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PubMedDate not supplied

Mushroom bodies suppress locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster.

Locomotor activity of single, freely walking flies in small tubes is analyzed in the time domain of several hours. To assess the influence of the mushroom bodies on walking activity, three independent noninvasive methods interfering with mushroom body function are applied: chemical ablation of the mushroom body precursor cells; a mutant affecting Kenyon cell differentiation (mushroom body miniature); and the targeted expression of the catalytic subunit of tetanus toxin in subsets of Kenyon cells. All groups of flies with mushroom body defects show an elevated level of total walking activity. This increase is attributable to the slower and less complete attenuation of activity during the experiment. Walking activity in normal and mushroom body-deficient flies is clustered in active phases (bouts) and rest periods (pauses). Neither the initiation nor the internal structure, but solely the termination of bouts seems to be affected by the mushroom body defects. How this finding relates to the well-documented role of the mushroom bodies in olfactory learning and memory remains to be understood.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Mineral composition of edible mushrooms cultivated in Brazil--Pleurotus spp and other dehydrated species].

Macrofungi can accumulate some minerals, including toxic metals if present in the substrate. A periodic monitoring of these elements in mushrooms is recommended when the conditions of cultivation are altered. The aim of this work was to evaluate the mineral content of Pleurotus spp (hiratake and shimeji) and of imported (chilean and italian) dehydrated mushrooms. Fresh fruiting bodies of Pleurotus spp were obtained from cultivators and dehydrated mushrooms were bought in a market. The samples were dried, milled and digested by C1H-NO3H. The content of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and B were analyzed by ICP-AES and Al, Cd, Cr, Pb, Co, Ni by ICP-OES. The results classify these mushrooms as a source of potassium and copper: Pleurotus spp are also a source of phosphorus (P < 0.05); the chilean mushrooms present high content of iron (P < 0.05). All the evaluated mushrooms were identified as a food without sodium (< 5 mg Na/100 g). So these mushrooms being a source of potassium without Na, answer the needs of hypertension and/or heart diseases patients as a food and/or like a condiment for flavor enhancement. Subsequent studies should include major sampling and the evaluation of the toxic metals, Pb and Cr, employing more accurate methods of analysis, as well as the evaluation of Hg (not analysed in this study), mainly in wild mushrooms, commercialized dehydrated.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2006

Identification of medicinal mushroom species based on nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences.

The purpose of this study was to develop molecular identification method for medical mushrooms and their preparations based on the nucleotide sequences of nuclear large subunit (LSU) rDNA. Four specimens were collected of each of the three representative medicinal mushrooms used in Korea: Ganoderma lucidum, Coriolus versicolor, and Fomes fomentarius. Fungal material used in these experiments included two different mycelial cultures and two different fruiting bodies from wild or cultivated mushrooms. The genomic DNA of mushrooms were extracted and 3 nuclear LSU rDNA fragments were amplified: set 1 for the 1.1-kb DNA fragment in the upstream region, set 2 for the 1.2-kb fragment in the middle, and set 3 for the 1.3-kb fragment downstream. The amplified gene products of nuclear large subunit rDNA from 3 different mushrooms were cloned into E. coli vector and subjected to nucleotide sequence determination. The sequence thus determined revealed that the gene sequences of the same medicinal mushroom species were more than 99.48% homologous, and the consensus sequences of 3 different medicinal mushrooms were more than 97.80% homologous. Restriction analysis revealed no useful restriction sites for 6-bp recognition enzymes for distinguishing the 3 sequences from one another, but some distinctive restriction patterns were recognized by the 4-bp recognition enzymes AccII and HhaI. This analysis was also confirmed by PCR-RFLP experiments on medicinal mushrooms.

DNA, Fungal↗
PubMed2006

Bruch's membrane abnormalities in dome-shaped and mushroom-shaped choroidal melanomas.

