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PubMed2006

Towards a typology of specific language impairment.

BACKGROUND: The population of children with specific language impairments (SLI) is heterogeneous. The present study was conducted to examine this heterogeneity more closely, by identifying and describing subgroups within the population of children with SLI in the Netherlands. METHOD: A broad battery of language tests and language-related cognitive tests were administered to 147 six-year-old and 136 eight-year-old children with SLI. RESULTS: Factor analyses revealed 4 factors indicating 4 distinctive linguistic domains for both age samples: 1) lexical-semantic abilities, 2) auditory conceptualization, 3) verbal sequential memory and 4) speech production. These empirical findings were further validated by the positive correlations found between the language factors and the judgments of teachers and speech therapists. Finally, a cluster analysis revealed 4 distinct clusters of SLI children for each sample with specific language profiles based on the 4 factors. Results were nearly the same for both age samples. CONCLUSIONS: The language problems that emerged from the two samples of children with SLI could be described as falling into four types. Based on these language types, four subgroups of children with SLI could be distinguished, each with a specific profile. Some subgroups had severe problems on one specific type of language problem; others had severe problems in more than one type of language problem when compared to the other subgroups of the same age sample. The different profiles may indicate that a more dynamic approach is needed in intervention, considering the presence of both compensating and restricting factors within each child with SLI.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Nonword repetition and child language impairment.

A brief, processing-dependent, nonword repetition task, designed to minimize biases associated with traditional language tests, was investigated. In Study 1, no overlap in nonword repetition performance was found between a group of 20 school-age children enrolled in language intervention (LI) and a group of 20 age-matched peers developing language normally (LN). In Study 2, a comparison of likelihood ratios for the nonword repetition task and for a traditional language test revealed that nonword repetition distinguished between children independently identified as LI and LN with a high degree of accuracy, by contrast with the traditional language test. Nonword repetition may have considerable clinical utility as a screening measure for language impairment in children. Information on the likelihood ratios associated with all diagnostic tests of language is badly needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Verification of the performance of oralized hearing impaired children in a vocabulary test].

BACKGROUND: Expressive vocabulary of hearing impaired children. AIM: To verify the performance of a group of children with hearing impairment in an expressive vocabulary test. METHOD: The Language Test for Young Children ABFW-Vocabulary was used in 21 children with moderately-severe to profound hearing losses. Children were divided in three groups according to their age: 3 to 4 years and 11 months; 5 to 6 years and 11 months; 7 to 8 years and 11 months. These children used predominately the linguistic oral code in order to communicate. RESULTS: All of the groups presented a higher number of correct answers and substitution processes when compared to the number of non-designations. Overall, children with ages between 7 and 8 years and 11 months presented a better performance than those with ages between 3 and 4 years and 11 moths, and with ages between 5 and 6 years and 11 months. Both of these groups presented similar performances. CONCLUSION: Children presented better performances in the semantic fields of animals, means of transportation and shapes and colors; older children demonstrated to have a greater knowledge of words in most of the tested semantic fields. The ABFW Vocabulary Test identified the semantic fields in which children present a greater or lower domain, as well as the identification of the strategies that hearing impaired children use when trying to name an object. These information allow speech-language pathologists to emphasize the semantic fields that are less known to the children and to explore characteristics and attributes of those objects that are already known by them before their presentation.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Children with rolandic epilepsy have abnormalities of oromotor and dichotic listening performance.

Twenty children (11 females; age range 8y 2mo to 14y 7mo, mean 10y 6mo, SD 1y 8mo) with electroclinically typical rolandic epilepsy (RE), were investigated to demonstrate possible occurrence of abnormal oromotor functions and oral sensibility, linguistic problems, and impaired auditory discrimination. Twelve children were treated with an antiepileptic drug (carbamazepine, valproate, or sulthiame). They were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group of 24 children (14 females; age range 8y 2mo to 14y 5mo, mean 11y, SD 1y 8mo). The test battery included tests for facial expressions, lip and tongue movements, repeated syllables, and articulation using nonsense and tongue-twisting words. Sensibility on tongue and lips was tested with two-point discrimination. As language tests, Rapid Confrontation Naming, orthographic, and phonologic decoding tests were used. A dichotic listening test was performed in 13 children with RE and in 14 controls. Compared to control children, those with RE had significantly greater problems concerning tongue movements (p < 0.05) and articulation (nonsense words and tongue-twisting words; p < 0.01), and worse performance on dichotic listening (p < 0.05). Oro-lingual sensibility and results of language tests did not differ between those with RE and control children. The results indicate that children with RE have distinct but mild problems with oromotor performance and auditory discrimination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Relationships between language skills as assessed by the Halstead-Reitan battery and the Luria-Nebraska language-related factor scales in a nonaphasic patient population.

