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PubMed2004

Failed attempts at experimental transplantation and transmission of nocturnally-periodic simian Loa from monkey to man.

This paper describes unsuccessful attempts to induce a nocturnally-periodic infection with simian Loa in a human volunteer (the author of this paper) by means of 1. Transplanting adult simian Loa worms from a wild drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) to man; and 2. Infecting the same volunteer by sub-cutaneous inoculation with infective larvae of simian Loa from a laboratory-bred, experimentally infected Chrysops silacea.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Phylogenetic analysis of SIV derived from mandrill and drill.

SIVmnd was isolated from mandrills in Gabon in 1989 soon after the existence of simian counterparts of HIV such as SIVmac and SIVagm was known. Since then the SIVmnd has been long considered as an independent SIV lineage and the natural host is the mandrill. However this initial finding turned out to be more complex by the recent finding of new SIV isolated from mandrills living in northern mandrill habitat, and other SIV isolated from drills and other species. One fact which made these findings complicated was the fact that the SIVmnd made a tight cluster with SIVlhoest and SIVsun from genus Cercopithecus, which is different from genus Mandrillus. A second fact is that the second SIVmnd isolates are different in the genomic structure from the former SIVmnd and almost similar to SIVdrl from drills, and phylogenetically closely related with each other. At present, the former SIVmnd isolate is termed SIVmnd-1 and the second SIVmnd isolate is called SIVmnd-2. Interestingly SIVmnd-2/SIVdrl has the same mosaic structure containing the vpx gene which is absent in SIVmnd-1. The mosaic structure was probably due to a recombination between SIVmnd-1 and SIVrcm from red capped mangabey (or similar viruses) having the vpx gene. However this recombination event is not recent, and SIVmnd-1, SIVmnd-2 and SIVdrl have been likely maintained for a long period of time in each species. In this article, we speculate on the origin and evolution of these SIVs.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Macaca fascicularis, a nonpermissive host for the human filarial parasite Loa loa.

The ability of the filarial nematode Loa loa to infect 2 species of primates was studied. The primate species selected were closely related to species known to be susceptible. A mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) and 6 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascularis) were infected by subcutaneous injection of third-stage larvae of human L. loa from Gabon. The mandrill developed microfilaremia with an estimated prepatent period of 147 days, but microfilariae were not detected in any of the cynomolgus monkeys. Thus, mandrills appear permissive to human L. loa, whereas cynomolgus monkeys are not. Serum antibody responses were examined on western blots of adult L. loa antigens. Preinfection sera from all animals gave no reactions, but, after infection, sera from cynomolgus monkeys reacted more intensely and with more antigens than mandrill sera. Antibodies were still detectable in cynomolgus monkeys 15 mo postinfection. These reactions were compared with those found using human infection sera. Reactions with the cynomolgus monkey sera resembled those found with resistant endemic and amicrofilaremic human sera.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Histopathological alterations in rhesus monkeys after experimental infections with African lung flukes (Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis) (author's transl)].

Histopathological observations in monkeys experimentally infected with African lung flukes are reported. The observations were made on 3 Rhesus monkeys, infected with Paragonimus africanus from West-Cameroon, and on 5 Rhesus monkeys, infected with P. uterobilateralis from Eastern Nigeria. For comparison, the lung of a naturally infected Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) was included in the study. The following lesions were found: formation of parasite cavernae, intense infiltration of the cavern wall with plasma cells; formation of egg granulomata in the lung tissue with intense plasma cell infiltration; peribronchial and perivascular cellular infiltration, concomitant and consistent pleuritis; reactive cellular hyperplasia of hilar lymph nodes and of spleen. Evidently, in the stages of infection examined so far, the immune response of the host is mainly of the humoral type. Experimental Paragonimus infections in monkeys may serve as a model in studies on human paragonimiasis in Eastern Nigeria and West-Cameroon. Likewise, they may serve in studies on granulomatous inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Evolutionary significance of reciprocal biological effects of form and function using the example of the scapula in higher primates. 1].