INTRODUCTION: Mushroom-shaped choroidal melanoma is known to be associated with breaks in Bruch's membrane and is more likely to develop when Bruch's membrane is diseased. The study's goal is to determine if diseases causing breaks in Bruch's membrane predispose a choroidal melanoma to develop into a mushroom-shaped melanoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of cases of choroidal melanoma seen at our institution was carried out to determine if mushroom-shaped melanomas are more common than dome-shaped tumours in patients with macular abnormalities involving a loss of Bruch's membrane integrity. Forty-nine eyes of 48 patients were included in this retrospective study. A dome-shaped or mushroom-shaped configuration was assigned to each tumour. Macular degeneration, macular drusen, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) stippling, macular oedema, choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), angioid streaks, disciform scars, lacquer cracks, and myopia greater than -3.00 D, were considered to constitute evidence of potential Bruch's membrane breaks and were determined in both eyes. A chi-square evaluation was used to compare the proportion of eyes with macular abnormalities in the 2 tumour configuration groups. RESULTS: The tumour was dome-shaped in 40 eyes (82%) and mushroom-shaped in 9 eyes (18%). Macular abnormalities, indicative of loss of Bruch's membrane integrity, were seen in 21 (53%) of 40 eyes with dome-shaped melanomas and 5 (56%) of 9 eyes with mushroom-shaped melanomas. The proportion of eyes with macular abnormalities was not statistically different between the dome-shaped and mushroom-shaped tumours, as assessed by chi-square analysis (P = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS: Bruch's membrane disease does not influence the differentiation of choroidal melanoma into mushroom-shaped or dome-shaped tumour growth patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[The level of metal impurities in some edible mushrooms growing wild].

The amount of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc and mercury has been determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in 96 samples of edible mushrooms, growing wild fresh edible fungus and dried (Boletus scaber, ceps) mushrooms, acquired from 6 regions in Poland: Zielonogórskie, Toruńskie, Ostrołeckie, Radomskie, Warszawskie and Lubelskie in 1990 and 1991. The level was found to be higher than that allowed by the polish standard PN-89/A-78510 Mushroom Processed Foods. Dried mushrooms and other legal acts eg. Instruction of the Ministry of Health section Social Welfare of 12th November 1990, the content of zinc in dried mushrooms (all samples) and in fresh edible fungus from the Zielonogórski and Toruński region. The content of copper in fresh edible fungus did not usually correspond with the requirements, whereas in the dried mushrooms (Boletus scaber, ceps) it exceeded the level only insignificantly in individual samples (average from studied regions was found to be within limits). The content of lead in dried mushrooms complied with the requirements of the standard, except for samples of ceps from Zielonogórski region, where it insignificantly exceeded the allowed level of 2.0 mg/kg. The average content of zinc and copper in dried mushrooms did not exceed the allowed levels. The levels of mercury determined in the studied samples do not cause any excitement in light of the FAO/WHO agreements. A high level of contamination with cadmium was noted in all studied samples, being 2.5 times higher in edible fungus, 6-8 times higher in Boletus scaber and 19-23 times higher in dried ceps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2005

Organization of Kenyon cells in subdivisions of the mushroom bodies of a lepidopteran insect.

The mushroom bodies are paired structures in the insect brain involved in complex functions such as memory formation, sensory integration, and context recognition. In many insects these centers are elaborate, sometimes comprising several hundred thousand neurons. The present account describes the mushroom bodies of Spodoptera littoralis, a moth extensively used for studies of olfactory processing and conditioning. The mushroom bodies of Spodoptera consist of only about 4,000 large-diameter Kenyon cells. However, these neurons are recognizably similar to morphological classes of Kenyon cells identified in honey bees, Drosophila, and cockroaches. The spodopteran mushroom body is equipped with three major divisions of its vertical and medial lobe, one of which, the gamma lobe, is supplied by clawed class II Kenyon cells as in other described taxa. Of special interest is the presence of a discrete tract (the Y tract) of axons leading from the calyx, separate from the pedunculus, that innervates lobelets above and beneath the medial lobe, close to the latter's origin from the pedunculus. This tract is comparable to tracts and resultant lobelets identified in cockroaches and termites. The article discusses possible functional roles of the spodopteran mushroom body against the background of olfactory behaviors described from this taxon and discusses the possible functional relevance of mushroom body structure, emphasizing similarities and dissimilarities with mushroom bodies of other species, in particular the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Prevention and treatment of mushroom poisoning].

