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A content analysis of popular magazine articles on eating disorders.

This study tested two hypotheses about popular magazine articles on eating disorders: (a) anorexics would be profiled more often than bulimics due to their conformity to the thin beauty ideal projected in the Western media, and (b) disordered behaviors used to achieve weight loss would be mentioned more often than their physical consequences. Forty-two popular magazine articles on eating disorders published in the last five years were coded for illness type, mention of weight loss, disordered behaviors, and health impacts. The findings confirmed both hypotheses.

Feeding and Eating Disorders↗

Portrayal of childhood cancer in English language magazines in North America: 1970-2001.

This article is a content and discourse analysis of the portrayal of childhood cancer in English language magazines in North America. In a unique specification of published research on the media portrayal of disease, magazines were divided into three market or audience groupings called (1) science, (2) news/special interest, and (3) other (women/teen/parenting/health). The predominate frames or discoursesin these three groups were compared and differences were found amongst them and discussed in the article. Considerable evidence suggests that people with cancer are stigmatized. In the analyzed media focused on children, those with cancer are highly idealized and stereotyped. On the one hand, this can be thought of as a very positive portrayal of children in this situation. Children are described as if they possess heroic and idealized character traits, appearances, social characteristics, and personalities. Possible links between this idealized, polarized, and biased portrayal of children with cancer and their documented experiences of stigma are discussed.

Adolescent↗

Targeting adolescents? The content and frequency of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverage ads in magazine and video formats November 1999-April 2000.

This study compared alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverage advertising to which adolescents are exposed. A census of beverage advertising (N = 757) in popular magazines and television during November 1999-April 2000 was analyzed. Most alcohol ads appeared in Sports Illustrated (110), Rolling Stone (98), and Playboy (75) and outnumbered nonalcoholic beverage advertising by 3 to 1. Alcohol was almost never associated with dining. Alcohol ads emphasized sexual and social stereotypes and lacked diversity. One of every 6 magazine alcohol ads, and 1 of every 14 video-based ads, appeared to target teenagers. Many similarities existed between alcohol and nonalcohol ads. We conclude that alcohol is advertised heavily to youth through placement and appeals. The fact that themes in alcohol ads frequently parallel those in nonalcoholic beverage ads may further increase youths' receptivity.

Adolescent↗

Patients' images in nursing magazine advertisements.

Images of patients in advertisements can reflect and influence readers. Since studies have shown discrimination against women and minorities in health care, images of patients in nursing practice magazine advertisements (n=446) were assessed for their reflection of reality. More male than female images were found. Men were shown more frequently as critically ill or with cardiac disease than women. Most patients were Caucasian and under 65 years old. These findings, at variance with reality, may influence nursing care. Nursing magazine readers may perceive women as less critically ill and with less heart disease than men. The underrepresentation of minorities and the elderly negates their health care presence.

Advertising↗

The invisibility of advanced practice nurses in popular magazines.

PURPOSE: To determine the image portrayed in the media of nurses and particularly nurse practitioners (NPs) compared with other health care providers. DATA SOURCES: An analysis of advertisements and articles in popular magazines aimed at female, male, and gender-neutral audiences was conducted between 12/99 and 06/00. Relationships between target audience and content of advertisements and articles, as well as portrayal of health care providers were also explored. CONCLUSIONS: A review of 100 consecutive advertisements for health-related products and 96 consecutive health-related articles in popular magazines revealed that the media continues to overwhelmingly depict and promote physicians as the source of health care and health-related advice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Because when there are few references to a group, such as NPs, it is reasonable to assume group members have little influence, standing, and authority, NPs should be concerned about the implications of these findings. Strategies for increasing the visibility of NPs as credible and valuable members of the health care team are shared.

