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PubMed1990

Labyrinth learning impairment in patients with early symptoms of presenile dementia.

21 patients (54 +/- 7 years old) with early cognitive deficit (ECD) during the presenile stage of presumptive primary degenerative dementia (mild stage) and 14 patients (54 +/- 4 years old) with early cognitive deficit with a background of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were examined in a labyrinth learning test of Milner (modified by Roth). 15 patients in the ECD group made 3 times more errors to negative fields (p less than 0.01), about 10 times more errors to positive fields (p less than 0.01) and needed treble the amount of time for passing through the labyrinth (p less than 0.01) compared with a healthy control group (51 +/- 4 years). A further 6 patients of the ECD group had no success in performing the labyrinth test. The CVD group was not different from the control group in making errors, but slower (p less than 0.05). The labyrinth test is found suitable for a more precise diagnosis of early cognitive deficit in the early stage of a primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1997

The embryonic development of the human ethmoid labyrinth from 8-40 weeks.

The embryonic development of the human ethmoid labyrinth was studied in 24 fetal heads aged between 8 and 40 weeks of gestation under light microscopy. The uncinate process was identifiable at 8 weeks of gestation on the laterosuperior portion of the inferior turbinate; however, at this stage of development, the ethmoid bulla was not apparent. The ethmoid bulla developed on the lateral wall of the middle meatus by 12 weeks of gestation. By 14 weeks, the primordial ethmoid infundibulum and primordial maxillary sinus were seen developing between the uncinate process and the ethmoid bulla. It was obvious that the anterior and middle ethmoid cells developed from the ethmoid bulla. By 22 weeks of gestation, the first cell of the anterior ethmoid group was evident in the anterior-inferior portion of the ethmoid bulla. By 23 weeks of gestation, the first cell of the middle ethmoid group was visible in the superior portion of the ethmoid bulla. Pneumatization of the middle turbinate occurred as part of normal development of the ethmoid labyrinth. By 32 weeks of gestation, the ostium for the development of the middle turbinate cell was seen in the superior-interior portion of the middle turbinate. These observations provide new insight into the development of the ethmoid labyrinth and have important implications for the understanding of normal anatomy and developmental variants of the ethmoid labyrinth.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗
PubMed2005

High-resolution MRI of the labyrinth: optimization of scan parameters with 3D-FSE.

The aim of our study was to optimize the parameters of high-resolution MRI of the labyrinth with a 3D-FSE sequence. We investigated TR, TE, Matrix, FOV, and coil selection in terms of CNR (contrast-to-noise ratio) and SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) by comparing axial images and/or three-dimensional images. The optimal 3D-FSE sequence parameters were as follows: 1.5 Tesla MR unit (Signa LX, GE Medical Systems), 3D-FSE sequence, dual 3-inch surface coil, acquisition time=12.08 min., TR=5000 msec, TE=300 msec, 3 NEX, FOV=12 cm, matrix=256 x 256, slice thickness=0.5 mm/0.0 sp, echo train=64, bandwidth=+/-31.5 kHz. High-resolution MRI of the labyrinth using the optimized 3D-FSE sequence parameters permits visualization of important anatomic details (such as scala tympani and scala vestibuli), making it possible to determine inner ear anomalies and the patency of cochlear turns. To obtain excellent heavily T2-weighted axial and three-dimensional images in the labyrinth, high CNR, SNR, and spatial resolution are significant factors at the present time. Furthermore, it is important not only to optimize the scan parameters of 3D-FSE but also to select an appropriate coil for high-resolution MRI of the labyrinth.

Ear, Inner↗
PubMed2001

[Mathematic modeling of the shape and size of the ethmoidal labyrinth].

The present work was designed to study craniometric characteristics of ethmoidal labyrinths, facial and cerebral skeleton and to define mathematical correlation between the parameters of ethmoidal labyrinth and facial and cerebral skeleton. As a result average, minimal and maximal values of linear parameters and the parameters of the volume of ethmoidal labyrinths were calculated. Correlational, regressive and factor analyses of the craniometric characteristics studied were carried out. Significant regression equations for calculating width, height, length and volume of ethmoidal labyrinths for different types of cerebral skeleton were obtained.

