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PubMed1982

Electron microscope observations on preimplantation mouse embryos cultured with LiCl.

We have recently shown that LiCl in the culture medium retards cleavage of mouse preimplantation embryos without delaying their blastulation and causes the formation of blastocysts with few large cells and a reduced or absent inner cell mass (Izquierdo and Becker 1982). In this study we compare the ultrastructure of major cellular organelles of Li+-treated and control embryos. No subcellular alterations were found that correlate with the altered morphology of the blastocysts. On the basis of these results we submit that the malformation of blastocysts developed in a Li+-containing medium is the morphogenetic consequence of a retardation of cleavage coupled with a normal timing in the establishment of zonular tight junctions around the peripheral cells of the morula.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Rapid isolation of plasmid DNA by LiCl-ethidium bromide treatment and gel filtration.

We established a simple and rapid plasmid DNA purification method. Crude plasmid DNA preparations are treated with 4 M LiCl in the presence of 0.6 mg/ml ethidium bromide to precipitate RNA and proteins contained in the DNA preparations. After removal of RNA and protein precipitates, the supernatant is filtered through a Sepharose CL6B column to remove low-molecular-weight contaminants. This procedure takes only 30 min and provides pure plasmid DNA preparations that consist mainly of covalently closed circular plasmid DNA but have no detectable RNA and protein. The purified DNA preparations are susceptible to various six- and four-base-recognition restriction endonucleases, T4 DNA ligase, the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, and T7 and Taq DNA polymerase. Since no special equipment is needed for this purification method, 20 or more samples of microgram to milligram levels can be treated in parallel.

Chemical Precipitation↗
PubMed1995

Effects of LiCl on triiodothyronine (T3) binding to nuclei from rat cerebral hemispheres.

The therapeutic effects of lithium in mania and depression are thought to be mediated by its effects on plasma thyroid hormone (T4, T3) levels. Inasmuch as T3 affects transcription by binding with its nuclear receptors, in this study we examined whether Li+ alters T3 nuclear binding. Although plasma T3 and T4 levels were not affected, 125I-T3 uptake was decreased, and both in vivo and in vitro studies showed a significant increase in nuclear T3 binding in brain and liver tissue. This increase was shown to reflect an increase in maximal binding density. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that Li+ exerts its action by inducing "cellular hypothyroidism." Integrating existing information on thyroid hormones and affective diseases and the effects of hypothyroidism on neurotransmitters thought to be altered in mania and depression, this hypothesis is supported and contributes to understanding of the effects of LiCl and thyroid hormones in affective diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Altered cell fate in LiCl-treated sea urchin embryos.

Endo16 is a lineage-specific protein expressed during embryogenesis in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. We have examined the effects of various concentrations of lithium chloride, a well-known vegetalizing agent, on Endo16 expression in whole sea urchin embryos. Our results show that treatment with LiCl causes increased steady-state levels of Endo16 transcripts. An increase in the number of endodermal cells in treated embryos demonstrates a change in cell lineage. In addition, we observed a delay in development of lithium-treated embryos that is accompanied by a delay in the expression of a late class histone H2B gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effects of LiCl preexposure on amphetamine-induced taste aversions: an assessment of blocking.

Preexposure to lithium chloride attenuated the subsequent acquisition of amphetamine-induced taste aversions. This attenuation was independent of the similarity of the preexposure and conditioning environments, an effect inconsistent with an associative interpretation of the effects of LiCl preexposure. These results were discussed in terms of the mechanism underlying the effects of drug preexposure on taste aversion learning.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1985

Effects of chronic LiCl and RbCl on muricide induced by midbrain raphe lesions in rats.

