in other places. Among cancer patients, the likelihood of death at home was positively associated with longer periods of survival after diagnosis. Cancer patients of hospitals serving targeted populations, such as veterans, were relatively more likely to die in a hospital and less likely to die in a nursing home compared to other cancer patients, suggesting that the "targeted" hospitals are sometimes serving a nursing home function. There was a marked difference in the terminal cancer caseload by hospital. The number of cancer deaths per cancer diagnosis varied widely across hospitals (0.1 to 1.6) and was unrelated to size of the hospital or level of services offered. Intervention aimed at affecting place of death, such as increasing the number of deaths at home, will need to take account of the joint effect of age, marital status and disease.
"The concept of 'social urbanization' is examined with reference to demographic, social, and cultural patterns in Caracas, Venezuela during the period 1870-1908. These patterns, responding to changes on the national and international level foreshadow, and in some cases are the beginnings of, present-day patterns. Changes in the relations between Caracas and the core states of Europe and North America are examined, as are significant changes in residence and marriage patterns." It is noted that "significant amounts of internal migration were occurring during this period, and it is suggested that structural linkages between Caracas and its surrounding hinterland were forged by the end of the nineteenth century. Finally, it is argued that 'social urbanization' is part of the wider global process of world-system transformation underway during the nineteenth century."
CONTEXT: Contraceptive use has been legal in France for the past 30 years, and patterns of use changed substantially from the 1960s to the 1980s. Given the rapidity with which use patterns change and the possible impact of rising concern about infection with HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, it is important to determine trends of contraceptive practice into the 1990s. METHODS: A total of 5,900 French households were selected in 1994 for inclusion in the Fertility and Family Survey. Respondents were questioned about their contraceptive use patterns and family formation status. The results were compared with those of comparable surveys conducted in 1978 and 1988. RESULTS: Two-thirds of French women used some form of reversible contraceptive method in 1994. Oral contraceptive use has grown steadily in France: About 40% of women aged 20-44 reported using the pill alone or combined with another method in 1994, compared with 34% in 1988 and 28% in 1978. Condom use has also been on the rise: Nearly 8% of women were using condoms alone or combined with another method in 1994, up from 5% in 1988 and 6% in 1978. IUD use has declined from 19% in 1988 to 16% in 1994, and both male and female sterilizations remain rare. CONCLUSIONS: Contraceptive behavior in France appears unique among developed countries, with fairly high levels of oral contraceptive use--even among older women--relatively high levels of IUD use and little reliance on either male or female sterilization. As with other countries, however, condom use has climbed in recent years, and is especially common at first intercourse.