Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MALINGERING”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Ocular malingering: a surprising visual acuity test.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a visual acuity test for use in identifying psychogenic visual impairment and malingering. METHODS: The test contained 32 white plates with a black Landolt C printed in the center. The sequence of the 4 alternative directions of the C was not predictable. After plate 21, 4 circles were interspersed among the remaining plates. The test is administered at a distance from which the subject is presumed to be able to recognize the optotypes. He or she is requested to identify the direction of the C within 2 seconds, and the responses are noted. Two elements were evaluated: (1) The number of correct answers was compared with the corresponding value of the distribution function of the binomial formula that represents the probability of reaching this rate of correct answers by pure chance. (2) The response to the first circle (appearing after plate 21) was compared with the responses to the previous 19 Cs. The test was administered to 20 volunteer pseudomalingerers and 15 patients believed to be true malingerers. RESULTS: Malingering was detected in 14 (74%) of 19 volunteers included in the evaluation and in 12 (80%) of 15 patients by too many or too few correct answers to the stimuli or by their response to one of the circles. CONCLUSIONS: This test is useful in proving malingering. It may also provide evidence of a minimum visual recognition acuity within the gross dimension of the actual acuity.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Malingering on neuropsychological memory tests: potential objective indicators.

We evaluated five potential indicators of malingering on the Rey Memory Test (RMT), Hebb's Recurring Digits (HRD), the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), the Complex Figure Test (CFT), and the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Fifty-seven subjects were assigned randomly to either a control group or a simulated malingering group. Two indicators-discriminant functions derived from the WMS-R and from the CFT/AVLT-achieved classification accuracy of 88% and 86%, respectively, without misidentifying controls as malingerers. Among the remaining indicators, there were problems with the recommended RMT cut-off, but it and the HRD show some promise. Subjects who simulated malingering did so by suppressing performance on tasks that involve recall as well as recognition memory and are relatively easy, but not obviously so.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Somatization and malingering for workers' compensation applicants: a cross-cultural MMPI study.

A post hoc analysis was conducted of 60 Hispanics and 60 Caucasians who had filed claims under workers' compensation. The study examined cross-cultural differences of somatization and malingering as assessed by the MMPI. Somatization was assessed by analyzing two- and three-point code types based on scales 1 (Hs), 2 (D), and 3 (Hy) of the MMPI, using the cut-off criterion of T > or = 70. Malingering was determined by analysis of the dissimulation index from the MMPI (F-K > +9). Significant differences were found for somatization; Hispanics were more likely to somatize. Minimal differences were found between Hispanic and Caucasian subjects on the malingering scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The use of the Rey Memory Test to assess malingering in criminal defendants.

An attempt was made to evaluate the utility of the Rey Memory Test (Rey, 1964) to assess malingering in criminal defendants referred for inpatient forensic evaluation. The performance of 14 diagnosed malingerers was compared to a control group of 14 forensic inpatients who had been acquitted by reason of insanity. Malingerers performed significantly less well on the test than did controls. A previously suggested cut-off score of 9 items remembered (Lezak, 1983) resulted in correct classification of 86% of the subjects as either malingering or not malingering. However, a cut-off of 3 rows remembered correctly was found to be inappropriate because 57% of the controls would have been labeled incorrectly as malingerers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The impact of expertise and sufficient information on psychologists' ability to detect malingering.

Twenty-two forensic diplomates and 22 general clinical psychologists were asked to review a variety of psychological data from one of four cases (two cases of malingering and two cases of legal insanity) to determine whether data suggested malingering or insanity. Of the 44 psychologists who reviewed cases, 86.4% accurately determined whether their protocol was from a malingerer or an insane person. Forensic diplomates and clinical psychologists were equally accurate in their determinations; only three subjects from each group misidentified their case. In spite of their success, confidence levels for both groups were reported as moderate. These results contradict previous studies that have found psychologists to not only be poor detectors of malingering, but also overconfident in their ability to detect it. It is believed that the success of psychologists in this study compared to previous studies was due to improved methodology.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Damages and rewards: assessment of malingered disorders in compensation cases.

The assessment of malingering poses unique challenges to forensic practitioners in compensation cases and disability determinations. Beyond malingering itself, false claims can be presented regarding both the source of genuine symptoms and their injurious effects on work and social functioning. The article examines how contextually based psychological factors can affect clients' presentation in compensation cases. Important distinctions between different types of response style (e.g. malingering, feigning, and secondary gain) are presented. In addition, empirically validated detection strategies provide a clinical framework for the assessment of feigned disorders. With an emphasis on compensation cases and clinically relevant disorders, the effectiveness of these detection strategies is considered for specific psychological measures.

