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PubMed1993

[Comparative study of the psychophysiologic relaxation effects of an optic-acoustic mind machine with relaxation music].

The present study was designed to test the effectiveness of an optical-acoustic mind machine (brain machine) in inducing relaxation. The mind machine used in this study stimulates the user with flickers of light and pulsating sounds. During the treatment the stimulation decreases from 10 to 2 hertz and increases again at half time. No other relaxation inducing effects were used. Sixteen subjects received two or three sessions of instruction with the mind machine. Afterwards the parameters listed below were continuously recorded during one session with the mind machine and one session with the presentation of relaxing environmental sounds, which was conducted one week later: Frontal EMG, SCL on the left hand, heart rate. Pre- and posttreatment samples of saliva were collected and assessed for salivary IgA (S-IgA) and salivary cortisol (S-cortisol). Changes in the subjects' self-report were measured with a bipolar adjective list. ANCOVA with repeated measures revealed a decrease for all electrophysiological parameters during the mind machine session. S-cortisol concentration decreases as S-IgA increases. The mind machine made the subjects feel warmer and calmer. The results of this with in design revealed no reliable differences between the mind machine and the relaxing sounds of nature on the physiological and self-esteem parameters. The significantly greater decrease of SCL during the mind machine session was due to the elevated baseline of this parameter. The results lead to the conclusion that the mind machine seems to be useful in inducing relaxation, but is no more effective than the relaxing nature sounds used in this study.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

The physiology of mind-body interactions: the stress response and the relaxation response.

There are key differences between mind-body medicine and alternative medicine. A central tenet of mind-body medicine is the recognition that the mind plays a key role in health and that any presumed separation of mind and body is false. Alternative medicine, however, does not focus on the role of thoughts and emotions in health and, therefore, is separate from mind-body medicine. Also, while there has been little scientific research on alternative medicine, the literature on mind-body medicine comprises more than 2000 peer-reviewed studies published in the past 25 years. The groundwork for understanding the physiology of mind-body interactions was established by pioneering studies in the 1930s by Walter Cannon, and in the 1950s by Walter Hess and by Hans Selye that led to an understanding of the fight-or-flight response. Later work by Holmes and Rahe documented measurable relationships between stressful life events and illness. Other research has shown clinical improvement in patients treated with a placebo for a variety of medical problems. The effectiveness of placebo treatment can be interpreted as compelling evidence that expectation and belief can affect physiological response. Recent studies using spectral analysis and topographic electroencephalographic (EEG) mapping of the relaxation response demonstrate that by changing mental activity we can demonstrate measurable changes in central nervous system activity. These, and other, studies demonstrate that mind-body interactions are real and can be measured.

Electroencephalography↗
PubMed2001

Drosophila single-minded represses gene transcription by activating the expression of repressive factors.

The Drosophila single-minded gene controls CNS midline cell development by both activating midline gene expression and repressing lateral CNS gene expression in the midline cells. The mechanism by which Single-minded represses transcription was examined using the ventral nervous system defective gene as a target gene. Transgenic-lacZ analysis of constructs containing fragments of the ventral nervous system defective regulatory region identified sequences required for lateral CNS transcription and midline repression. Elimination of Single-minded:Tango binding sites within the ventral nervous system defective gene did not affect midline repression. Mutants of Single-minded that removed the DNA binding and transcriptional activation regions abolished ventral nervous system defective repression, as well as transcriptional activation of other genes. The replacement of the Single-minded transcriptional activation region with a heterologous VP16 transcriptional activation region restored the ability of Single-minded to both activate and repress transcription. These results indicate that Single-minded indirectly represses transcription by activating the expression of repressive factors. Single-minded provides a model system for how regulatory proteins that act only as transcriptional activators can control lineage-specific transcription in both positive and negative modes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Snx5, as a Mind bomb-binding protein, is expressed in hematopoietic and endothelial precursor cells in zebrafish.

Notch signaling has an evolutionarily conserved function for cell fate determination and stem cell maintenance. Previously, we identified a novel component of the Notch signaling pathway in zebrafish, mind bomb, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase essential for Notch signal activation. Further studies showed that Mind bomb(-/-) mouse embryos exhibited pan-Notch phenotypes in various tissues, suggesting that Mind bomb function is conserved in mammals. Therefore we sought to understand the various molecular partners of Mind bomb using yeast two-hybrid screening. In this search we identified Sorting nexin 5 (Snx5) as a novel interacting partner of Mind bomb. Furthermore we demonstrated that Snx5 colocalizes with Mind bomb in early endosomal compartments, suggesting that Snx5 is important for Mind bomb trafficking. In addition, we identified zebrafish orthologue of Snx5 and showed that snx5 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic and endothelial precursor cells in zebrafish. We also found defects in hematopoiesis and blood vessel development in snx5 morpholino-injected embryos. Taken together, we show that Snx5, a novel interacting partner of Mind bomb, may have an essential role for cell fate determination in early development.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Mindfulness and people with stomas.

