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Two medicolegal case reports are presented. They involve chest X-ray with left-and-right side confusion due to lack of radio-opaque side markers. Two premature babies with pneumothorax got thoracostomy on the wrong side, in one case with a fatal outcome.
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Jurors sometimes enter a case both with prior beliefs about its likely validity and with more general ideologies that are relevant to the case. Although prior validity beliefs may serve as heuristics, directly biasing decisions when cognitive capacity is low, we hypothesized that ideology may bias systematic thought even when cognitive capacity is high. This experiment studied simulated individual juror decisions in a sex-discrimination case, measuring validity beliefs about such cases as well as feminist ideology, and exposing participants to 1 of 3 case versions under time pressure or no time pressure. Validity beliefs had a direct, heuristic impact on judgment only under time pressure. However, feminist ideology had a mediated influence on judgment via valenced thoughts about the evidence, even under no time pressure. Also, people with initially proplaintiff beliefs judged a woman's sex-discrimination suit more negatively than did prodefendants if the evidence was weak. The results suggest that when jurors can fully process information, validity expectancies might backfire if not supported by case evidence, but ideology can have a more pervasive influence on the decision-making process.
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In Germany the causal relationship between laryngeal carcinoma and occupational exposure to asbestos is under discussion. We report on 30 cases of laryngeal carcinoma for which compensation was considered, since an occupational contact with asbestos was confirmed or suspected. We looked especially for signs of non-tumorous lesions related to asbestos exposure in radiography or CT of the chest. Such signs could be detected in 12 individuals. In Germany compensation for an occupational disease can be granted only, if e.g. the relevance of asbestos exposure is sufficiently probable, with special regard to other noxious influences such as cigarette abuse. Asbestosis of the larynx cannot be diagnosed specifically; we, therefore suggest proving the relevance of asbestos exposure in respect of signs of tumorous or non-tumorous lesions in the chest.
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This article describes a case of a laparoscopic injury and the ensuing litigation. Data from the hospital report and the testimony of witnesses are presented. In the next issue of this Journal, the results of the jury finding will be presented as Part II.
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The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has a medical examiner system, in which all cadavers classified as "unusual death" in the city of Tokyo should be examined, and if necessary, autopsied to determine the cause of death. Of about 10,000 unusual deaths examined per year, two thirds are usually determined to have died of natural causes. The most common cause of sudden natural death is ischemic heart disease, especially acute myocardial infarction. Pathological examination, however, proves acute myocardial ischemia in only one third of autopsies. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage, acute myocarditis and cardiomyopathies and aortic dissection/aneurysm as well as pulmonary thromboembolism are frequent causes of death in medical examiner cases. Both pathological and socio-medical problems associated with these diseases are discussed.
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