The shoulder-blades of 99 catarrhine primates were investigated metrically and morphologically. In order to obtain comparable data, each analysed shoulder-blade was orientated in the same way in a 3-dimensional coordinate system. With the help of a diopthograph, the 3 planes were drawn without distorsion. On these planes the dimensions and angles were measured. These method produced the advantages of taking homologues data as well as of being able to compare the morphological data and its variability. Within the catarrhine primates, the area of the scapula (Fossa infra- and supraspinata) correlates highly significant with the body weight. Regarding the proportions and dimensions of the area of the scapula, there is no difference between the gibbons and the monkeys, regarding the dimensions, proportions and angles of the processes (acromion and coracoid) as well as the vertebral border of the scapula, the gibbons are close to the great apes. The areas of the shoulder-blades of the monkeys, where the shoulder stabilizing muscles originates, are fundamentally equal to each other. Whether body weight nor locomotion have an essential influence on its shape and structure (excl. Mandrillus). On the other hand, the variability of the joint area is considered and the processes are small. The gibbons, the great apes, and men are highly variable regarding the dimensions and the proportions of the area of the shoulder-blades. Regarding the dimensions, proportions, and angles of the acromion and the coracoid, where the shoulder joint stabilizing muscles originate, as well as the vertebral border, there are no fundamental differences between them and the processes are large and robuste.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Infection and transmission studies with Plasmodium gonderi in the Macaca mulatta monkey.

Eight different anophelines--Anopheles freeborni, An. maculatus, An. dirus, An. stephensi, An. atroparvus, An. sundaicus, An. quadrimaculatus, and An. albimanus--were shown to be susceptible to infection with a strain of Plasmodium gonderi from the drill. Mandrillus leucophaeus. Transmission was obtained via the bites of An. freeborni, An. maculatus, An. stephensi, and An. dirus mosquitoes to Macaca mulatta. Prepatent periods in Macaca mulatta monkeys following sporozoite inoculation ranged from 7 to 15 days with a median of 12.5 days. Relapses from fixed-tissue stages following treatment with chloroquine or quinine sulfate were not demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Hydatid disease in a mandrill baboon.

Hydatidosis has been described in many species of domestic and wild mammals, including primates. Among the latter reported to have been infected are rhesus monkeys, orangutans, and savannah and drill baboons. This is a case report of hydatid disease due to Echinococcus granulosus in a mandrill baboon (Mandrillus sphinx).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An outbreak of Streptococcus zooepidemicus-caused infection among laboratory primates].

An outbreak of septicemia caused by S. zooepidemicus in representatives of 5 species of lower monkeys, viz. Macaca mulatta (5), Macaca nemestrina (1), Macaca fascicularis (2), Cercopithecus aethiops (2), Mandrillus sphinx (1), is described. The disease was accompanied by the symptoms of enteric infection and well responded to etiotropic therapy with antibiotics of the penicillin row. The source of this infection was not established. Until now it is one of few descriptions of enteric infection in lower monkeys caused by S.zooepidemicus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Encephalomyocarditis virus infections in an Australian zoo.

Fatal encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infections in a ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), three mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), a pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), and two Goodfellows tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus goodfellowi) occurred at Taronga Zoo. This is the first description of EMCV in a zoological collection outside of the United States. Regardless of species, the most common clinical presentation was sudden death. The gross pathologic changes were diffuse or focal pallor of the myocardium with occasional marked pulmonary congestion. Necrotizing nonsuppurative myocarditis was consistently present. EMCV was isolated from only one of 54 feral rodents examined. No antibodies to EMCV were detected with a serum neutralization test in 79 stored sera from a wide variety of zoo mammals. Titers of 1:16, 1:16, and 1:4 were recorded for a spider monkey (Aeteles geoffroyi), a lion (Panthera leo), and an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), respectively. Of seven mandrills tested in 1988, six had measurable virus titers. Later testing indicated that these titers did not persist, and one mandrill with a titer > 1:128 in 1988 subsequently succumbed to EMCV infection in 1991.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Violent coalitionary attack by female mandrills against an injured alpha male.

Female contact aggression against males is relatively rare in species in which the adult males are larger than the females, but it has the potential to influence group structure, male group membership, tenure, and dominance rank. We report an incident in which female mandrills living in a semi-free-ranging group in Franceville, Gabon, attacked a male that was apparently incapacitated after a fight with another male and was unable to escape. The attack involved the alpha male and did not occur in a sexual or infanticidal context. Other adult and adolescent males observed the attack, but when one adult male attempted to participate he was chased away by the females. This observation adds to reports of female coalitions excluding unwanted males from primate groups, or even killing them. The fact that this can also occur in mandrills suggests that females have a degree of control over male group membership, despite the large degree of sexual dimorphism in this species, and highlights the importance of coalitions in primate social organization.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

The interaction between the amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris and extracellular matrix glycoproteins in vitro.