Midbrain raphe lesions in rats (raphe rats) induce aggressive behavior including muricide. A single administration of LiCl (Li) 100 mg/kg to raphe rats produced only 25% of muricide inhibition. However, the inhibitory effect of muricide in raphe rats significantly increased from the 5th day following repeated administration of Li. Chronic Li also inhibited muricide in olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rats. The inhibition of muricide lasted until the next day to some extent. In this point, the effect of Li on muricide is similar to that of antidepressants, but not of neuroleptics. On the contrary, RbCl (Rb) showed a tendency to induce muricide. The single re-administration of Li 100 mg/kg on the withdrawal on the 7th day after repeated administration for 14 days showed a significant inhibition of muricide in raphe rats, unlike that in OB rats. Li also showed a partial prophylactic effect on muricide when Li 100 mg/kg was administered for 1 week before raphe lesions. These results suggest that raphe rats may serve not only as an experimental model of depression, but also as that of manic illness.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

Functionalized metal oxide clusters: synthesis, characterization, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of a novel series of fully reduced heteropolyoxovanadium cationic clusters decorated with organic ligands--[MVIV6O6[(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)]6]X (M = Li, X = Cl x LiCl; M = Na, X = Cl x H2O; M = Mg, X = 2Br x H2O; M = Mn, Fe, X = 2Cl; M = Co, Ni, X = 2Cl x H2O).

A novel series of fully reduced heteropolyoxovanadium(IV) compounds, [MVIV6O6[(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)]6]X (1, M = Li, X = Cl x LiCl; 2, M = Na, X = Cl x H2O; 3, M = Mg, X = 2Br x H2O; 4, M = Mn, X = 2Cl; 5, M = Fe, X = 2Cl; 6, M = Co, X = 2Cl x H2O; 7, M = Ni, X = 2Cl x H2O), have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, manganometric titration, temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements, bond valence sum calculations, X-ray powder diffraction, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The structures of the crystals are comprised of discrete units of fully reduced cluster cations, [MVIV6O6[(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)]6]n+, counterions (chloride or bromide), and water of crystallization (in the case of 2, 3, 6, 7). In each case the cluster ion is composed of a fully reduced cyclic [MV6N6O18] (M = Li, Na, Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) framework decorated with six triethanolamine ligands. Two arms of each triethanolamine ligand are coordinated to the metallacycle, and the third arm projects outward from the hexagonal ring. The [MV6N6O18] core adopts the Anderson-type structure. The cyclic core is comprised of a ring of six edge-sharing [VO5N] octahedra linked to a central [MO6] unit. The hexametalate ring contains six d1 ions [VIV] and shows remarkable flexibility to encapsulate a variety of metal centers Mn+ (Mn+ = Li+, Na+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+) with different (dn) spins. The compounds show good thermal stability and exhibit interesting magnetic properties that make these magnetic clusters promising building blocks for constructing supramolecular structures and extended structure magnetic solids. Crystal data for 1; C36H78Cl2N6Li2O24V6, trigonal space group R, a = 13.7185(3) angstroms, c = 24.8899(8) angstroms, Z = 3. Crystal data for 2: C36H80ClN6NaO25V6, triclinic space group P, a = 11.1817(5) angstroms, b = 12.1612(5) angstroms, c = 21.5979(10) angstroms, alpha = 75.8210(10), beta = 78.8270(10), gamma = 71.1400(10), Z = 2. Crystal data for 4: C36H78Cl2N6MnO24V6, monoclinic, space group P2(1), a =11.2208(5) angstroms, b = 21.5041(9) angstroms, c = 11.8126(5), beta = 111.2680, Z= 2. Crystal data for 5: C36H78Cl2N6FeO24V6, monoclinic, space group P2(1), a = 11.3057(7) angstroms, b = 21.4372(13) angstroms, c = 11.8167(7) angstroms, beta = 111.4170, Z = 2.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Gutmann Acceptor Properties of LiCl, NaCl, and KCl Buffered Ambient-Temperature Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids.

Gutmann acceptor numbers have been determined using (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for AlCl(3)/EMIC melts as well as LiCl, NaCl, and KCl neutral buffered melts. In AlCl(3)/EMIC melts, where EMIC is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, the change in Gutmann acceptor number as a function of the AlCl(3):EMIC melt ratio is attributed to an equilibrium between a monoadduct of triethylphosphine oxide.AlCl(3) and a diadduct of triethylphosphine oxide.2AlCl(3). Observed acceptor numbers for the neutral buffered melts appear linear with respect to the melt's initial mole ratio of AlCl(3):EMIC prior to buffering. The lithium cation appears to be the most Lewis acidic alkali metal cation followed by the sodium and potassium cations. Possible reasons for the change in acceptor number as a function of changing alkali metal cation concentration are presented.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Two Novel Lithium-15-Crown-5 Complexes: An Extended LiCl Chain Stabilized by Crown Ether and a Dimeric Complex Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonding with Water.