Ethmoid Sinus↗
PubMed1976

EEG-studies on the phases of sleep and wakefulness after bilateral labyrinth destruction.

The dynamics of the state of wakefulness, slow and paradoxical sleep after labyrinth destruction was studied in chronic cats. The states were assessed according to the behaviour, EEG, myogram and eye movements. The labyrinth destruction was combined (chemical and mechanical). Bilateral labyrinth deafferentation results in a decrease in the duration of wakefulness from 30 to 17 per cent, p less than 0.001. At the same time paradoxical sleep increased from 4 to 8 per cent, p less than 0.001. This increase is due to both the greater average number of paradoxical sleep episodes and a higher average duration of the individual episode. The latency of the first appearance of a paradoxical sleep episode is considerably shortened after labyrinth destruction.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Lesions in the mesencephalic reticular formation change open field and thirst motivated labyrinth behaviour of rats.

Open field behaviour and thirst motivated running through two labyrinth variants were compared before and after bilateral symmetric lesions of the anterior part of the dorsolateral parabrachial nucleus (PBl) and in the anterior mesencephalic area cuneiformis (CU), both n = 9, on 4-month-old male Long-Evans rats. CU-rats were characterized by abolished visual placing responses, aphagia or hypophagia which was limited up to the 15th postoperative day, ambulatory hyperactivity, reduced climbing and grooming, but enhanced rearing. Their preoperatively learnt thirst motivated labyrinth passage remained unimpaired but their drinking behaviour was persistently changed. They interrupted drinking several times and regularly did not empty the cups. Thirst motivation was evidently reduced after CU-lesions. PBl-rats were ambulatory hypoactive and slowed with accelerated habituation, reduced climbing and changed incline-plane behaviour. A slight hypophagia was generally overcome after the 5th postoperative day. Labyrinth performance of PBl-rats was evidently changed with significantly slower runs and impaired differentiation of the second labyrinth type in which passage duration, errors and even duration of licking were enhanced. Water intake was less reduced than in CU-rats. Both nuclei include parts of the "mesencephalic locomotor region", but contribute differently to the regulation of spontaneous and goal-directed behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Tonic facilitatory influences of dorsal pontine reticular structures on the response gain of limb extensors to sinusoidal labyrinth and neck stimulations.

Experiments were performed to find out whether changes in resting discharge of the inhibitory reticulospinal (RS) neurons of the medulla, produced either by selective destruction or by cholinergic activation of a pontine tegmental reticular system, may modify the response gain of limb extensor muscles to given parameters of roll tilt of the animal or neck rotation. In precollicular decerebrate cats, an electrolytic lesion of the dorsal aspect of the pontine tegmentum, which slightly increased the tonic contraction of limb extensors, greatly decreased the amplitude of the multiunit EMG response of forelimb extensor muscles, i.e. of the medial head of the triceps brachii, to roll tilt of the animal and neck rotation (at 0.15 Hz, +/- 10 degrees), leading to selective stimulation of labyrinth or neck receptors. Correspondingly, the response gain of the forelimb extensors to labyrinth and neck stimulation decreased, but no change in the phase angle of the responses was observed. These findings did not depend on the increased postural activity, since they were still observed in the absence of any change in spontaneous EMG activity of the triceps brachii following the lesion. The changes in posture as well as in response gain of the forelimb extensors to labyrinth and neck stimulation produced by the pontine lesion appeared suddenly, and persisted for several hours throughout the survival period. Moreover, these changes involved mainly, but not exclusively, the limbs ipsilateral to the side of the lesion. Histological controls indicated that the structure responsible for the postural and reflex changes described above corresponded to the dorsal aspect of the pontine tegmentum located immediately ventral to the locus coeruleus (LC); this area corresponded to the peri-LC region as well as the surrounding pontine reticular formation (RF), including the dorsal aspect of the central tegmental field. This region closely corresponds to the area from which a tegmentoreticular tract, ending on the medullary inhibitory area, originates. It was previously shown that unilateral or bilateral lesion of the LC, which decreased the extensor tonus in the ipsilateral limbs, greatly enhanced the response gain of the triceps brachii to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth and neck receptors. These findings were attributed to suppression of an inhibitory influence that the LC exerts on the dorsal pontine reticular structures described above.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Cholinergic mechanism controlling the response gain of forelimb extensor muscles to sinusoidal stimulation of macular labyrinth and neck receptors.

