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PubMed2003

Geographical variations in the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in rural Tanzania.

The prevalence and incidence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were recorded in two lake-island and eight rural mainland communities in Mwanza, Tanzania. The prevalence and incidence of HIV and syphilis were lower on the islands, but this pattern was not seen for herpes simplex virus type-2, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, male urethritis or antenatal prevalences of Trichomonas vaginalis. Island men reported fewer sexual partners than mainland men but no differences were found for women. Island men were more likely to be circumcised, island women less mobile and there were differences in marriage patterns. Possible explanations for the differences in HIV and syphilis include: slower introduction of HIV into the islands because of geographical isolation, more core-group sexual contact on the mainland, higher prevalence of male circumcision on the islands and differences in marital status. Differences in transmission dynamics may lead to geographical patterns that vary between STIs.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Age at first marriage in Viet Nam: patterns and determinants.

"Using data from the 1991 Viet Nam Life History Survey, this article examines the patterns and determinants of age at first marriage. It shows that socio-economic and political changes during the last few decades are associated with a shift to older ages of first marriage. It identifies regional variations and discusses the significant impact of warfare on the country's age patterns of marriage. It concludes by bringing out the implications of the study for policy purposes." The full text is of this article is available electronically through www.undp.org/popin.

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Twenty years of marriages.

In 1994, a total of 159,959 marriages were performed in Canada, up only slightly from 159,316 the year before. This small increase had no effect on the crude marriage rate, which remained at 5.5 marriages per 1,000 population. Aside from a brief uptum in the late 1980s, Canada's marriage rate has fallen quite steadily since the early 1970s. The overall decline is also evident when rates are disaggregated by the prior marital status of the bride and groom (single, divorced or widowed). Since 1974, the average ages of brides and grooms have risen about five years to 30.1 and 32.6, respectively. Nonetheless, the peak ages for marriage are the twenties. In this age range, women's marriage rates exceed those of men, but at older ages, men's rates are higher. And at progressively older ages, a growing proportion of grooms have brides at least 10 years their junior. The marriage patterns of Quebec residents differ from those of other Canadians. Quebec residents are much more likely to remain single or live common-law, and if they do marry, they are slightly more likely to divorce. Once divorced or widowed, people in Quebec are less likely than those in the rest of Canada to remarry. This article is based on data compiled by Statistics Canada from marriage registration forms provided by the central Vital Statistics Registry in each province and territory.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Social class, marriage, and fertility in schizophrenia.

The hypothesis is presented that the etiology of schizophrenia is neurodevelopmental: schizophrenia is a disorder occurring in extremely late maturers, whereas manic-depressive psychosis affects early maturers. This hypothesis is related to recent neurobiological findings and also to the following epidemiological and demographic topics covered by the author in her review of social class, marriage, and fertility in schizophrenia: Kretschmer's observations of body type differences between patients with schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis; trends in the incidence of schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis in industrialized versus developing economies; changing epidemiology of the subtypes of schizophrenia and of manic-depressive psychosis; sex differences in manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia; fertility and childlessness in schizophrenia; selection for marriage in schizophrenia; marriage patterns, inbreeding, and schizophrenia; social class, social mobility, and occupation in schizophrenia; social mobility and social selection; excess of schizophrenia in the lowest strata of society; social class, course, and outcome; and social stress and schizophrenia.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1988

Racial differences in contraceptive choice: complexity and implications.

Previous research has failed to generate consensus about why black fertility has persistently exceeded that of whites in the United States. In an effort to shed light on this question, this article examines black/white differences in sociodemographic factors affecting contraceptive choice. Using data from the 1976 and 1982 National Surveys of Family Growth, we find a complex pattern of black/white differences. Not only does contraceptive choice vary by race, but the effects of such variables as age, marital status, and education also differ between blacks and whites. For example, compared with whites, black married women avoid coital methods, and compared with blacks, white women shift contraceptive behavior more as they change marital status. The complex nature of the racial differences in contraceptive choice are interpreted as reflecting differences in marriage patterns and trends.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Patterns of work--rheumatoid arthritis.

