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PubMed1991

Architectonics of the parietal and temporal association cortex in the strepsirhine primate Galago compared to the anthropoid primate Macaca.

A number of higher order association areas have been described in the parietal and temporal cortex of large-brained anthropoid primates such as Macaca. However, little is known about the evolution of these areas, and the existence of homologous areas has not yet been clearly demonstrated in other mammalian groups. We addressed this issue by comparing the myelo- and cytoarchitecture of posterior association cortex in the anthropoid Macaca to that of the small-brained, strepsirhine ("prosimian") primate Galago. Our results suggest that Galago possesses many, if not most, of the areas present in Macaca. We were able to identify regions in Galago which resemble Macaca posterior parietal area 7, superior temporal polysensory cortex (ST), inferotemporal visual cortex (IT), the temporoparietal auditory area (Tpt), and posterior parahippocampal cortex (areas TH and TF). Area 7, ST, and IT can each be subdivided further in Macaca, and for most of these subdivisions we were able to identify counterparts in Galago. However, we could not distinguish as many divisions of ST cortex in Galago as in Macaca, and it is possible that new areas arose in this region during anthropoid evolution. There also appear to be general differences in architectonic organization between these animals, with Macaca exhibiting greater development of pyramidal layer IIIc and of the internal granular layer (IV) across much of the parieto-temporal cortex. These findings suggest that many, although possibly not all, of the parietal and temporal association areas present in the modern anthropoid Macaca evolved early in primate history, prior to the divergence of the lineages leading to strepsirhines and anthropoids.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Hepatitis G virus genomic RNA is pathogenic to Macaca mulatta.

AIM: To explore the pathogenicity and infectivity of hepatitis G virus (HGV) by observing replication and expression of the virus, as well as the serological and histological changes of Macaca mulatta infected with HGV genomic RNA or HGV RNA-positive serum. METHODS: Full-length HGV cDNA clone (HGVqz) was constructed and proved to be infectious, from which HGV genomic RNA was transcribed in vitro. Macaca mulatta BY1 was intra-hepatically inoculated with HGV genomic RNA, HGV RNA-positive serum from BY1 was intravenously inoculated into Macaca mulatta BM1, and then BB1 was infected with serum from BM1. Serum and liver tissue were taken regularly, and checked with RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and other immunological, serological, histological assays. RESULTS: Serum HGV RNA was detectable in all the 3 Macaca mulattas, serological and histological examinations showed the experimental animals had slightly elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) and developed HGV viremia during the infectious period. The histology, immunohis-tochemistry, and in situ hybridization in liver tissues of the inoculated animals demonstrated a very mild hepatitis with HGV antigen expression in cytoplasm of hepatocytes. RT-PCR and quantitative PCR results showed that HGV could replicate in liver. CONCLUSION: The genomic RNA from full-length HGV cDNA is infectious to the Macaca mulatta and can cause mild hepatitis. HGV RNA-positive serum, from HGV RNA inoculated Macaca mulatta, is infectious to other Macaca mulattas. Macaca mulatta is susceptible to the inoculated HGV, and therefore can be used as an experimental animal model for the studies of HGV infection and pathogenesis.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1981

Annual plasma testosterone cycle and ejaculatory ability in the laboratory-housed crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis).

Six fertile and healthy adult Macaca fascicularis males were studied. Radioimmunological assay of the plasma testosterone, sampled without anesthesia in the afternoon at the beginning of each month, showed an annual hormone cycle with a maximum (16.7 +/- 1.1 ng/ml) in the fall and a minimum (9.5 +/- 0.9 ng/ml) in the spring (fig. 1). Using the ratio: number of ejaculations/number of trials, the ejaculatory ability of these animals (fig. 2) was estimated for 10 min in the presence of females between days 12 and 15 of their menstrual cycle. This ability showed no cyclic variation during the year. Comparing the annual variation of testosterone levels in macaque males (Macaca mulatta, Macaca arctoides, Macaca nemestrina, Macaca fascicularis) and man, we found that, except for Macaca arctoides and Macaca nemestrina, the maximal simian levels always coincided with autumn and the minimal levels with spring in spite of the different rearing environments. (table 2). After studying ejaculatory ability and plasma testosterone level in the intact macaque throughout the year and comparing it to the results obtained by Resko and Phoenix (1972), Phoenix et al. (1973) and Michael and Wilson (1974, 1975) studying castrated males, we believe that above a minimal level, variation in the plasma testosterone level does not affect male sexual behavior, at least as far as ejaculatory ability is concerned. Moreover, during this study we noted that above a maximal plasma testosterone level, varying with the season, the ejaculation rate may be depressed (fig. 3).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Myelo- and cytoarchitecture of the granular frontal cortex and surrounding regions in the strepsirhine primate Galago and the anthropoid primate Macaca.