The multiunit EMG activity of the triceps brachii was recorded in precollicular decerebrate cats during roll tilt of the animal or neck rotation at the frequencies of 0.026-0.15 Hz and at the peak amplitude of 10 degrees, leading to selective stimulation of labyrinth or neck receptors. The first harmonic component of the EMG responses to labyrinth stimulation was characterized by an increased activity during side-down tilt of the animal and a decreased activity during side-up tilt; however, just the opposite changes were elicited for the same directions of neck rotation. The peak of the responses was closely related to the extreme animal or neck displacement, thus being attributed to stimulation of position-sensitive macular labyrinth and receptors. Moreover, the modulation as well as the gain of the EMG responses were small in amplitude. Intravenous injections of an anticholinesterase at a dose which in some instances slightly decreased the extensor tonus as well as the background activity of the triceps brachii (eserine sulphate, 0.05-0.075 mg/kg), greatly enhanced the response gain of this extensor muscle to animal tilt or neck rotation at the parameters reported above. This finding was also observed in the absence of any decrease in spontaneous EMG activity of the extensor muscle after injection of the anticholinesterase. In no instance did the phase angle of the response change following these injections. The increased gain of the EMG response of the forelimb extensor muscle to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth and neck receptors was first observed 5-10 min after the injection and reached the highest value in about one hour. This effect, was not only time-dependent, but also state-dependent. In fact, the increase in response gain described above either did not occur or was negligible during the sudden recovery of the extensor rigidity which occurred either spontaneously or after somatosensory stimulations. The effects elicited by eserine sulphate were reversed within seconds by a 0.1-0.5 mg/kg dose of atropine sulphate, an anticholinergic drug. It is postulated that for the same labyrinthine or neck signal giving rise to excitatory vestibulospinal volleys acting on extensor motoneurons, the amplitude of the EMG modulation of limb extensor muscles depends on the activity of a cholinergic system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

High resolution Gd-DTPA MR imaging of the inner ear in 60 patients with idiopathic vestibular neuritis: no evidence for contrast enhancement of the labyrinth or vestibular nerve.

Sixty patients with acute idiopathic vestibular neuritis (confirmed by clinical examination and caloric irrigation) were evaluated in a prospective study by high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (hr-MRI) between days 3 and 30 after onset of symptoms. We used a 1.5 Tesla imager with an axial and coronal T1-weighted 2D-fast low angle shot-, T2-weighted turbo spin echo-, and an axial T2-weighted 3D-constructive interference in steady-state sequence for MRI. None of the patients' MRIs exhibited contrast enhancement of the labyrinth, vestibulocochlear nerve, or vestibular ganglion, even when high doses of gadolinium (0.2 mmol/kg) were used. In contrast, several previous studies demonstrated contrast enhancement of the vestibulocochlear nerve/labyrinth in herpes zoster oticus, labyrinthitis, and Cogan's syndrome or of the facial nerve in Bell's palsy. On the basis of our MRI findings, we speculate that idiopathic vestibular neuritis is neither a viral infection directly affecting the nerve (such as herpes zoster) nor a labyrinthitis. An autoimmunological disease of the labyrinth, which should involve only the anterior and horizontal semicircular canals, is also unlikely. A subacute reactivation of a latent viral infection--as discussed for Bell's palsy--is compatible with our MRI findings. The observed differences between contrast enhancement of the facial nerve in Bell's palsy and the vestibulocochlear nerve in vestibular neuritis may be due to their dissimilar anatomy: contrary to the vestibular nerve, the facial nerve has very prominent circumneural arteriovenous structures. Hyperemia within these vascular structures may cause the contrast enhancement seen in Bell's palsy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

Pathology of congenital syphilitic labyrinthitis.