In the submitted review the author gives an account on basic aspects of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of mushroom poisoning. Mushroom poisoning is not caused only by toxic mushrooms (true intoxications) but under certain conditions also by edible mushrooms (false intoxications and pseudointoxications). The basis of primary prevention is not to pick and eat mushrooms which could damage health, and knowledge of basic facts, and types of mushroom poisoning. The main objectives of secondary prevention of mushroom poisoning are to prevent absorption of toxins from the digestive tract into the human organism and their effective elimination from the organism.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

[Diagnosis and therapy of mushroom poisoning (1)].

The diagnosis of mushroom poisoning is based on three principles: the description of the mushroom, the toxicological analysis of the mushroom and, most important, the mushroom syndrome. Mushroom poisoning can be classified according to the lag time between the meal and the onset of symptoms. In this paper we will discuss mushroom poisoning with short and intermediate lag time. With short lag time and a predominance of CNS signs and symptoms the diagnosis is either fly-agaric, pantherina or psilocybin syndrome. Parasympathomimetic signs and symptoms indicate the muscarine syndrome. If--with a lag period of up to four hours--vomiting and diarrhea are predominant, we will find a poisoning with one of the many mushrooms which lead to gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis combined with hemolysis points to a paxillus syndrome.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1996

Serious mushroom poisonings in California requiring hospital admission, 1990 through 1994.

Hunting and consuming wild mushrooms is an increasingly popular avocation, as well as a means of subsistence for certain groups in the United States. Consuming wild mushrooms is relatively safe for persons with the necessary expert knowledge. Each year, however, tragic deaths or illnesses occur when unsuspecting persons ingest toxic mushrooms. We conjectured that there may be vulnerable subgroups that should be targeted for public service announcements and education about mushrooms. Therefore, we reviewed California's hospital discharge database from 1990 through 1994 to ascertain demographic characteristics and outcomes of "serious" mushroom exposures requiring a hospital admission. Children younger than 5 years have a higher rate of hospital admission for "serious" poisonings. Therefore, parents should be reminded of the need for supervising children in areas with wild mushrooms. We did not find evidence that poisoning rates differed significantly between ethnic or racial groups, but this finding may be limited by a failure of these groups to seek care after becoming ill. We discuss briefly the symptoms and treatment of cases of possibly lethal ingestion of amatoxin-containing species of mushrooms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Uses of mushrooms by Finns and Karelians.

Finns have adopted two traditions of mushroom use: one, the old Roman tradition, came through France and Sweden to the educated, mostly Swedish speaking people of southwest Finland; the other came from the east via Karelia and was adopted by ordinary country folk. This eastern tradition is still maintained among the Karelinas living in Tver government in Russia. Even the use of Amanita muscaria for killing flies is still utilized there. The western tradition favoured chanterelles and Boletus edulis, the eastern acrid milk caps, the Lactarius species. During the famines in the 1860's and after the World War II the government authorities tried to promote the use of wild mushrooms, but the real impulse to a more versatile mushroom use was initiated after the war when 400,000 evacuees from that part of Karelia conquered by the Soviet Union were resettled among farming families all over Finland. In 1969 the National Board of Forestry began to train mushroom advisors, a programme which still continues. In 1981 Finland passed a statute on edible mushrooms and drew up a list of commercial species. Even today the largest percentage of marketed mushrooms comes from Eastern Finland and the Lactarius tivialis species sells best. Gyromitra esculenta, the false morel is considered a delicacy. Today picking mushrooms is a passionate hobby for many Finns.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1999

Hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in rabbits.

The addition of 10% dried fruiting bodies of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) to the diet containing 1% of cholesterol reduced serum cholesterol levels by 65% and cholesterol content in liver, heart, long extensor muscle and aorta of male rabbits (Chinchilla) by 60, 47, 25 and 80%, respectively. The decrease in total serum cholesterol was affected primarily (by 70%) by reduced cholesterol content in very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) while the contribution of high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol increased by a factor of 3. Oyster mushroom diet reduced by 60-70% the content of conjugated dienes in plasma, erythrocytes and liver, however, it did not affect significantly the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Oyster mushroom diet reduced significantly the incidence of atherosclerotic plaques as estimated by sudanophilia (absence of positive-reaction in 3 of 5 animals) as well as plaque size (26% vs. 2% of the area with positive reaction in control and oyster mushroom-treated animals, respectively). While all animals on control diet showed atherogenic changes in aorta, oyster mushroom diet prevented the development of these changes in three animals. Fatty streaks and fibromatous plaques were found in the remaining two animals from this group. Oyster mushroom prevented the formation of atheroma plaques (found in three cases from the control diet group) and reduced the incidence of segmental injury of coronary arteria and of focal fibrosis of myocardium. Oyster mushroom caused lower incidence of foam cells in all types of lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of experience and juvenile hormone on the organization of the mushroom bodies of honey bees.