Persons with a stoma must contend not only with the immediate physical changes produced by the operation but also with psychologic adjustments, changes in body image, changes in self-concept, and the chronic stress of stoma care and physical functioning. Mindfulness training can enable these persons to make the necessary adjustments in a more realized and conscious manner. The practice of mindfulness training has been demonstrated to be effective in dealing with clinical and psychologic problems. Mindfulness is defined as being fully awake and is characterized as being nonjudging, having a beginner's mind, being trusting, nonstriving, accepting, and letting go. Mindfulness training is described, and roadblocks to the practice of mindfulness are discussed and exemplified. Resources on the practice of mindfulness and applications to persons with ostomies are provided. Mindfulness training is proposed as an adjunct to patient education or support groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Theory of mind and psychoses.

BACKGROUND: A cardinal feature of schizophrenia is the sufferer's difficulty in interacting appropriately within the social milieu. This deficit has recently been associated with the concept of theory of mind, more commonly constructed as a working model to understand behavioural patterns in autistic children. In this paper the complex relationships between theory of mind, IQ and psychoses are addressed. METHODS: Five experimental groups were used; non-psychiatric controls, affective disorder, schizophrenia with normal pre-morbid IQ, schizophrenia with pre-morbid IQ in the mildly learning disabled range, and mild learning disability with no history of psychiatric illness. All subjects were given a first order Theory of Mind Task and if successful, a second order Theory of Mind Task was then administered. All subjects were rated using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). RESULTS: Subjects with schizophrenia and subjects with mild learning disability show impaired ability on a second order theory of mind task. However, when patients who are unable to answer reality questions are removed from the analysis specific impairment of theory of mind is only seen in subjects with schizophrenia. Furthermore, this impairment is relatively specific to particular psychopathological clusters in subjects with schizophrenia. Even though the same clusters of psychopathology are also seen in patients with affective disorder, their presence is not associated with poor second order theory of mind performance. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired theory of mind on second order tests is specific to schizophrenia when compared to mild learning disability and affective disorder control groups. Subjects with schizophrenia and pre-morbid mild learning disability show greater impairment than subjects with schizophrenia and a pre-morbid IQ within the normal range.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Isolation and characterization of topological specificity mutants of minD in Bacillus subtilis.

In rod-shaped bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, division site selection is mediated by MinC and MinD, which together function as a division inhibitor. Topological specificity is imposed by DivIVA, which ensures that MinCD specifically inhibits division close to the cell poles, while allowing division at mid-cell. MinD plays a central role in this process, as it positions and activates MinC and is dependent on DivIVA for its own positioning at the poles. To investigate MinD activities further, we have constructed and analysed a collection of minD mutants. Mutations in the conserved ATPase motifs lead to an inactive protein, possibly unable to oligomerize, but which nevertheless retains some affinity for the cell membrane. Several mutations affecting the mid- to C-terminal parts of MinD led to a protein probably unable to interact with DivIVA, but that could still stimulate division inhibition by MinC. These findings suggest that the ATPase activity of MinD is necessary for all its functions (possibly in part by controlling the oligomerization state of the protein). The other mutations may identify a surface of MinD involved in its interactions with DivIVA and a possible mechanism for control of MinD by DivIVA.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2002

Dynamic assembly of MinD into filament bundles modulated by ATP, phospholipids, and MinE.

Accurate positioning of the division septum at the equator of Escherichia coli cells requires a rapid oscillation of MinD ATPase between the polar halves of the cell membrane, together with the division inhibitor MinC, under MinE control. The mechanism underlying MinD oscillation remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that purified MinD assembles into protein filaments in the presence of ATP. Incubation with phospholipid vesicles further stimulates MinD polymerization. Addition of purified MinE in the presence of lipids promotes bundling of MinD filaments as well as their disassembly through activation of MinD ATPase. MinE thus provokes a net decay in the steady-state MinD polymer mass. Taken together, our results suggest that reversible MinD assembly modulated by MinE underlies the dynamic processing of positional information in E. coli to identify precisely the nascent site for cell division.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2003

Recruitment of MinC, an inhibitor of Z-ring formation, to the membrane in Escherichia coli: role of MinD and MinE.