An alarming increase in the incidence of syphilitic labyrinthitis has prompted us to review the pathology of this condition. The temporal bones of two patients with congenital syphilis of the ear were studied histopathologically. They showed diffuse osteitic changes in the otic capsule associated with severe hydrops and degeneration of the membranous labyrinth. The posterosuperior wall of the external auditory canal as well as the auditory ossicles showed numerous connective tissue filled spaces surrounded by thin bony trabeculae. These lesions probably represent healed luetic osteitis. There was severe degeneration of the sensorineural structures in the cochlea. A finding of particular interest was the infiltration and fibrous obliteration of the ductus endolymphaticus in both cases. The significance of these findings in relation to the pathophysiology and treatment of syphilitic labyrinthitis is emphasized.

Bone Resorption↗
PubMed1988

Ganciclovir prophylaxis for cochlear pathophysiology during experimental guinea pig cytomegalovirus labyrinthitis.

The effectiveness of the antiviral agent ganciclovir (9-[1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl]guanine) against guinea pig cytomegalovirus was tested in vitro in guinea pig embryonic fibroblasts and in vivo in an experimental guinea pig cytomegalovirus labyrinthitis model. In vitro, ganciclovir completely prevented guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection of guinea pig embryonic fibroblasts at concentrations above 32.6 micrograms/ml. In vivo, antibody-negative animals had an average 17-dB elevation in their auditory nerve compound action potential thresholds (P less than 0.01, t test) and showed signs bilaterally of guinea pig cytomegalovirus labyrinthitis 8 days after intrathecal inoculation of virus. Ganciclovir administration starting 1 day before inoculation prevented the development of both cochlear histopathologic change and hearing loss. Guinea pig cytomegalovirus meningitis was observed in both the drug-treated and untreated groups. High-pressure liquid chromatography confirmed the presence of ganciclovir in the serum, perilymph, and cerebrospinal fluid of the drug recipients. Prophylactic ganciclovir thus can protect the cochlea from the histopathologic changes and hearing loss normally associated with experimental guinea pig cytomegalovirus labyrinthitis.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1985

Central compensation of vestibular deficits. III. Response characteristics of lateral vestibular neurons to roll tilt after contralateral labyrinth deafferentation.

The responses of lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) neurons to stimulation of macular labyrinth receptors have been investigated in precollicular decerebrate cats after contralateral acute vestibular neurectomy (aVN). On the whole, 78 LVN neurons were tested during slow sinusoidal tilt of the animal at the standard parameters (0.026 Hz, 10 degrees peak displacement). The neurons were located in both the rostroventral (rvLVN) and the dorsocaudal parts (dcLVN) of Deiters' nucleus, which project mainly to the cervical and the lumbosacral cord, respectively. After contralateral aVN, the proportions of responsive units in rvLVN and dcLVN (100% and 75.4%, respectively) were similar to those obtained in control experiments with intact labyrinths. However, the mean discharge rate of the responsive units slightly decreased with respect to the value obtained in control experiments, the decrease being more prominent within the rvLVN. The average sensitivity (and to a lesser extent the gain) of responses of rvLVN neurons to the labyrinth input was almost twice that of the dcLVN units in preparations with the vestibular nerves intact; these regional differences disappeared after contralateral aVN, particularly due to a decrease in gain and sensitivity of responses in the rvLVN. The proportion of LVN neurons that were maximally excited by animal position increased from 74.0% in the control experiments to 82.8%. However, while in control experiments the proportion of units excited during side-down tilt was twice as high as that of the units excited by side-up tilt, the opposite occurred after contralateral aVN; this finding affected particularly the dcLVN. In addition the average phase lead of responses relative to the extreme animal displacements slightly decreased from +12.3 degrees in control experiments to +9.4 degrees. Among the LVN neurons recorded after contralateral aVN, 35 were antidromically activated by stimulating the spinal cord at T12 L1, while 43 units were not activated. The relation found in control experiments, i.e., that the faster the conduction velocity of vestibulospinal axon the lower was the unit discharge at rest, was lost after contralateral aVN, due to a decrease in resting discharge rate of the slow neurons. This finding, coupled with the observation that slow and fast units did not show any difference in their response gain to tilt, explains why the positive correlation between axonal conduction velocity and response sensitivity occurring in control experiments was lost after contralateral aVN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

3D MRI of the membranous labyrinth. An age related comparison of MR findings in patients with labyrinthine fibrosis and in persons without inner ear symptoms.