Compensation and Redress↗
PubMed1995

Detecting the malingering of cognitive deficits: an update.

There has recently been a dramatic increase of empirical studies that investigate methods for detecting malingering of cognitive deficits. The present review focuses on a comparison of simulated and suspected malingerers in the malingering literature, and critiques the numerous approaches to the detection of malingering. The approaches that are reviewed include detection of floor effects, discrepancies of information, response bias, neuropsychological tests and batteries, symptom validity testing, and anomalous performance on memory tests. The latter approach has only recently been proposed by researchers and may show the most promise.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed2003

[The German version of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology: SIMS].

The current article addresses the psychometric qualities of the German version of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS), a self-report measure of malingering. The SIMS was administered to a heterogeneous sample of forensic patients (n=62) and undergraduate students (n=204). Within the student sample, some undergraduates were instructed to feign certain pathological conditions, while others were asked to respond honestly to the SIMS items. The findings indicate that the German version of the SIMS demonstrates adequate test-retest stability and internal consistency. In the patient sample, the SIMS was found to correlate strongly with manipulative and antisocial personality features. More specifically, SIMS scores were higher in sexually delinquent patients with antisocial personality disorders. Our findings support the SIMS as a valuable screening tool for malingering of psychiatric symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Characteristics and frequency of malingering among patients with low back pain.

Information on the clinical characteristics and frequency of malingering among patients with low back pain was obtained in a survey mailed to orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons in 6 geographic regions of the United States. Working on the assumption that orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons are untapped historians of this clinical information, data from 105 respondents were analyzed to determine if a consensus of opinion underlies clinical judgment concerning malingering. The results indicated that agreement increases with clinical symptoms reflecting exaggeration and incongruous behavior. 70% or more of the physicians were in agreement on 6 symptoms fitting these 2 patterns. 60% of the surgeons were also in agreement that malingering is a relatively infrequent condition, occurring in 5% or less of patients with low back pain.

Back Pain↗
PubMed2003

Assessing malingered posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review.

This article is a critical examination of the current state of the literature regarding the assessment of malingered posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). First, published empirical studies that examine the assessment of malingering in PTSD claimants using the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual criteria are summarized. Next, conceptual and methodological strengths, weakness, and limitations of existing research are outlined. Currently, there is no method or single instrument that is universally recognized as being the best tool to detect malingering in PTSD claimants. Lastly, recommendations for future investigations are provided.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2000

Performance of older depressed patients on two cognitive malingering tests: false positive rates for the Rey 15-item memorization and dot counting tests.

To our knowledge, no investigations have been undertaken to determine whether depression impacts performance on two commonly used tests to detect malingering of cognitive symptoms, the Rey 15-item Memorization Test and the Rey Dot Counting Test. This is a critical issue because of the high rate of depressive symptoms in patients with neurological conditions. It was hypothesized that depressed individuals, especially those with more severe depression, might be at risk for failing the tests, because these patients exhibit mild deficits in mental speed, visual perceptual/spatial skills, and visual memory, abilities required for successful completion of the malingering tests. However, examination of test performance in 64 older participants with major depression generally revealed very low false positive rates for most test scores, and severity of depression was unrelated to test scores. These results add to accumulating data supporting the validity of these cognitive malingering tests by documenting few false positive identifications.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Malingering disorientation to time, personal information, and place in mild head injured litigants.

Suchy and Sweet (2000) found disorientation in 12 (24%) of 50 benefit-seeking patients. They suggested that this level of disorientation, particularly in a sample that should not experience disorientation, is comparable to published base rate studies of malingering. The present study examined disorientation to date and personal information/place as indicators of malingering following a mild head injury. A mild head injury group (MHIG) in litigation was compared to patient groups with diagnoses of a psychiatric condition, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and moderate to severe closed head injury group not in litigation. In the MHIG, disorientation to date and personal information/place was present in 7.4 and 5.7% of the sample, respectively, and significantly less than that found in the other three neurological groups. Disorientation to date was more common in the MHIG when compared to the psychiatric controls, but not disorientation to personal information/place. Relying on disorientation as an indicator of malingering, at least for mild head injured litigants, may underestimate its prevalence.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed2002

Using the Wisconsin card sorting test to detect malingering: an analysis of the specificity of two methods in nonmalingering normal and patient samples.