In Escherichia coli, the min system prevents division away from midcell through topological regulation of MinC, an inhibitor of Z-ring formation. The topological regulation involves oscillation of MinC between the poles of the cell under the direction of the MinDE oscillator. Since the mechanism of MinC involvement in the oscillation is unknown, we investigated the interaction of MinC with the other Min proteins. We observed that MinD dimerized in the presence of ATP and interacted with MinC. In the presence of a phospholipid bilayer, MinD bound to the bilayer and recruited MinC in an ATP-dependent manner. Addition of MinE to the MinCD-bilayer complex resulted in release of both MinC and MinD. The release of MinC did not require ATP hydrolysis, indicating that MinE could displace MinC from the MinD-bilayer complex. In contrast, MinC was unable to displace MinE bound to the MinD-bilayer complex. These results suggest that MinE induces a conformational change in MinD bound to the bilayer that results in the release of MinC. Also, it is argued that binding of MinD to the membrane activates MinC.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2006

Role of MinD-membrane association in Min protein interactions.

Division site placement in Escherichia coli involves interactions of the MinD protein with MinC and MinE and with other MinD molecules to form membrane-associated polymeric structures. In this work, as part of a study of these interactions, we established that heterologous membrane-associated proteins such as MinD can be targeted to the yeast nuclear membrane, dependent only on the presence of a membrane-binding domain and a nuclear targeting sequence. Targeting to the nuclear membrane was equally effective using the intrinsic MinD membrane-targeting domain or the completely unrelated membrane-targeting domain of cytochrome b(5). The chimeric proteins differing in their membrane-targeting sequences were then used to establish the roles of membrane association and specificity of the membrane anchor in MinD interactions, using the yeast two-hybrid system. The chimeric proteins were also used to show that the membrane association of MinD and MinE in E. coli cells had no specificity for the membrane anchor, whereas formation of MinDE polar zones and MinE rings required the presence of the native MinD membrane-targeting sequence.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2005

Mind, brain, and personality disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The use of the terms "mind" and "brain" in psychiatry is often associated with a set of polarities. Concepts such as environment, psychosocial, and psychotherapy are linked with "mind," while genes, biology, and medication are often associated with "brain." The author examines these dichotomies as they apply to personality disorders. METHOD: Research on antisocial and borderline personality disorders that is relevant to these dichotomies is evaluated. The implications of the findings for the understanding of pathogenesis and treatment are reconsidered. RESULTS: In the clinical setting, it is problematic to lump together terms such as "genes," "brain," and "biological" as though they are separate and distinct from terms such as "environment," "mind," and "psychosocial." These dichotomies are problematic, because genes and environment are inextricably intertwined in the pathogenesis of personality disorders, psychosocial experiences may result in permanent changes in the brain, and psychotherapy may have its effect by altering brain structure and function. The "theory of mind" is a useful construct for bridging "mind" and "brain" in the treatment of personality disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Severe personality disorders are best understood and treated without "either-or" dichotomies of brain and mind. Each domain has a different language, however, and the language of the mind is necessary to help the patient develop a theory of mind.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2006

Mechanisms of mindfulness.

Recently, the psychological construct mindfulness has received a great deal of attention. The majority of research has focused on clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions. This line of research has led to promising data suggesting mindfulness-based interventions are effective for treatment of both psychological and physical symptoms. However, an equally important direction for future research is to investigate questions concerning mechanisms of action underlying mindfulness-based interventions. This theoretical paper proposes a model of mindfulness, in an effort to elucidate potential mechanisms to explain how mindfulness affects positive change. Potential implications and future directions for the empirical study of mechanisms involved in mindfulness are addressed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Factors associated with the use of mind body therapies among United States adults with musculoskeletal pain.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of mind body therapy use and correlates of use among adults with prolonged musculoskeletal pain, a group for whom mind body therapies are recommended. DESIGN: The U.S. 1999 National Health Interview Survey. Prolonged musculoskeletal pain was defined as any soft tissue, joint, or bony pain for at least 1 month. Analyses used SUDAAN and reflect national estimates. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Use of mind body medicine (relaxation techniques, imagery, biofeedback, and hypnosis) and prayer in the previous year. RESULTS: Respondents (n=6079) with musculoskeletal pain were almost twice as likely as those without (n=24,722) to use mind body medicine (9% versus 5%, respectively, p<.0001) and prayer (20% versus 12%, respectively, p<.0001). After adjustment, men were less likely than women to use mind body medicine (odds ratio 0.55 [0.43-0.71]) and prayer (odds ratio 0.56 [0.48-0.66]). Those who had a high school education were less likely than those with training beyond high school to use mind body medicine (odds ratio 0.36 [0.28-0.47]) and prayer (odds ratio 0.61 [0.52-0.71]). CONCLUSIONS: Mind body therapies are not used commonly by adults with prolonged musculoskeletal pain. Understanding barriers to their use may facilitate wider application in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Perspectives of mindfulness.