PURPOSE: We compared MRI of the membranous labyrinth in patients with chronic non-neoplastic inner ear disease and MR signs of labyrinthine fibrosis and controls depending on their age, in order to establish whether there were any MR differences regarding patient age groups, control age groups and between the patients and controls themselves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical ENT examinations as well as a T2* weighted 3D CISS (Constructive Interference in Steady State) sequence with a slice thickness of 0.7 mm were performed. Our collective was subdivided as follows: 0-19 years (10 controls, 3 patients with chronic non-neoplastic inner ear disease), 20-49 years (55 controls, 8 patients), 50 years and older (40 controls, 22 patients). Detectability of labyrinthine structures (e.g. cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals) and filling defects were evaluated. RESULTS: In the 3 age-groups of the control collective no significant differences were observed in the membranous labyrinth. However differences concerning labyrinthine detectability emerged between controls and patients in both the 20-49 years and 50 years and older age groups. In the patient collective the 3 age groups showed no significant discrepancy in the mean number of lesions. CONCLUSION: Filling defects of the membranous labyrinth on 3D CISS MR images are pathological even in older persons. We would therefore recommend high resolution T2* weighted MRI in the case of suspected labyrinthine fibrosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Ganglion cell populations in labyrinthitis ossificans.

Ossification of the perilymphatic spaces of the inner ear is frequently found in patients with profound deafness who may be candidates for cochlear implantation. The ossification may be a hindrance in electrode insertion and has previously been considered a relative contraindication to implantation. The quantity of peripheral auditory elements remaining in a series of patients with labyrinthitis ossificans has not been reviewed. We performed a histopathologic study of 16 temporal bones with partial cochlear ossification of multiple etiologies. The organ of Corti and spiral ganglion were graphically reconstructed. The degree of obstruction was estimated for each millimeter of the scala tympani and scala vestibuli. A quantitative evaluation of the sensorineural elements of the inner ear (spiral ganglion cells, inner and outer hair cells, and peripheral auditory axons) was performed. The results were compared with 16 control patients with normal hearing and no evidence of cochlear ossification. Our results show that the greatest amount of damage is found in the organ of Corti with preservation of a significant number of spiral ganglion cells in most cases. A wide range of ganglion cells (6,310 to 28,196) was found in patients with labyrinthitis ossificans with the mean number of ganglion cells being 17,152. A profound sensorineural hearing loss was noted in all patients except one. Meningogenic labyrinthitis and otosclerosis were associated with the greatest loss of ganglion cells. The location of ossification could be correlated with the region showing loss of the organ of Corti. In the majority of patients, the location of ossification and fibrosis could not be correlated with the region of the spiral ganglion showing loss of ganglion cells. The implications of these findings for cochlear implantation is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Bacterial tympanogenic labyrinthitis, meningitis, and sensorineural damage.