Advertising↗

Cigar magazines: using tobacco to sell a lifestyle.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the content of two cigar "lifestyle" magazines, Cigar Aficionado and Smoke. DESIGN: Content analysis of cigar focused articles. SUBJECTS: Cigar focused articles (n = 353) from Cigar Aficionado and Smoke magazines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary focus; mention of health effects, environmental tobacco smoke, or scientific research; quotation and description of individuals; characteristics such as sex, age, ethnicity, smoking status, affiliation, and stance towards cigars; and overall image of cigars. RESULTS: Cigar business-focused articles were the largest category (40%, n = 143), followed by articles about cigar events (12%, n = 42). Notable were articles featuring cigar benefits to raise money for health charities. Celebrities were featured in 34% (n = 121) of articles and 96% (n = 271) favoured cigar use. Only four (1%) articles featured health effects of cigars as a primary focus. CONCLUSIONS: Cigar Aficionado and Smoke broke new ground in tobacco marketing by combining promotion of product, lifestyle, and industry in the same vehicle and linking the medium directly to product related events that extended its reach. The creation and marketing of new tobacco use sites challenges the increasing "isolation" of smokers, and positions cigar use as a socially welcome relief from restrictions. Public health advocates should anticipate and challenge other new tobacco marketing vehicles as communications technologies advance and public spaces for smoking shrink.

Advertising↗

Ocular adnexal asymmetry in models: a magazine photograph analysis.

BACKGROUND: Symmetry of facial features often correlates with a perception of physical attractiveness, and ophthalmologists are sometimes consulted by patients for eyelid, eyebrow, or orbital asymmetry. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of ocular adnexal asymmetry among people generally regarded as attractive. METHODS: The mean width of the horizontal palpebral fissure (MHPF) for both men and women was determined in 40 adult volunteers. Then unobscured, head-on photographs of models looking in the primary position were digitally scanned from popular magazines. Eyelid height, eyelid folds, eyebrow height, medial canthus to midline distance, pupil to midline distance, and orbital dystopia measurements were made. After the measurements from the models were scaled to size by factoring with the MHPF obtained from the volunteers, the results were analyzed by paired samples t test for right-left asymmetry of the ocular adnexal measurements. We also examined for antimongoloid slant in the models. RESULTS: The MHPF of the volunteers was 27+/-1.3 mm for women and 29.6+/-2.0 mm for men. Of 102 magazine photographs analyzed, 55 were women and 47 men. As a group, the models showed a statistically significant asymmetry (p<0.05) in the horizontal fissure width, upper central lid fold, upper temporal lid fold, central eyebrow height, temporal eyebrow height, medial canthal to midline distance, pupil to midline distance, and orbital dystopia. The female models had more eyebrow asymmetry. The male models had more asymmetry at the horizontal fissure and with orbital dystopia. Two male models also had a unilateral antimongoloid slant. INTERPRETATION: Small to moderate amounts of eyelid, eyebrow, and orbital asymmetry were observed in faces generally perceived as attractive. This fact should be considered during preoperative discussions with patients considering oculoplastic surgery.

Beauty↗

The growing commercial value of the male body: a longitudinal survey of advertising in women's magazines.

BACKGROUND: With the advances of feminism, men have gradually relinquished their once-exclusive 'masculine' roles as fighters and breadwinners. In response to this change, the male body may have gained in relative importance as one of the few surviving marks of masculinity. We hypothesized that these trends might be quantified by using a commercial measure such as advertising. METHODS: We examined the proportion of exposed male and female bodies portrayed in advertisements between 1958 and 1998 in two leading American women's magazines. RESULTS: In both magazines, the proportion of undressed women in the advertisements has changed little over the last 40 years, whereas the proportion of undressed men has increased dramatically, especially since the early 1980s. CONCLUSIONS: Trends in commercial advertising offer tentative support for the hypothesis that the male body is increasing in importance as a mark of masculinity--at least as judged from the actions of advertisers seeking to influence women's attitudes.

Adult↗

Firearm advertising: product depiction in consumer gun magazines.