The study involved a comparison between language tests derived from the Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological test batteries. Language-related measures from each battery were entered into a factor analysis based on a sample of 150 nonaphasic neuropsychiatric patients. Five factors were extracted and were named Academic Achievement, Basic Skills, Verbal Intelligence, Auditory Discrimination, and Comprehension of Syntactical Relations. Measures from both the Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska loaded on most of these factors. A canonical correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between the Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska measures. However, it was noted that interpretation of this relationship must be qualified by the association found between the measures used and educational achievement.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Language abilities of mildly closed head injured (CHI) children 10 years post-injury.

The language functioning of a group of 14 children who had sustained a mild closed head injury (CHI) at least 10 years previously was assessed. The subjects were administered a battery of language assessments including an overall language test, and specific language skills assessments. Performance of the head-injured group was compared with that of a group of non-neurologically impaired accident victims matched for age, sex and educational level. Overall language performance of the experimental group did not differ significantly from the controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Prediction of fine motor skills of children having language and speech disorders.

Relationships between the fine motor skills and linguistic abilities of 37 developmentally delayed children, ages 5 to 9 yr., were studied using a battery of expressive and receptive language tests, a measure of fine motor performance, a dichotic listening test, and individual intelligence tests. While IQs and MAs were not related to fine motor skills, both expressive and receptive language test scores showed moderate to moderately high correlations, the highest single relationship being the Test for the Auditory Comprehension of Language. In concert with CAs, a dichotic right-ear test score, the Auditory Comprehension Test, predicted fine motor-skill indices substantially; R = .80. Strong relationships appear between linguistic and fine motor skills in an age group not previously investigated and at higher levels than reported in studies of infants and very young children. Dichotic results were abnormal in a majority of the children.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Characterization of the basal temporal language area in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy.

We evaluated 5 consecutive patients with subdural grid electrodes (including placement over the left basal temporal region) for focal resections for control of intractable epilepsy. All 5 had language dysfunction when we performed cortical stimulation over the basal temporal region (the inferior temporal gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus) using a systematic battery of language tests. The area in which language interference could be produced began from at least 11 to 35 mm posterior to the temporal tip and ended at least 39 to 74 mm posterior to the temporal tip. The most consistently impaired language tasks were spontaneous speech and passage reading, but there was impairment of all language functions tested in some patients. Language deficits after dominant temporal lobectomy may result from resection of this area.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Intracarotid amobarbital testing for language and memory dominance in children.

The intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) was attempted in 22 pediatric epilepsy surgery candidates, ages 5-12 years old. With extra pre-test teaching and emotional preparation, adjusted amobarbital dosage for younger patients, and simplified test items tailored to the child's abilities, language and memory testing were accomplished after at least one injection for 19 (86%) of patients. Language dominance was clarified in 11 children overall (50% of patients), in all of the children who had bilateral testing and at least borderline intelligence (IQ > 70), and in 57% of the children with mild or moderate mental retardation. Memory assessment was accomplished in 18 children after amobarbital injection of the hemisphere ipsilateral to the predominant epileptogenic zone. IAP retention scores tended to be lower in children than adults, especially in the setting of mental retardation. Retention scores after ipsilateral injection were > 60% in all 10 of the children with at least borderline intelligence, but < 60% (25-50%) in five of eight children with mental retardation. Retention scores after contralateral injection were > 60% in only four of 12 children. Our results suggested that a modified pediatric IAP protocol can clarify the hemisphere of language dominance in most verbal preadolescent children with at least borderline intelligence, and in many children with mental retardation. However, IAP memory retention scores tended to be lower in children than adults and should be interpreted with caution.

Amobarbital↗
PubMed1986

[Suitability of speech audiometry study procedures for current demands in clinical and general practice].

The quality of the recorded audiometric test material (the "Freiburg" and "Marburg" language test) meets the High Fidelity standards of the 1960's. In the light of current technology (digital technique, compact disc, etc.), the question arises whether speech-audiometry can still contribute to diagnosis, medico-legal assessment and fitting of hearing aids. Results of the "Freiburg" language test are presented, which analyse the comparability of the individual groups in quiet and in noisy surroundings, the technical and technological aspects of the sound systems, orthophonic reproduction and the practical performance of audiometric speech tests. Finally, recommendations of the commission for speech-audiometry and hearing aids of the ADANO are presented and discussed. These may explain present and future demands and possibilities of a broad-band audiometric investigation spectrum in hospital and practice.

Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗
PubMed2000

Development of psychometrically matched English and Spanish language neuropsychological tests for older persons.

Item response theory (IRT) methods were used to develop a neuropsychological test battery with matched English and Spanish language forms. Candidate items for 12 scales measuring core neuropsychological abilities were generated and administered to 200 community-dwelling elderly participants tested in Spanish and 208 tested in English. IRT methods were used to eliminate linguistically biased items and refine scales to assess broad ability ranges. Reasonably good psychometric matching of scales was achieved within and across English and Spanish language forms. All scales were sensitive to cognitive impairment as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), with highly similar relationships between scale scores and MMSE across English and Spanish groups. The outcome supports the use of IRT methods in cross-cultural and multilingual test development and indicates that this strategy has potential for future neuropsychological test development.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Priming semantic relations in patients with Huntington's disease.

To investigate the hypothesis that Huntington's Disease involves a breakdown in the organization of the lexico-semantic representational system, mildly and moderately demented patients with Huntington's Disease and age-matched normal control subjects were given a brief battery of language tests and a semantic priming free association task. Results of the language tests provided suggestive, but confounded, evidence for a semantic deficit in Huntington's Disease. Less equivocal evidence was yielded by results of the priming task, which showed a decline in the effect of association strength of primed stimulus-target word pairs on target hit rates. This finding was interpreted as a disruption in the system of spreading activation in a lexico-semantic network. This breakdown was contrasted with the more severe language deficits found in dementias which are primarily cortical in origin.

Dementia↗
PubMed1995

Selective deficit of one language in a bilingual patient following surgery in the left perisylvian area.

We report on a right-handed bilingual patient with a left perisylvian arteriovenous malformation that caused a mild naming deficit evident only on formal language testing in both languages. Sodium amytal injected in the left carotid artery (Wada test) before surgery resulted in speech arrest for both languages. Following surgery for removal of the lesion she developed additional deficits in her native language without alteration in her second language. Selective impairment in one language after surgery demonstrates that each language has different anatomical representation within the perisylvian dominant area.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Language laterality in Navajo reservation children: dichotic test results depend on the language context of the testing.

Language lateralization in 40 Navajo and 20 Anglo fifth graders was assessed via the Dichotic Consonant-Vowel Task (DCVT). One group of Navajo children was tested by an experimenter who spoke only Navajo with them. The other Navajo group and the Anglo group were tested by an experimenter who spoke only English to them. Strong right ear advantages (REAs) were obtained for the Anglo group and for the Navajo group tested by the Navajo-speaking experimenter. The Navajo group tested by the English-speaking experimenter showed minimal, nonsignificant REAs. Previous findings of an absence of REAs in Native American children failed to consider the possibility that this might occur only when the experimenter does not speak the dominant language of the children. Our results are not consistent with the view that Native Americans are more right hemisphere dominant as a function of an "appositional" mode of language and thought.

Arizona↗
PubMed1998

Language dysfunction in children with Rolandic epilepsy.

Rolandic epilepsy is regarded as the classic example of benign focal epilepsy. However, neuropsychological deficits have been noted in affected children. As Rolandic discharges are mainly distributed over the centrotemporal region, specific interference with language function might be suspected. Therefore, we conducted a standardized neuropsychological assessment in children with Rolandic epilepsy which covered all important aspects of language processing. We measured intelligence Quotient, verbal memory, auditory discrimination, vocabulary, grammar and literacy in 20 children with an active Rolandic focus. Information about performance at school was obtained from teachers by means of a questionnaire. Patients with Rolandic epilepsy failed five of the twelve standardized language tests significantly more often than the normative population and consequently showed impairment of the following functions: reading, spelling, auditory verbal learning, auditory discrimination with background noise and expressive grammar. Thirteen of the 20 children showed language dysfunction with difficulties in two or more of the twelve standardized language tests. In eight of these 13 children the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient was within average range, indicating a specific language deficit. Language dysfunction was closely associated with learning difficulties at school. This study documents a consistent pattern of language dysfunction in children with Rolandic epilepsy which suggests interictal dysfunction of perisylvian language areas.

Adolescent↗