As the first part of a comparative investigation of primate frontal cortex, we compared the frontal architectonic organization of Galago, a small-brained, strepsirhine (or "prosimian") primate, to that of an anthropoid primate, Macaca, by using myelin- and Nissl-stained material. We were able to distinguish many more areas in both taxa than have been recognized in most previous studies of the primate frontal lobe. In particular, we were able to subdivide many of the areas shown in the commonly cited architectonic map of Walker (J. Comp. Neurol. 73:59-86, 1940). Delineation of areas was greatly facilitated by the use of the Gallyas technique for staining myelin. The areal organization of much of frontal cortex (specifically, the premotor, orbital, and medial regions) appears to be very similar in Galago and Macaca. In these regions, we were able to recognize the same complement of areas in both taxa, with few exceptions. In the granular frontal cortex (GFC), by contrast, we were able to distinguish about twice as many areas in Macaca as in Galago. For most of the GFC areas of Galago, there are architectonically similar areas in Macaca; the areas shared by both taxa correspond mainly to the arcuate and superior areas of Macaca (i.e., the region encompassed by Walker's areas 45, 8A, and 8B). However, there are many additional, more rostral, areas in Macaca for which there are no obvious homologues in Galago. In particular, Galago lacks cortex resembling the distinctive, lightly myelinated cortex of the Macaca principal sulcus (Walker's area 46 and its subdivisions). Our results are difficult to reconcile with the view that frontal lobe organization varies little across taxa. Rather, they suggest that granular frontal cortex underwent considerable change during primate evolution, including the addition of new areas in anthropoids.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Identification of a glucan-binding protein C gene homologue in Streptococcus macacae.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The past few decades have seen the isolation of certain glucosyltransferases and a number of proteins from mutans streptococci. Some of these proteins have been shown to possess glucan-binding capabilities which confer an important virulence property on mutans streptococci for the role of these bacteria play in dental caries. Among these proteins is glucan-binding protein C, which is encoded by the gbpC gene, and which we have identified as being involved in the dextran-dependent aggregation of Streptococcus mutans. However, gbpC homologues have yet to be identified in other mutans streptococci. METHODS: We carried out polymerase chain reaction amplification of Streptococcus macacae using primers that were designed based on conserved sequences of S. mutans gbpC and identified a gbpC gene homologue. The gene of that homologue was then characterized. RESULTS: Nucleotide sequencing of the S. macacae gbpC homologue revealed a 1854 bp open reading frame encoding a protein with an N-terminal signal peptide. The molecular mass of the processed protein was calculated to be 67 kDa. We also found an LPxTG motif, the consensus sequence for gram-positive cocci cell wall-anchored surface proteins, which was followed by a characteristic sequence at the carboxal terminal region of the putative protein. This suggests that the S. macacae GbpC homologue protein was tethered to the cell wall. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, together with the demonstrated glucan-binding ability of the S. macacae GbpC homologue protein, we suggest that S. macacae cells are capable of binding dextran via the GbpC homologue protein, which is similar to the S. mutans GbpC protein. In addition, Southern hybridization analysis using the S. macacae gbpC homologue as a probe showed a distribution of gbpC homologues throughout the mutans streptococci.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1985

Primate (Macaca fascicularis) transferrin: isolation and partial characterization.