There is an age-related division of labor in the honey bee colony that is regulated by juvenile hormone. After completing metamorphosis, young workers have low titers of juvenile hormone and spend the first several weeks of their adult lives performing tasks within the hive. Older workers, approximately 3 weeks of age, have high titers of juvenile hormone and forage outside the hive for nectar and pollen. We have previously reported that changes in the volume of the mushroom bodies of the honey bee brain are temporally associated with the performance of foraging. The neuropil of the mushroom bodies is increased in volume, whereas the volume occupied by the somata of the Kenyon cells is significantly decreased in foragers relative to younger workers. To study the effect of flight experience and juvenile hormone on these changes within the mushroom bodies, young worker bees were treated with the juvenile hormone analog methoprene but a subset was prevented from foraging (big back bees). Stereological volume estimates revealed that, regardless of foraging experience, bees treated with methoprene had a significantly larger volume of neuropil in the mushroom bodies and a significantly smaller Kenyon cell somal region volume than did 1-day-old bees. The bees treated with methoprene did not differ on these volume estimates from untreated foragers (presumed to have high endogenous levels of juvenile hormone) of the same age sampled from the same colony. Bees prevented from flying and foraging nonetheless received visual stimulation as they gathered at the hive entrance. These results, coupled with a subregional analysis of the neuropil, suggest a potentially important role of visual stimulation, possibly interacting with juvenile hormone, as an organizer of the mushroom bodies. In an independent study, the brains of worker bees in which the transition to foraging was delayed (overaged nurse bees) were also studied. The mushroom bodies of overaged nurse bees had a Kenyon cell somal region volume typical of normal aged nurse bees. However, they displayed a significantly expanded neuropil relative to normal aged nurse bees. Analysis of the big back bees demonstrates that certain aspects of adult brain plasticity associated with foraging can be displayed by worker bees treated with methoprene independent of foraging experience. Analysis of the overaged nurse bees suggests that the post-metamorphic expansion of the neuropil of the mushroom bodies of worker honey bees is not a result of foraging experience.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Submerged cultivation of medicinal mushrooms for production of valuable bioactive metabolites.

Mushrooms are abundant sources of a wide range of useful natural products. Nowadays, commercial mushroom products are from mushrooms collected from field cultivation, which is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Submerged cultivation of mushrooms has significant industrial potential, but its success on a commercial scale depends on cost compared with existing technology. Increasing product yields and development of novel production systems that address the problems associated with this new technology will certainly facilitate expansion. This article outlines the major valuable metabolites produced by mushroom cultivation and advances in submerged culture of mushrooms, taking Ganoderma lucidum, a popular folk and an oriental medicine used to treat many diseases, as a typical example. Our latest data on mushroom cultivation for efficient production of bioactive ganoderic acids and Ganoderma polysaccharides in bioreactors are presented.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

Modern aspects of mushroom culture technology.

The production and culture of new species of mushrooms is increasing. The breeding of new strains has significantly improved, allowing the use of strains with high yield and resistance to diseases, increasing productivity and diminishing the use of chemicals for pest control. The improvement and development of modern technologies, such as computerized control, automated mushroom harvesting, preparation of compost, production of mushrooms in a non-composted substrate, and new methods of substrate sterilization and spawn preparation, will increase the productivity of mushroom culture. All these aspects are crucial for the production of mushrooms with better flavor, appearance, texture, nutritional qualities, and medicinal properties at low cost. Mushroom culture is a biotechnological process that recycles ligninocellulosic wastes, since mushrooms are food for human consumption and the spent substrate can be used in different ways.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1991

The mutagenicity of edible mushrooms in a histidine-independent bacterial test system.