This study sought to examine the specificity of two sets of equations designed to differentiate honest from malingered performance on the WCST. Data were provided by several samples of nonmalingering normal college students and neurological patients. High false positive error rates were observed in most samples. It was argued that these equations performed poorly because they reflect valid WCST response profiles. The importance of learning to identify malingering on standard neuropsychological tests is recognized, and an alternative approach to identifying such patterns of malingered performance is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration.

Base rates of probable malingering and symptom exaggeration are reported from a survey of the American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology membership. Estimates were based on 33,531 annual cases involved in personal injury, (n = 6,371). disability (n = 3,688), criminal (n = 1,341), or medical (n = 22,131) matters. Base rates did not differ among geographic regions or practice settings, but were related to the proportion of plaintiff versus defense referrals. Reported rates would be 2-4% higher if variance due to referral source was controlled. Twenty-nine percent of personal injury, 30% of disability, 19% of criminal, and 8% of medical cases involved probable malingering and symptom exaggeration. Thirty-nine percent of mild head injury, 35% of fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue, 31% of chronic pain, 27% of neurotoxic, and 22% of electrical injury claims resulted in diagnostic impressions of probable malingering. Diagnosis was supported by multiple sources of evidence, including severity (65% of cases) or pattern (64% of cases) of cognitive impairment that was inconsistent with the condition, scores below empirical cutoffs on forced choice tests (57% of cases), discrepancies among records, self-report, and observed behavior (56%), implausible self-reported symptoms in interview (46%), implausible changes in test scores across repeated examinations (45%), and validity scales on objective personality tests (38% of cases).

Demography↗
PubMed2002

The efficacy of neuropsychological symptom inventory in the differential diagnosis of medical, psychiatric, and malingering patients.

The present study was conducted to examine patient responses to the Neuropsychological Symptom Inventory (NSI) and attempted to discriminate among medical, psychiatric, and simulated malingering patients. Results indicated that the NSI was able to significantly discriminate malingered responses from medical and psychiatric patient responses. However, applying a lie scale derived from previous research with the NSI did not allow discrimination between the malingered group and the psychiatric patients. Using the factors of the NSI derived from earlier research offered both greater detection of malingerers and enhanced evaluation of symptom profiles of medical and psychiatric patients. The NSI provides an efficient screen for exaggerated symptoms, as well as an indication of the level of general neuropsychological functioning of the patient when included in a neuropsychological evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Trail making test and malingering among substance abusers.

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is often used for screening cognitive impairments in substance abusers. A possible limitation of the TMT in clinical settings is that substance abusers may malinger and give poor effort. In this study, previously validated cutting scores for malingering were applied to a sample of 7689 substance abusers (primary drug of abuse-number of subjects: Alcohol-1000, Marijuana-259, Hallucinogen-128, Cocaine/crack-4306, Heroin-1548, Narcotics/other opiates-191, Sedatives-72, Amphetamines-185) in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991-1993 in 96 programs in 11 cites in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the number of substance abusers that fell beyond the preset malingering cutting scores on the TMT in this very large sample of substance abusing patients in treatment settings. The TMT variables of seconds to complete Part A and Part B, and the ratio score of Part B divided by Part A (B/A), ranged from no subjects beyond the preset cutting score for Part B to 2.28% (175 of 7689 subjects) for Part A to 9.74% (749 of 7689 subjects) for the ratio score. Most substance abusers fell within preset cutting score ranges, a finding that suggests that their scores are valid. Another interpretation of the data, however, is that the cutoff scores were not particularly sensitive to biased responding. Further research is indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The susceptibility of the Rorschach to malingering: a critical review.

Empirical studies of malingering on the Rorschach are reviewed. Results from these studies are to this point inconsistent and inconclusive. Although several indices are related to malingering in individual studies, no specific malingering pattern has been found that replicates across studies. A methodological problem specific to this literature is discussed and future research designs are recommended.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Digit Memory Test: unequivocal cerebral dysfunction and suspected malingering.

The Digit Memory Test (DMT) (Hiscock & Hiscock, 1989), a forced-choice test for detecting malingering, was administered to 27 patients with unequivocal cerebral dysfunction, 5 patients with postconcussional syndrome, 6 suspected malingerers and 10 normal controls. Results indicate that, even in patients with severe, but static cerebral dysfunction and unequivocal memory disorder, DMT performance is between 95% to 100% correct. By contrast, the 6 patients in whom malingering was seriously considered performed at a level much below the other three groups (74% correct) but not significantly below chance. The DMT may be helpful in evaluating patients suspected of malingering even when they do not score significantly below chance.

Adult↗