The serum transferrin from the primate, Macaca fascicularis is isolated by a purification protocol consisting of ammonium sulphate precipitation and column chromatography. The hexose (galactose + mannose) content of Macaca transferrin is 4.7 mole per mole of protein. Quantitative determination of the sialic acid content shows that there are two sialic acid residues per molecule of Macaca transferrin. This conclusion is supported by the neuraminidase treatment of Macaca transferrin, in which there is a 2-step decrease in electrophoretic mobility. Monoferric Macaca transferrins with Fe3+ selectively labelled at the C- and N-terminal sites (TfFec and FeNTf) are prepared at pH 5.5 and 8.5 using ferric dinitrilotriacetate [Fe(NTA)2] chelate and ferrous ammonium sulphate, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

In vitro development and mitochondrial fate of macaca-rabbit cloned embryos.

Interspecies cloning may be used as an effective method to conserve highly endangered species and to support the development of non-human primate animal models for studying therapeutic cloning and nuclear-cytoplasm interaction. The use of the monkey model for biomedical research can avoid legal, ethical, and experimental limitations encountered in a clinical situation. We describe in this study the in vitro development of macaca-rabbit embryos produced by fusing macaca fibroblasts with enucleated rabbit oocytes and examine the fate of mitochondrial DNA in these embryos. We show that macaca-rabbit cloned embryos can develop to the blastocyst stage when cultured in vitro in HECM(10) +10% FBS and that mitochondrial DNA derived from donor somatic cells was detectable in cloned embryos throughout preimplantation development. These results suggest that (1) macaca fibroblast nuclei can dedifferentiate in enucleated metaphase II rabbit oocytes; (2) HECM(10) +10% FBS can break through the development block and support the development of macaca-rabbit cloned embryos to blastocysts; and (3) donor-cell-derived mitochondrial DNA is not eliminated until blastocyst stage.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of immunization with B. macacae on induced periodontitis--preliminary findings.

This preliminary study examined the effects of immunization with Bacteroides macacae, the monkey equivalent of the human species of B. gingivalis on ligature-induced periodontitis. During a 12 week immunization period, 8 out of the 12 Macacae fasicularis monkeys were immunized weekly with B. macacae washed cells and 4 were sham-immunized with saline. At the same time, all were scaled and pumiced weekly to establish gingival health. Following this period, the mandibular first molars were ligated in 8 out of the 12 monkeys to induce periodontitis. The immunized, ligated experimental group, the ligated, sham-immunized control group, and the immunized, non-ligated control group were then followed for a 6 months ligation period while plaque was allowed to accumulate. Gingival indices, attachment levels, pocket depths, plaque indices, radiographs, serum and crevicular fluid antibodies and subgingival bacteria were assessed. Immunization led to elevated antibody levels to B. macacae while ligation increased plaque, gingival inflammation, and bone loss. Following the 6 month ligation period, B. macacae comprised 1.7% of the cultivable flora in the immunized, non-ligated monkeys, 2.1% in the immunized, ligated monkeys, and 5.6% in the sham-immunized, ligated monkeys. Similar differences between the immunized, ligated and and the sham-immunized, ligated groups were not seen for B. intermedius, nor B. melaninogenicus. These results suggest a heightened humoral response to B. gingivalis reduces subgingival re-colonization by this organism and modulates the course of ligature-induced periodontitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in five species of the genus Macaca].

mtDNA from thirteen monkeys of five species (Macaca mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. assamensis, M. thibetana, M. arctoides) of the genus Macaca was analyzed with ten restriction enzymes, and compared with that of Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). Eight restriction types were observed among thirteen samples. There was extensive polymorphism in M. mulatta. The estimated number of nucleotide substitutions per site in M. mulatta is 0.012, and between these six species ranges from 0.016 to 0.091. Molecular phylogenetic tree of the mtDNA was constructed based on the genetic distance (P). The six species were divided into four groups: M nemestrina, M. arctoides, M. assamensis and M. thebitana, M. mulatta and M. fuscata. Our results support Fooden's (1976) classification of the genus Macaca into four species groups on the basis of morphologic data. Divergence times of the six species of the genus Macaca were also estimated on the mean rate of sequences divergence of 0.02 per million years in mtDNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Lateral tuberal nucleus in man and macaca comparative morphometric investigations.