The idea and practice of mindfulness has a long history in some of the world's religions and is also articulated in a number of secular discourses. The therapeutic potential of mindfulness is now being recognized and is being researched in a diverse range of healthcare settings including mental health. Being mindful presupposes that individuals whose awareness is not impaired do have a choice in what phenomena they attend to and how they act. For the psychiatric nurse, understanding the idea and practice of mindfulness is useful for developing both trans-cultural awareness and to recognize that personal inattention could compromise care. In terms of mental health promotion, mindfulness is worthy of consideration as an important life skill. This paper explores the notion of mindfulness from a number of perspectives. The paper does not claim to have explored all the options. The Buddhist understanding of mindfulness provides the perspective for continuity within the paper and is used to illuminate any similarities and differences with the secular discourses being considered.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mind-body medicine: state of the science, implications for practice.

BACKGROUND: Although emerging evidence during the past several decades suggests that psychosocial factors can directly influence both physiologic function and health outcomes, medicine had failed to move beyond the biomedical model, in part because of lack of exposure to the evidence base supporting the biopsychosocial model. The literature was reviewed to examine the efficacy of representative psychosocial-mind-body interventions, including relaxation, (cognitive) behavioral therapies, meditation, imagery, biofeedback, and hypnosis for several common clinical conditions. METHODS: An electronic search was undertaken of the MEDLINE, PsycLIT, and the Cochrane Library databases and a manual search of the reference sections of relevant articles for related clinical trials and reviews of the literature. Studies examining mind-body interventions for psychological disorders were excluded. Owing to space limitations, studies examining more body-based therapies, such as yoga and tai chi chuan, were also not included. Data were extracted from relevant systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials. RESULTS: Drawing principally from systematic reviews and meta-analyses, there is considerable evidence of efficacy for several mind-body therapies in the treatment of coronary artery disease (eg, cardiac rehabilitation), headaches, insomnia, incontinence, chronic low back pain, disease and treatment-related symptoms of cancer, and improving postsurgical outcomes. We found moderate evidence of efficacy for mind-body therapies in the areas of hypertension and arthritis. Additional research is required to clarify the relative efficacy of different mind-body therapies, factors (such as specific patient characteristics) that might predict more or less successful outcomes, and mechanisms of action. Research is also necessary to examine the cost offsets associated with mind-body therapies. CONCLUSIONS: There is now considerable evidence that an array of mind-body therapies can be used as effective adjuncts to conventional medical treatment for a number of common clinical conditions.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1991

The MinD protein is a membrane ATPase required for the correct placement of the Escherichia coli division site.

The proper placement of the cell division site in Escherichia coli requires the site-specific inactivation of potential division sites at the cell poles in a process that is mediated by the MinC, MinD and MinE proteins. During the normal division cycle MinD plays two roles. It activates the MinC-dependent mechanism that is responsible for the inactivation of potential division sites and it also renders the division inhibition system sensitive to the topological specificity factor MinE. MinE suppresses the division block at the normal division site at mid-cell but not all cell poles, thereby ensuring the normal division pattern. In this study the MinD protein was purified to homogeneity and shown to bind ATP and to have ATPase activity. When the putative ATP binding domain of MinD was altered by site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant protein was no longer able to activate the MinC-dependent division inhibition system. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that MinD was located in the inner membrane region of the cell envelope. These results show that MinD is a membrane ATPase and suggest that the ATPase activity plays an essential role in the functions of the MinD protein during the normal division process.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1994

Transcriptional activation domains of the single-minded bHLH protein are required for CNS midline cell development.

The single-minded gene functions as a master developmental regulator within the midline cell lineage of the embryonic central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic experiments suggest that Single-minded can function as a transcriptional activator. Regions of the Single-minded protein were fused to the DNA binding domain of the mammalian transcription factor Sp1 and shown to activate transcription from a reporter gene linked to Sp1 binding sites. Three independent activation domains were identified in the carboxy terminal region of Single-minded that include areas rich in serine, threonine, glutamine and proline residues. Germ line transformation experiments indicate that the carboxy terminal activation domains, the PAS dimerization domain, and the putative DNA binding basic domain of Single-minded are required for expression of CNS midline genes in vivo. These results define in vivo a functional activation domain within Single-minded and suggest a model in which Single-minded activates transcription through a direct interaction with promoter elements of CNS midline genes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Theory of mind--evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathology.

The ability to infer other persons' mental states and emotions has been termed 'theory of mind'. It represents an evolved psychological capacity most highly developed in humans. The evolutionary origins of theory of mind can be traced back in extant non-human primates; theory of mind probably emerged as an adaptive response to increasingly complex primate social interaction. This sophisticated 'metacognitive' ability comes, however, at an evolutionary cost, reflected in a broad spectrum of psychopathological conditions. Extensive research into autistic spectrum disorders has revealed that theory of mind may be selectively impaired, leaving other cognitive faculties intact. Recent studies have shown that observed deficits in theory of mind task performance are part of a broad range of symptoms in schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, some forms of dementia, 'psychopathy' and in other psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the evolutionary psychology of theory of mind including its ontogeny and representation in the central nervous system, and studies of theory of mind in psychopathological conditions.

Animals↗