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104 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The effect of p-chloroaniline on leucocytes of sheep peripheral blood under the migration-inhibition test conditions.

Toxic and immunotoxic effects of p-chloroaniline--a metabolite of herbicide monolinuron--were investigated in peripheral blood leucocytic suspensions of five sheep using a migration-inhibition test. The toxic effect of p-chloroaniline was recorded at concentrations 1.0 to 0.1 mg.ml-1 and the immunotoxic one at concentrations 0.01-0.001 mg.l-1. The toxic effect was demonstrated by total inhibition of leucocyte migration. The immunotoxic effect, determined as mitogenic activation of leucocytes by phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, was detected at 10 to 100-fold lower concentrations of p-chloroaniline than those which resulted in toxic effects.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1994

Methemoglobinemia following ingestion of a monolinuron/paraquat herbicide (Gramonol)

A 59-year-old man ingested a mouthful of Gramonol with suicidal intent and was admitted to a local hospital six and a half hours later. It was noted that he looked "ashen grey" and was centrally cyanosed. The methemoglobin and plasma paraquat concentrations performed on arrival at the Regional Poisons Treatment Unit eight hours after paraquat ingestion were 52% and 1100 micrograms/L respectively; the administration of methylene blue reversed methemoglobinemia within two hours. The patient suffered extensive paraquat-induced oral, and probably esophageal, ulceration and developed multiple organ (particularly renal, respiratory and hepatic) failure and died some 10 days later. This is the most severe case of Gramonol poisoning reported both in terms of the amount of paraquat ingested and the concentration of methemoglobin formed. We believe that the methemoglobinemia in this patient was caused by monolinuron not paraquat.

Fatal Outcome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adsorption of phenylurea derivative and chlorine-substituted aniline herbicides by microorganisms].

Adsorption of phenylurea derivatives and chlorosubstituted anilines by Pseudomonas and Aspergillus was studied. All these substances were adsorbed by the microorganisms in large quantities. The bacteria adsorbed more of these substances per biomass unit than the fungi. Adsorption of herbicides by the microorganisms is a physical process and is characterized by the same correlation as adsorption of herbicides by soil. Derivatives of phenylurea and chlorosubstituted anilines are easily washed from the cells with water. Conditions under which the substances were completely desorbed have been studied. Acetylation of 3,4-dichloroaniline by Pseudomonas aurantiaca results in desorption of 3,4-dichloroaniline from the cells of Pseudomonas boreopolis.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reaction of freshwater phyto- and zooplankton to pesticides.

The reaction of plankton to the toxic effect of pesticides is considered at four levels: the cell, the organism, the population, and the biocenosis. The basis for the methodological approach to evaluation of response at the cell level was the principle of phase reactions. Depending on concentration, the pesticides may either suppress or stimulate the plankton organisms. Temperature may be decisive intoxic effects (pesticides are effective in a range of 15 to 25 degrees C). Most pesticides having algacidal activity are effective in a range of concentrations of 1-10 mg/liter. Phytoplankton as a whole has a high buffer capacity with respect to pesticides. Changes in ratios of basic components of phytoplankton effected by pesticides most often lead to a change of the dominant. Analogical changes are characteristic also for zooplankton; pesticides lead to the elimination of water fleas from its composition. The stimulating effect of a low concentration of pesticides, changes in the functional activity of the components of bacterial plankton, and changes coupled with this in biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and phosphorous as well as elimination of water fleas from the plankton promotes the development of "secondary" eutrophication, that is, an increase in the biomass of the phytoplankton.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Toxicologic characteristics of several pesticides and standards for them in water].

The progressive increase of production and application of chemicals for plant protection transmuted the problem of protection of water cleanliness into an international and national problem. The cases with incidental pesticide pollution of water-reservoirs became more numerous. A necessity arose of the supplement of our sanitary legislation with hygienic standards (MAC) for the water for the newly implemented chemicals for plant protection in the country. During the last several years, some of the most frequently used and formulated in our country pesticides were experimentally studied: Afalon and Patoran (from chemical group of carbamates and dithiocarbamates) and amide herbicide: Dimid, Ramrod, Lasso, Treflan. Complex hygienic-toxicological studies were carried out in order to study the toxicological effect of the pesticides mentioned and to elaborate hygienic norms (MAC) of the same in the water. The effect on the organoleptic qualities of water was determined as well as on the sanitary regime of waterreservoirs (according to BON5, sanitary-indictory microflora and toxicity for fishes). Toxicological studies were performed under the conditions of acute, subacute and chronic experiment. The results obtained allowed the hygienic-toxicological characteristics and the proposal of hygienic standards (MAC) for the pesticides studied in water.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1976

[Effects produced by insecticides on micro-organisms growing on harvest crops (vegetable foodstuff) (author's transl)].

Micro-organisms were isolated from several harvest crops and identified. Their capacity of breaking down pesticides frequently applied over large areas was investigated. It was found that some types of molds regularly found on untreated foodstuffs of vegetable origin have changed in composition and germ density during the last 5 to 10 years and that they are capable of more or less breaking down pesticides only to a limited extent. The particularly great increase of F. oxysporum in maize (corn) and corn flour can, accordingly, be caused by the application of herbicides.

Bacteria↗