Cytoarchitectonics of the lateral tuberal nucleus--a phylogenetically new hypothalamic structure--was investigated using morphometric methods. The most characteristic feature of the human lateral tuberal nucleus is an extremely great variability of its shape and segmentation. The lateral tuberal nucleus consists mostly of several separated neuronal groups; in each brain the arrangement of these groups is different. In macaca the lateral tuberal nucleus is a single elongated neuronal structure much less variable than in man. The human LTN is approximately ten times larger than that in macaca, but the number of neurons is only about four times higher due to a lower neuronal density. The lateral tuberal nucleus both of man and macaca is a homogenous neuronal population with a very low coefficient of variability of cross-section neuronal area (30% and 24% respectively). The size of neuronal bodies in the lateral tuberal nucleus is about 42% smaller in macaca than in man. However, the size of neuronal nuclei is slightly (15%) bigger and the nucleus/cell body area ratio is about twice as high in macaca as that in man (40% and 21% respectively).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Radiation and phylogeography in the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata.

The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) presumably differentiated from eastern rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) populations during the Pleistocene and the two species are closely related. In order to analyse speciation and subspeciation events in the Japanese macaque and to describe historical and current relationships among their populations, we sequenced and analysed a fragment of 392bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region in 50 individuals belonging to six populations of Japanese macaque and compared these sequences with 89 eastern rhesus macaque control region sequences from GenBank/EMBL database. There were high genetic similarities between both species and only two positions were fixed within each species, which supports the inclusion of the Japanese macaque in a single species with eastern populations of rhesus macaques. Japanese macaque ancestors colonised Japan after the separation of the two species, estimated at between 0.31 and 0.88 million years ago (Mya). The star-like phylogeny, multimodal mismatch distribution, and lack of correlation between geographic and genetic distances are in accordance with a rapid dispersion of macaques throughout the archipelago after the arrival into Japan. The species shows low genetic variation within populations and high levels of genetic differentiation among populations with no mtDNA haplotype shared across populations. Genetic distances between Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) and any other population of Macaca fuscata fuscata subspecies are comparable to the distances between populations of Honshu, Awajishima, and Kyushu, not supporting the classification of Yakushima macaques as a different subspecies.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Localization of nAChR subunit mRNAs in the brain of Macaca mulatta.

We present here a systematic mapping of nAChR subunit mRNAs in Macaca mulatta brain. A fragment, from the transmembrane segments MIII to MIV of Macaca neuronal nAChR subunits was cloned, and shown to exhibit high identity (around 95%) to the corresponding human subunits. Then, specific oligodeoxynucleotides were synthesized for in situ hybridization experiments. Both alpha4 and beta2 mRNA signals were widely distributed in the brain, being stronger in the thalamus and in the dopaminergic cells of the mesencephalon. Most brain nuclei displayed both alpha4 and beta2 signals with the exception of some basal ganglia regions and the reticular thalamic nucleus which were devoid of alpha4 signal. alpha6 and beta3 mRNA signals were selectively concentrated in the substantia nigra and the medial habenula. The strongest signals for alpha3 or beta4 mRNAs were found in the epithalamus (medial habenula and pineal gland), whereas there were no specific alpha3 or beta4 signals in mesencephalic dopaminergic nuclei. alpha5 and alpha7 mRNA signals were found in several brain areas, including cerebral cortex, thalamus and substantia nigra, although at a lower level than alpha4 and beta2. The distribution of alpha3, alpha4, alpha5, alpha6, alpha7, beta2, beta3 and beta4 subunit mRNAs in the monkey is substantially similar to that observed in rodent brain. Surprisingly, alpha2 mRNA signal was largely distributed in the Macaca brain, at levels comparable with those of alpha4 and beta2. This observation represents the main difference between rodent and Macaca subunit mRNA distribution and suggests that, besides alpha4beta2*, alpha2beta2* nAChRs constitute a main nAChR isoform in primate brain.

Animals↗