In mutagenicity screening of 40 edible mushroom species, special attention was paid to the selection of the test system, since complex mixtures such as mushroom extracts may interfere with the genetic endpoint of the assay. This paper shows that the weak mutagenicity of some mushrooms in the Ames test, as reported by several authors, is actually an artefact due to the presence of free histidine in the mushroom extracts, which apparently increases the reversion of bacteria from histidine auxotrophy to prototrophy. To avoid amino-acid interaction, a combination of the forward mutation assay to 8-azaguanine resistance in Salmonella typhimurium TM677 and a liquid test was used. Out of 35 wild and commercially grown mushrooms tested, 13 species exhibited mutagenic activity. In the case of the five samples of dried mushrooms, weak mutagenicity could be detected for Auricularia sp. The presence of microsomal enzymes (S-9) reduced the mutagenic effects of all the mushrooms, with the exception of Agaricus abruptibulbus and Cantharellus cibarius, where metabolic activation enhanced the mutagenic activity.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1995

Bioavailability of cadmium from crab hepatopancreas and mushroom in relation to inorganic cadmium: a 9-week feeding study in mice.

The bioavailability of Cd from boiled crab hepatopancreas and dried mushroom was studied in relation to that of inorganic Cd (CdCl2). Female Balb/c mice were fed with diets containing 0.4 ppm Cd from either boiled crab (Cancer pagurus) hepatopancreas or dried mushroom (Agaricus augustus), or as inorganic Cd (CdCl2). A control group received low Cd (< 0.007 ppm) feed, and did not accumulate detectable levels of Cd during 9 wk of exposure. Using Cd accumulation in the liver and kidney as a measure of Cd absorption, it was indicated that the bioavailability of Cd from boiled crab hepatopancreas is slightly lower than that of Cd from mushroom and inorganic Cd. Fractionation of Cd in boiled crab hepatopancreas and mushroom indicated that Cd in crab hepatopancreas mainly is associated with denaturated proteins with low solubility, whereas a large fraction of Cd in dried mushroom is associated with soluble ligands. This difference in speciation of Cd may be a reason for the lower bioavailability of crab Cd than that of mushroom Cd. The difference in bioavailability is, however, low and as a safety measure it is recommended that human consumption of both crab hepatopancreas and wild mushrooms with high Cd levels should be restricted.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Administration of extract of mushroom Phellinus linteus induces prostate enlargement with increase in stromal component in experimentally developed rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the effect of the mushroom extract Phellinus linteus on noncancerous prostate cells using an experimentally developed rat benign prostatic hyperplasia model. A growing number of people take some natural herbal extracts for maintenance of their health. Among them, the extracts of certain mushrooms are believed to have a marked tumoricidal effect but low toxicity for normal tissues, and they are being drunk widely in Japan and Korea. However, until now, their effect on noncancerous benign prostate growth has not been examined. METHODS: The mushroom extract was administered daily for 5 weeks to experimentally developed benign prostatic hyperplasia rats. Prostate organ weight, histologic composition, and gene expression levels of sex hormone receptors, transforming growth factor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were examined. RESULTS: Prostate weight increased significantly by 37% owing to treatment with the mushroom extract (P < 0.05). In particular, the stromal component of the prostate increased significantly by 80% (P < 0.05). A suppression of transforming growth factor-beta1 expression by 56% was observed with the mushroom extract treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We found that the mushroom extract enlarged the prostate. The effect was suggested to be on the prostate stroma, which may be involved in transforming growth factor-beta1 regulation. Administration of mushroom extract should be considered carefully by those with an enlarged prostate.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

Radiocaesium and natural gamma emitters in mushrooms collected in Spain.

Mushrooms can accumulate heavy metals in general, including radionuclides found in the nature. However, little attention has been paid to the radioactive content of mushrooms collected in Spain and the dose for the population due to their ingestion. To address this, we analysed the contents of 137Cs, 40K, 226Ra and 7Be present in different species of mushrooms, according to their genus and nutritional mechanism. We observed that mycorrhizal mushrooms accumulate 137Cs more than saprophytes, and vice versa for 7Be. 40K and 226Ra are accumulated to the same degree by the two groups of mushrooms. We estimated the dose due to ingestion of mushrooms in Spain to be 2 microSv/year, and the contribution of 40K and 226Ra to be generally greater than that of 137Cs. The contribution of 137Cs to the dose was calculated by taking into account the results of an experiment carried out under the controlled laboratory conditions, which showed that approximately 98% of 134Cs was associated with the readily digestible fraction of the mushrooms.

Agaricales↗