In contrast to tobacco, alcohol, and other consumer products associated with health risks, we know very little about how firearm manufacturers advertise their products. The authors examined advertisements for firearms in all 27 ad-accepting magazines listed in Bacon's Magazine Directory "guns and shooting" category. Sixty-three manufacturers spent an estimated $1,195,680 on firearm advertising during the month studied. Annual advertising costs ranged widely; manufacturers spent an estimated $28.16 in advertising per firearm produced. Firearms generally were presented as a part of a lifestyle. Self-protection was noted infrequently in the advertisements. By contrast, attributes of the gun, typically technological characteristics, were noted in almost every advertisement.

Advertising↗

Smile aesthetics and malocclusion in UK teenage magazines assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN).

OBJECTIVE: There is a significant demand for orthodontic treatment within the UK from adolescent girls, a group known to be influenced by the media portrayal of body form and body image, which may extend to the presentation of malocclusions. This study examined the portrayal of malocclusion in a media type that targets teenage girls under 16 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A representative selection of 1 month's magazines targeting this group were investigated, and the frequency and severity of malocclusions displayed were assessed. Two calibrated examiners viewed all the smiles (on two occasions) using a modification of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and assigned an Aesthetic Component Score to each smile. RESULTS: It was found that the aesthetic score is low (less than 7) for the majority of models (92.8%) indicating no need or a borderline need for treatment. Only 7.2% of models exhibited a definite need for treatment. CONCLUSION: It appears that the portrayal of malocclusion in teenage magazines does not reflect the general treatment need of the adolescent population.

Adolescent↗

Infant feeding and the media: the relationship between Parents' Magazine content and breastfeeding, 1972-2000.

Mass media content likely influences the decision of women to breastfeed their newborn children. Relatively few studies have empirically assessed such a hypothesis to date, however. Most work has tended to focus either on specific interventions or on broad general commentary about the role of media. In this study, we examined infant feeding advertisements in 87 issues of Parents' Magazine, a popular parenting magazine, from the years 1971 through 1999. We then used content analysis results to predict subsequent changes in levels of breastfeeding among U.S. women. When the frequency of hand feeding advertisements increased, the percentage change in breastfeeding rates reported the next year generally tended to decrease. These results underscore the need to acknowledge the potential role of popular media content in understanding breastfeeding patterns and public health trends.

Journal Article↗

The case of the missing person: Alzheimer's disease in mass print magazines 1991-2001.

Alzheimer's disease is growing in incidence and prevalence in the developed world. Rates have been increasing as populations have been aging. There are still many unknowns regarding prevention, causes, and treatments. The purpose of this article is to analyze the portrayal of Alzheimer's in the highest-circulation mass print English-language magazines published in the United States and Canada over a period of a decade, specifically those for 1991, 1996, and 2001. This research investigates the portrayal of persons with Alzheimer's, the disease itself, caregivers and experts, and the dominant frames or discourses within which Alzheimer's is described. Twenty-five articles from the highest-circulation mass print magazines available in Canada were studied through qualitative and inductive research of both manifest and latent content. One of the most notable findings is the absence of the person with the disease as a person with a voice, with needs and desires. When the disease itself is described it is characterized as fearsome, relentless, and aggressive. Both the unquestioned duty of the individual caregiver and his or her (usually the caregiver is a woman) suffering are emphasized. The disease, its diagnosis, and potential treatments are framed almost exclusively within a medical rather than a political-economy or lifestyle frame. Minimal attention is paid to prevention, early stages of the disease, social support, options for care, or other alternative understandings of issues related to Alzheimer's. The theoretical and practical significance of these findings is considered.

Alzheimer Disease↗

Magazine versus physicians: the influence of information source on intentions to use oral contraceptives.

College students read either pro or con passages about oral contraceptives. All passages contained the same statistical information, differing only in the way the information was interpreted. The passages were attributed either to a traditional physician, nontraditional physician, traditional magazine, or nontraditional magazine. Subjects in the pro condition were more favorable towards oral contraceptive use and subjects in the con condition were more opposed to oral contraceptive use than they were before reading the stimulus materials, thus suggesting that the same statistical information can be used persuasively to argue either for or against oral contraceptives. Males were significantly more likely to change their attitudes towards oral contraceptives than females.