Balamuthia mandrillaris, a soil amoeba, is the causative agent of Balamuthia granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, a life-threatening brain infection. This amoeba is acquired from contaminated soil and may enter the host through cutaneous lesions or through nasal passages, migrating to the lungs or brain. During invasion, B. mandrillaris has access to components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the host. Therefore, we investigated the interaction of B. mandrillaris with 3 ECM glycoproteins (collagen-I, fibronectin and laminin-1) that are encountered in host connective tissues and at the basal lamina. Using optical microscopy, amoeba association on ECM-coated surfaces was examined. Binding of amoebae on laminin was greater than that on collagen or fibronectin. Laminin-adhered B. mandrillaris exhibited elongated and spread forms, distinctive from those observed for amoebae on a plastic surface. Collagen and fibronectin-adhered B. mandrillaris presented elongated shapes with cellular expansions. Binding to collagen, fibronectin, or laminin was inhibited when amoebae were pre-treated with sialic acid. Treatment with galactose resulted in diminished binding of amoebae on laminin, while mannose increased binding in all coating conditions tested. Dependence of divalent cations on amoeba binding was demonstrated for laminin-amoeba interaction. Collectively, the results indicate that B. mandrillaris recognizes specific glycoproteins of the mammalian extracellular matrix.

Amebiasis↗
PubMed2004

A serological survey of Ebola virus infection in central African nonhuman primates.

We used an ELISA to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies specific for the Zaire subtype of Ebola virus in 790 nonhuman primates, belonging to 20 species, studied between 1985 and 2000 in Cameroon, Gabon, and the Republic of Congo. The seroprevalence rate of Ebola antibody in wild-born chimpanzees was 12.9%, indicating that (1) Ebola virus circulates in the forests of a large region of central Africa, including countries such as Cameroon, where no human cases of Ebola infections have been reported; (2) Ebola virus was present in the area before recent outbreaks in humans; (3) chimpanzees are continuously in contact with the virus; and (4) nonlethal Ebola infection can occur in chimpanzees. These results, together with the unexpected detection of Ebola-specific IgG in other species (5 drills, 1 baboon, 1 mandrill, and 1 Cercopithecus), may help to narrow the search for the reservoir of Ebola virus. They also suggest that future Ebola outbreaks may occur anywhere in the central African forest region.

Africa, Central↗
PubMed2006

Fetal ultrasonography: biometric data from four African primate species.

BACKGROUND: Nonhuman primates are raised in large numbers in research centers and zoos. Reproductive monitoring is required to improve breeding performances. Ultrasonography is a safe method to determine gestational age and to estimate the date of parturition. However only few data are available in nonhuman primates. METHODS: Fetal biometric data were obtained throughout pregnancy on four African primate species, namely chimpanzee, gorilla, mandrill and patas monkey. Measurements included biparietal diameter, transverse abdominal diameter, femur and humerus length, external interorbital diameter, and fetal heart rate. Curves established from these data were compared with previously published data in chimpanzees and gorillas and with those for humans and other closely related primate species. RESULTS: The curves for the different hominids were very similar, while those for mandrills more closely resembled baboons and data for patas monkeys were comparable to those for macaques. CONCLUSIONS: These data, by providing a tool to evaluate precise gestational age, will be useful for centers raising these four primate species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The influence of environmental enrichment on Chinese visitor behavior.

Welfare improvements for nonhuman animals should aim to satisfy the needs of visitors as well as those of the animals. Little research has been conducted, however, and existing work is confined to zoos in developed countries. This article reports the behavioral responses of Chinese visitors to environmental enrichment improvements in a zoo enclosure. Visit, viewing, and stopping behaviors significantly increased at the transformed exhibit, indicating that it provoked greater visitor interest. Furthermore, increased intragroup behaviors suggested that the exhibit probably motivated visitors to interact socially. The positive impact of the exhibit changes supports the enrichment efforts taking place in zoos around the world. The changes also provide encouragement for zoos in developing countries such as China because greater visitor interest provides a strong argument and an incentive for improving welfare standards.

Adolescent↗