Fifty rheumatoid adults successfully competing in full time competitive work were interviewed to determine the factors which distinguish this group and enable their continuing work, which included physical and social barriers and aids to working full time. The data indicate that as a whole they had significant disease, most falling in functional class 2 and 3 (ARA). As a group they were well educated with occupations mirroring their educational attainments. Almost all had inside jobs and most had worked for long times in their occupations. The majority did not change occupations after disease onset and many had been in their jobs for years, often in the same firm. Promotions were few. They had stable marriage patterns. Patients were motivated for work and did what was necessary to get to work despite their disease. These workers had a low level of absenteeism, enjoyed their jobs and felt that personal desire was the most important factor in keeping at work. From consideration of the disease itself, in addition to upper and lower extremity problems, morning stiffness, fatigue and public transport difficulties were highlighted and focus attention on the need to better control these features of the disease and environment.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

High sex ratios in China's future.

In China in recent years, male live births have exceeded those of females by amounts far greater than those that occur naturally in human populations, a trend with significant demographic consequences. The resulting imbalance in the first-marriage market is estimated to be about 1 million males per year after 2010. These "excess" males were not easily accommodated in models with substantial changes in first-marriage patterns. The current sex ratio at birth has little effect on a couple's probability of having at least one son, so future increases in the sex ratio may well occur, especially given increasing access to sex-selective abortion.

China↗
PubMed2001

Leaving your wife and your brothers: when polyandrous marriages fall apart.

Polyandry challenges both traditional sociocultural and evolutionary understandings of marriage. Its existence calls into question the importance of female sexual exclusivity and reproduction in marriage, two fundamental aspects of the affinal bond in most other marital forms. How does polyandrous marriage persist? When does it dissolve? This paper examines marriage patterns in the fraternally polyandrous Tibetan communities of northwestern Nepal, highlighting the most important factors associated with both the maintenance and dissolution of polyandrous unions. Behavioral ecological analyses of polyandry to date have focused on univariate analyses of the economic and fertility correlates of the two primary marital forms observed in nominally polyandrous communities, polyandry and monogamy. In this analysis, multivariate regression and survival analysis are used to extend our understanding of the factors that precipitate partitioning among the polyandrous marriages in the study. Wealth, long thought to be a major force shaping marital decisions in these communities, is modeled in both quantity and quality in this study. This represents an important departure from previous studies, as analyses show that it is not only the amount of wealth that influences the stability of polyandrous marriages, but also the type of wealth and extent to which it is diversified over economic spheres. Univariate analyses show that amount of wealth and the size of the brother/co-husband set are both associated with the probability that a polyandrous marriage will partition. Though these results support earlier findings, multivariate analyses show that controlling for other factors reduces their importance.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Economic change and demographic continuity: the demography of Borne and Wierden (the Netherlands) in the period of proto- and factory industry, 1800-1900.

"The article tests some central hypotheses from theories of proto-industrialization. The work of Mendels and Medick suggests that prolonged intensification of cottage industry on a regional level will have significant consequences for nuptiality and fertility. Two family reconstitution studies in the Dutch region of Twente, an area with proto-industrial activities (linen weaving) since the second half of the seventeenth century, showed that with respect to nuptiality, there are no indications of the existence of a proto-industrial or industrial marriage pattern. It is argued that its absence, in spite of intensive cottage and factory industry in the region, can be attributed to the existence, on the level of the family, of a dual economy in which agriculture and textiles production supplemented each other well into the twentieth century."

Demography↗
PubMed1985

Declining first-marriage rates in England and Wales: a change in timing or a rejection of marriage?

Two different methods devised by Ryder and by Le Bras and Roussel are used "to assess how far the changes in first-marriage rates in England and Wales arise from a shift to marrying at later ages or from a decline in the popularity of formal marriage. The two methods yield consistent results, and indicate that the majority of young people...will continue to marry but that during the 1970s many were postponing marriage. The pattern of cohabitation and prevailing attitudes to marriage are compatible with such a finding. Recent marriage patterns in England and Wales are found to differ from those in France and Sweden." (summary in FRE)

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive use and annual acceptors required for fertility transition: results of a projection model.

Major fertility declines in developing countries are invariably accompanied by large increases in contraceptive prevalence and in the annual number of new acceptors. This article applies a target-setting model to make hypothetical projections of trends in prevalence and number of acceptors over the course of a full fertility transition. The sensitivity of these trends to variations in proximate determinants such as the marriage pattern and the duration of lactational amenorrhea, as well as in the discontinuation rate and the method mix, are examined. It is concluded that a contraceptive prevalence of around 75 percent is needed to achieve replacement-level fertility and that variations in proximate determinants other than contraceptive prevalence have only a modest effect on this result. On the other hand, trends in new acceptors are demonstrated to be very sensitive to discontinuation rate changes. As a consequence, it is generally difficult to draw conclusions about trends in fertility from trends in acceptors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Factors affecting the prevalence of infection with hepatitis B virus among non-pregnant women in the Alexishafen area of Papua New Guinea.