Two lithium chloride-15C5 (15C5 = 15-crown-5) complexes, [Li(15C5)(&mgr;-Cl)(2)Li](infinity), 1, and {[Li(15C5)(H(2)O)]Cl}(2), 2, were synthesized. Their structures, characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, are dictated by the absence of or presence of water. Complex 1, prepared in an anhydrous environment, is the first example of an extended LiCl chain structure. It contains repeating units Li(&mgr;-Cl)Li(15C5) that are connected by additional bridging Cl atoms. One Li has close contacts with one Cl and all five O atoms of 15C5 and the other Li with three Cl and one O of 15C5. However, the chain structure cannot form in the presence of water. Instead dimeric complex 2 was formed when LiCl.xH(2)O (x = 1.14) was the starting material. In this case H(2)O is coordinated to lithium through a Li-O linkage and is hydrogen bonded to Cl(-) (H.Cl). The Li(+) cation is coordinated to the five O atoms of 15C5 as well as the O atom from H(2)O, and the Cl(-) counteranion is isolated from Li(+) by two hydrogen bonds with one H atom each from two H(2)O molecules with H.Cl distances of 2.30(4) and 2.35(4) Å, respectively. A crystallographically imposed center of symmetry generates a dimer that resembles a 2:2 anion-paired encapsulate. Crystal data for 1: space group Pna2(1) (no. 33), a = 14.974(1) Å, b = 13.553(1) Å, c = 7.160(1) Å, V = 1453.0(2) Å(3), Z = 4. Crystal data for 2: space group P2(1)/n (no. 14), a = 10.353(1) Å, b = 7.9070(1) Å, c = 17.741 Å, beta = 100.50(1) degrees, V = 1427.9(2) Å(3), Z = 4.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Increased polymer length of oligopeptide-substituted polynorbornenes with LiCl.

The ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reaction is extraordinarily useful for the preparation of a large variety of polymers. We report that the length (n = 25-50) of high-substituent-density oligopeptide polymers synthesized by ROMP is dramatically improved upon addition of LiCl to reduce polymer and oligopeptide aggregation. This methodology should significantly expand the variety of polymers that may be prepared by ROMP and be of general use with norbornyl oligopeptides of any sequence.

Catalysis↗
PubMed2005

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of a hydrogen electrode reaction at a Zn electrode in a molten LiCl-KCl-LiH system.

The hydrogen electrode reaction involving hydride ion, H-, at a Zn electrode is investigated in a molten LiCl-KCl-LiH system at 673 K. The charge-transfer resistances were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the overpotential region of 0.10 < or = eta < or = 0.35 V and over the H- concentrations of 1.5 x 10(-4) < or = C(H)- < or = 1.2 x 10(-3) mol cm(-3). The logarithm plot of the charge-transfer resistance against the overpotential at C(H)- = 3.0 x 10(-4) mol cm(-3) gives the symmetry factor, beta, of 0.50 and the exchange current density, j0, of 5.8 x 10(-3)A cm(-2), respectively. Analysis of the dependence of j0 on H- concentration independently gives a beta of 0.55. The reasonable beta values indicate that the H- <==> H(ad)(M) + e- step is rate-determining.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Flavor avoidance induced by LiCl and dexfenfluramine in rats and mice using nondeprivation protocols.

Using dexfenfluramine as unconditional stimulus (US), the authors confirmed that sham-operated and area postrema (AP)-lesioned rats form comparable conditioned flavor avoidances. When lithium chloride (LiCI) was used as the US, AP-lesioned rats did not learn to avoid a drug-paired flavor conditional stimulus (CS+). Sham-operated, but not AP-lesioned, rats had low intakes of the placebo-paired flavor (CS-), which suggests that the lesions disrupted generalization of avoidance. Generalized avoidance in intact rats was similar when either sweetened milk or Polycose was used as the caloric vehicle for the CSs. When flavored gels of Polycose were used as CSs, C57BL/6J mice developed flavor avoidance with either LiCl or dexfenfluramine as US. Compared with rats, mice required higher doses of these agents, avoidance was not complete after many pairings, and there was no generalization to the CS-.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ab initio configuration interaction study of the low-lying 1Sigma+ electronic states of LiCl.