Pathologic changes (sensorineural hearing loss, labyrinthitis, meningitis) can follow otitis media. Various macromolecular substances demonstrably enter the inner ear via the round window membrane, but its permeability to bacteria is less known. We inoculated Streptococcus pneumoniae type 7F bilaterally into the middle ears of two groups of chinchillas, with and without grafted round window membranes. Inner ears of inoculated animals were observed by light and electron microscopy. None with continuous grafts had labyrinthitis. Bacteria penetrated all three layers of nongrafted round window membranes and into all cochlear turns, entering Schuknecht's channels and following neuronal pathways; nerves were often degenerated, hair cells were damaged or missing, and the stria vascularis was edematous and hemorrhagic. The neural damage suggests a mechanism for the hearing loss that can follow otitis media. Absence of labyrinthitis and meningitis in grafted animals suggests a tympanogenic pathway for the bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Acute Streptococcus pneumoniae meningogenic labyrinthitis. An experimental guinea pig model and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To create an experimental model of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 meningogenic labyrinthitis (a leading cause of deafness) similar to that in human disease. DESIGN: Cohort analytic study of guinea pigs that were inoculated intrathecally with varying dilutions of S pneumoniae type 3; the progress of the disease was compared with that in saline solution-inoculated control animals. SUBJECTS: Healthy adult Hartley guinea pigs without clinical evidence of middle ear disease that were conveniently sampled. INTERVENTIONS: Intrathecal inoculation of 10(4) to 10(6) colony-forming units of S pneumoniae type 3 into 13 guinea pigs; signs and symptoms of meningitis/labyrinthitis were observed for 15 days and compared with those in two saline solution-inoculated control animals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morbidity--labyrinthitis, meningitis; end point--death. RESULTS: The 10(4) to 10(6) colony-forming units of S pneumoniae type 3 caused inflammation that extended from the meninges to the inner ear via the cochlear aqueduct within 3 days after inoculation; a dose of 10(7) killed animals within 12 hours after inoculation. Three of five animals that were inoculated with a 10(6) dose died 3 days after inoculation; two of three animals that were inoculated with a 10(5) dose lived to 15 days after inoculation. One of two animals that were inoculated with a 10(4) dose did not become infected. Inflammation extended to the middle ear by round-window destruction. Reactive bone formation simulated labyrinthine osteosclerosis. Observers assessed histologic slides "blindly." CONCLUSION: Guinea pigs can survive 15 days after intrathecal inoculation of a 10(5) dose, with morphologic features similar to those in human disease. This is an effective model for this study of meningogenic labyrinthitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

TNFalpha blockers do not improve the hearing recovery obtained with glucocorticoid therapy in an autoimmune experimental labyrinthitis.

The effectiveness of etanercept [tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) blocker] and corticoids in treating immuno-mediated inner ear disease (IMIED) was compared in an animal model of autoimmune labyrinthitis. IMIED is one of the few forms of sensorineural hearing loss that is reversible with proper medical treatment. While the effectiveness and usefulness of immunomodulating agents (corticosteroids) in treating IMIED have been demonstrated, TNFalpha antagonists, which inhibit granuloma formation in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, have been considered as an alternative therapy. The efficacy of etanercept (anti-TNFalpha) was evaluated in a guinea pig model of experimental autoimmune labyrinthitis in which 25 guinea pigs were divided in a control group, which was used to document the rise in hearing thresholds following immunisation, and two experimental groups, which were treated with steroids (6-methylprednisolone) and anti-TNFalpha (etanercept), respectively, after the immunisation. Comparison of the auditory thresholds obtained by means of auditory brainstem response (ABR) revealed that the auditory thresholds of the two experimental groups were not statistically different (6-methylprednisolone: 41.5 dB, SD: 8.51; etanercept: 37.5 dB, SD: 7.91) and that both compared favourably with that of the control group (60 dB, SD: 7.91) at p=0.001. We therefore conclude that etanercept is as effective as glucocorticoids in an animal model of autoimmune labyrinthitis; however, the potential adverse effects and high price of the former advise against its use as an initial therapy for IMIED.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative experimental viral labyrinthitis.

Because of difficulties in studying acute deafness and vertigo in humans, animal models of viral labyrinthitis have played an important role in increasing our understanding of how viruses damage the inner ear. Investigators have been able to correlate viral labyrinthine infection to histopathologic changes and electrophysiologic consequences in experimental animals. Experimental viral labyrinthitis studies have convincingly demonstrated the selective vulnerability of inner ear cell types to different viruses. These findings are relatively consistent across animal species for many viruses. By understanding the pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis in an animal model, we may learn how better to prevent or treat virus-induced deafness and vertigo in humans.

Animals↗