Adolescent↗

"Everything you need to know": how women's magazines structure prenatal diagnosis for women over 35.

The use of biomedical testing and genetic counselling is usually framed as something an individual woman chooses, with little consideration given to the context in which women make these choices. In order to understand something of the context in which women (35 and over) undergo prenatal diagnostic tests, we have surveyed the contents of 10 major women's magazines. We found that the stories told about the "older" pregnant woman and the risks attached to her pregnancy are highly selective. The dominant rhetoric used in these narratives suggests that women "need" to be informed of the facts of being pregnant when older (through reading magazine articles), that this need incurs a further need to find out the state of the fetus (through biomedical intervention), and that the pregnant woman can meet these needs by "choosing" prenatal diagnosis. These results illustrate how a "need" for prenatal testing gets created and suggest that to "choose" to be tested may be to partake of, not challenge, the mainstream biomedical assumptions about how the "older" pregnant woman will and should behave.

Adult↗

Factors distinguishing regular readers of breast cancer information in magazines.

This study examined the differences between women who were regular and occasional readers of breast cancer information in magazines. Based on uses and gratifications theory and the Health Belief Model, women respondents (n = 366) were predicted to differentially expose themselves to information. A discriminant analysis showed that women who were regular readers reported greater fear, perceived vulnerability, general health concern, personal experience, and surveillance need for breast cancer-related information. The results are discussed in terms of the potential positive and negative consequences of regular exposure to breast cancer information in magazines.

Adult↗

Lesbian discourses in mainstream magazines of post-war Japan: is onabe distinct from rezubian?

This paper elucidates the changes in the meanings associated with the term rezubian (the Japanese term for "lesbian") through an analysis of its discourse in magazines for general readership published in post-war Japan. The category of "rezubian" first appeared in mainstream magazines in the 1960s as a generic category that referred to both "masculinized women" and "women who engage in sexual acts with other women." Masculinized women, in particular, were called "onabe." At first "onabe" denoted "a tachi rezubian," meaning a lesbian who plays "top," but gradually a distinction came to be made between "rezubian who are onabe" and "rezubian who aren't." The early 1990s saw the differentiation of "onabe" as a category distinct from that of "rezubian." Focusing particularly on this process of differentiation, this paper traces the transitions in the signifying practices pertaining to the category rezubian. doi:10.1300/J155v10n03_09.

Female↗

Israeli Christian, Druze, and Moslem adolescents' attitudes toward magazine alcohol advertisements.

This article summarizes the Christian, Druze, and Moslem part of an Israeli study which was carried out in 1988 in the framework of an international comparative project conducted simultaneously also in Australia and in the USA in order to compare the perception of a set of 64 magazine alcohol advertisements by youth from three nations and various cultural and religious groups within those nations. This study is a breakthrough in the Christian, Druze, and Moslem sectors, since it is the first project in the "alcohol domain" among high school students from those sectors. The article presents the results concerning Christian, Druze, and Moslem adolescents' attitudes toward magazine alcohol advertisements. The results have implications for prevention efforts among adolescents from those three religions.

Adolescent↗

Osteoporosis coverage in selected women's magazines and newspapers, 1998-2001.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accountability of osteoporosis information available in selected mass-circulating women's magazines (n=8) and a sample of newspapers (n=2). METHODS: Osteoporosis articles (n=132) were assessed for sources of information used, incidence/prevalence statistics, risks factors, and prevention measures. RESULTS: Expert sources were highlighted in the majority of articles, whereas incidence/ prevalence statistics were described in less than half of the articles. Risk factors and prevention measures were outlined in most articles; however, much of the information presented was ambiguous and incomplete. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the reporting of osteoporosis in women's magazines and newspapers is not entirely balanced; thus, future coverage should provide greater detail when reporting risks and preventive measures.

Bibliometrics↗