Ab initio configuration interaction calculations have been performed for the X 1Sigma+ and B 1Sigma+ electronic states of LiCl. Potential energy curves, dipole moment functions, and dipole transition moments have been computed for internuclear distances between R = 2.5a0 and 50a0. Single- and double-excitation configuration interaction wave functions were constructed using molecular orbitals obtained from a two-state averaged multiconfiguration self-consistent-field calculation. This procedure yielded an accurate energy splitting between the covalent and ionic separated-atom limits. The calculated avoided crossing of the X and B state curves occurs at R = 16.2a0, in close agreement with previous calculations using a semiempirical covalent-ionic resonance model. X 1Sigma+ state spectroscopic constants are in excellent agreement with experimental values.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Application of polyamorphism in water to spontaneous crystallization of emulsified LiCl-H2O solution.

Aqueous solutions are widely explained by the hydration or the bound waterfree water notion. Amorphous polymorphism (polyamorphism) in pure water, which is presently under vigorous discussion, may provide a different view over the solutions. Here, I changed pressure, P, temperature, T, and concentration, C, of emulsified LiCl-H2O solutions and studied their freezing by detecting its heat evolution. It was experimentally indicated that the homogeneous nucleation of low-density crystalline ice I (phase Ih or Ic), in pure water and in solutions, connects to the polyamorphic transition of high-density amorphous ice (HDA) to low-density amorphous ice (LDA). Thus, the polyamorphism of water relates to the phase behavior of aqueous solution. In accordance with the recent simulation result, the nucleation was thought to occur in two stages: the appearance of the LDA-like state and the crystallization. Usefulness of the polyamorphic point of view about the solutions was seen.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Ion association in aqueous LiCl solutions at high concentration: predicted results via molecular simulation.

We perform molecular dynamics simulations to study the ionic solvation and association behavior in concentrated aqueous LiCl solutions at ambient conditions, including consideration of expected signatures of ion pairing that might be found in neutron diffraction experiments with isotopic substitution. The ten possible pair radial distribution functions that define the microstructure of the systems are determined and used to assess the first-order difference of the neutron-weighted correlation functions for these solutions in heavy and null water. Then, both sets of correlation functions are applied to the interpretation of the ion's local environment in terms of the location of the relevant peaks and the penetration of ions into the counterion solvation shells as a signature of ion-pair formation. Finally, we illustrate how first-order difference experiments involving null and heavy water might be used to assess the magnitude of the M(v+) - X(v-) ion-pair formation for a salt M(v+)X(n) v- in an aqueous solution, provided the significant experimental challenges in these studies could be overcome.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Isolation of viral double-stranded RNAs using a LiCl fractionation procedure.

A general procedure for the isolation of virus-specific double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) is discribed. The procedure is based on the differential solubility of different types of nucleic acids in LiCl. Principal advantages over conventional methods are simplicity, avoidance of enzymatic treatment, and relatively good yields of undegraded ds-RNA while permitting separation of several main groups of cellular and viral nucleic acids from the same batch of tissue. The method has been successfully applied in tissues infected by several representative plant RNA viruses. The virus-specific ds-RNAs obtained have been identified by their resistance to ribonuclease and comparison of their electrophoretic mobilities with those of the corresponding single-stranded RNA (ss-RNA) in polyacrylamide gels. The molecular weights of the ds-RNAs of tobacco mosaic virus, turnip yellow mosaic virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, and peanut stunt virus fit the curved log molecular weight-migration relationship constructed from a set of known marker ds-RNAs.

Chlorides↗
PubMed1999

In yeast, upc2-1 confers a decrease in tolerance to LiCl and NaCl, which can be suppressed by the P-type ATPase encoded by ENA2.

Wild-type yeast cells are unable to take up sterols from their growth media under aerobic conditions and are relatively resistant to monovalent cations. A yeast mutant (upc2-1) with a defect in the aerobic exclusion of sterols was found to have increased sensitivity to LiCl and NaCl. Although cation sensitivity has been reported for mutants that synthesize altered sterols, the mutant with upc2-1 continues to produce the normal sterol, ergosterol. The ENA2 gene was cloned on the basis of remediating the hypersensitivity to the monovalent cations.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