The prevalence of hepatitis B viral markers was studied in 673 women of childbearing age in 17 villages (12 indigenous and five plantation villages) on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. Some 7.9% of women were HBsAg positive and 41.3% were positive for anti-HBs. There was significant variation in prevalence between villages, ranging from 0 to 13.9% for HBsAg and 26.0 to 71.0% for all markers. The 12 indigenous villages were classified into three groups according to language (Austronesian or non-Austronesian), location (inland or coastal), and marriage patterns. The prevalence of hepatitis B was significantly higher in Austronesian than in non-Austronesian villages (P less than 0.01), and it remained significant after controlling for age differences and for possible effects on prevalence caused by women marrying into the three village groups from other areas. Interactions between malaria and hepatitis B were also investigated. Non-Austronesian villages with the highest spleen rates had the lowest prevalence of hepatitis B infection, and there was no correlation with parasitaemia. These results may reflect a lower exposure of women to hepatitis B infection in non-Austronesian villages, or may indicate different genetic or immunological responses to infection between Austronesians and non-Austronesians.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility trends among acceptors of sterilisation in an urban situation: a socio-demographic explanation.

This report examines the characteristic trends in socioeconomic, demographic, fertility, and marriage patterns of a sample of 48 acceptors of sterilization in an urban situation in India. The sample represents a universe of 211 acceptors out of 1171 eligible couples and 10,000 population. The analysis yields valuable information on the correlation between socioeconomic and demographic variables. Wives' education and residential status are negatively and significantly correlated with family size. The mean ages at vasectomy and tubectomy are 38.3 and 28.1 years respectively. The mean number of living children at the time of tubectomy is 3.4. About 69% of the women have had only live births. The mean number of years of fertile marital union is 12.19. The mean number of conceptions is 4.4. The mean achieved family size is 3.3 living children and the mean ideal family size ranges from 2.13 to 2.5.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

[Social status and marriage within the medical profession].

BACKGROUND: There are many reasons to expect a high level of homogamy in the medical profession, i.e. that many physicians marry another physician. The question raised here is whether social status--level of academic performance and social origin--influences the probability of finding a partner within the profession. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The answer is based on a sample of 3,500 Norwegian physicians who graduated between 1981 and 1996. Their marriage patterns are analysed by logistic regression models estimating the impact of grades and social origin as well as a number of control variables. RESULTS: A female physician's probability of marrying a male physician increased systematically by grades and was highest among those whose parents had advanced degrees. Among male physicians, the impact of grades varied by social origin. Among men born to parents with a high level of education, their propensity of marrying within the medical profession increased the higher their grades were. Among those without this parental background, no such tendency was found. INTERPRETATION: The results may indicate that female physicians seek to maximize the status of their partners, while men, especially the most ambitious, seek complementary partners. The most attractive men may, however, get early involved in relationships that are not optimal in relation to their career aspirations.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Marriage and cohabitation in a changing society: experience of Norwegian men and women born in 1945 and 1960.

"Retrospective survey data are used to estimate the effect of various factors on the transitions to first marriage or first cohabitation among single Norwegian men and women born in 1945 and 1960. A high educational level is not found to reduce marriage intensities for women, although educational enrollment appears to be less compatible with marriage for women than men. The effect of employment varies according to prevailing sex-role expectations. The data support the assumption that modern cohabitation developed from two socially opposite origins, the educated elite and the working class. A social value dimension is assumed to have a major effect upon the present-day choice between marriage and cohabitation." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Marriage risks, cohabitation and premarital births in Canada.

"This paper is an attempt to examine the trends in union formation among various cohorts and to identify some of the socio-demographic correlates of marital timing. The data for this study are taken from the Canadian Fertility Survey of 1984. The results indicate that there is no immediate crisis for the family in Canada, but that many are choosing cohabitation as a preferred mode of first union formation at early stages. Young women (below 25 years of age), residents of large metropolitan areas, those with a university education and those with low religious commitment are more likely than others to be delayers of marriage." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Religious intermarriage in Switzerland, 1969-72 and 1979-82.

"Patterns of marriage between Protestants and Roman Catholics in Switzerland during 1969-72 and 1979-82 are investigated using magnitudes of marriage attraction, measures that reflect the propensity to marry independent of population composition. The results show high levels of intermarriage, with religious differences becoming less salient in marriage choice. There is no evidence that the propensity to intermarry is influenced by 'minority group' effects." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Developed Countries↗