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PubMed1995

Economic integration and labor flows: stage migration in farm labor markets in Mexico and the United States.

"This article examines the probable effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on migration from Mexico to the United States, disputing the view that expansion of jobs in Mexico could rapidly reduce undocumented migration. To the extent that NAFTA causes Mexican export agriculture to expand, migration to the United States will increase rather than decrease in the short run. Data collected in both California and the Mexican State of Baja California show that indigenous migrants from southern Mexico typically first undertake internal migration, which lowers the costs and risks of U.S. migration. Two features of employment in export agriculture were found to be specially significant in lowering the costs of U.S. migration: first, working in export agriculture exposes migrants to more diverse social networks and information about U.S. migration; second, agro-export employment in northern Mexico provides stable employment, albeit low-wage employment, for some members of the family close to the border (especially women and children) while allowing other members of the family to assume the risks of U.S. migration."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1993

[Economic consequences of migration for the domestic labor market].

"The purpose of this study was an evaluation of the labor market consequences of immigration. The European countries had substantial experiences with labor migration in recent years. The various theoretical channels how natives might be affected by foreign labor are discussed, especially the issue whether natives and foreigners are complements or substitutes. Most empirical studies for the U.S. confirm that the employment and wage processes of natives are hardly affected. However, recent investigations for Germany qualify these findings." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Americas↗
PubMed1989

Subsidy policies with capital accumulation: maintaining employment levels.

The authors study a dual economy model of growth and unemployment in the presence of Harris-Todaro type labor migration. The model is a discrete time model of economic growth with a given population but endogenous migration of labor. The economy tries to reach development in the quickest possible time while not allowing unemployment to rise above a socially acceptable level. The authors also characterize situations under which maximizing the accumulation of capital in each period is optimal and study how particular taxes and subsidies affect unemployment and capital accumulation. Finally, they show that a higher initial capital stock does not necessarily mean a quicker attainment of self- sustained full employment.

Commerce↗
PubMed1992

International manpower flows in Asia: an overview.

The authors review international labor migration flows in Asia. "We will begin with an overview and comparison of the economic and demographic features of the countries of the Asian region. Following this review, we will assemble what information is available on manpower flows from/to the countries of the region. In the context of this review, we will draw attention to country-specific variables we believe explain much of this type of migration."

Asia↗
PubMed1993

Implications of AFTA on Philippine labor export.

"After summarizing the major features of the ASEAN labor market and patterns of labor migration in Asia, the article describes the origins and current status of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and its main mechanism, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) Scheme." Possible trends in the migration of skilled and professional Philippine workers throughout the Asia-Pacific region are discussed.

Asia↗
PubMed1992

Methods for assessing the impact of temporary labour emigration.

The author analyzes temporary labor migration and its impact on economic development in developing countries. "The paper presents four methods...namely partial sectoral analysis by regression computations, cost-benefit analysis, social accounting matrices, and computable general equilibrium models. It considers their respective advantages for different ends, questions, and policy goals, and explains their data requirements." A comment by Mohammad Afzal is included (pp. 1,237-9).

Demography↗
PubMed1992

[Labor force mobility in an area of periphery: three cases from the Caribbean].

"This article deals tentatively with the issue of [labor] migration within an area of the periphery, the Caribbean. Over approximately the last century migration within this area has coexisted with emigration towards North America and the former 'mother countries' in Europe. The focus is on three specific cases: Aruba in the Dutch Antilles, Suriname (former Dutch Guyana) and the island of Hispaniola ([Dominican Republic] and Haiti). These three cases bear evidence to a number of developments in legal and illegal migration today." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Migradollars and development: a reconsideration of the Mexican case.

"Economic arguments, quantitative data, and ethnographic case studies are presented to counter popular misconceptions about international labor migration and its economic consequences in Mexico. The prevailing view is that Mexico-U.S. migration discourages autonomous economic growth within Mexico, at both the local and national levels, and that it promotes economic dependency. However, results estimated from a multiplier model suggest that the inflow of migradollars stimulates economic activity, both directly and indirectly, and that it leads to significantly higher levels of employment, investment, and income within specific communities and the nation as a whole. The annual arrival of around $2 billion migradollars generates economic activity that accounts for 10 percent of Mexico's output and 3 percent of its Gross Domestic Product."

Americas↗
PubMed1995

[Eighty years of Japanese immigration in Brazil].

"Japanese emigration to Brazil started in 1908 with some eight hundred subsidized contract workers for coffee plantations. Hard conditions made many of them flee, and the paulista government suppressed subsidies for these projects; however, the Japanese emigration to Brazil kept on under Japanese subsidies from 1925 until 1934 when Brazil imposed immigration quotas unfavorable to Japanese immigration. International circumstances in the late 1930s and local prohibition on the use of the Japanese language in Brazil caused many immigrants to return to Japan between 1939-1941. Emigration to Brazil restarted as diplomatic relations between Japan and Brazil were reestablished in 1952 but decreased in the late 1960s. Subsequent economic evolution in both countries caused Japanese emigrants in Brazil and their [descendants] to initiate dekasegui [labor] migration from Brazil to Japan as from the late 1980s." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1995

[Immigration and labor: Australia and Canada compared].

"Australia and Canada share...a common colonial history and many similarities in geography, economy, demography, etc., as well as a substantial anti-non anglo-celtic immigrant tradition, in spite of their being immigration countries. Those similarities and differences are analyzed here, as far as labor migration and relationships between immigrant and local labor are concerned. The arrival of European labor first, Asian later, was perceived similarly by both Australia and Canada, combining racial prejudice and unions' hostility towards contract labor migration as well as towards assisted migration. The evolution of those difficult relations through the 19th and 20th centuries is analyzed here." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1997

Social networks and the asylum cycle: the case of Iranians in the Netherlands.

"This paper examines the traditional distinction between the migration of refugees and labor migrants in the context of Iranian asylum seekers in the Netherlands. The empirical strategy adopted is to apply a framework designed specifically to explain labor migration to the case of asylum migration, and the social networks approach is identified as the most appropriate. This paper examines the role of social networks through the asylum cycle, focusing on the decision to migrate, the choice of destination, and adaptation in the host society. The key conclusion is that the validity of the distinction between refugee and labor migration varies through the asylum cycle even for the same individual."

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

Issues in research on women, international migration and labor.

"This paper discusses several themes that are useful in organizing research on women, migration, and work, and consists of four parts. It begins with a review of types of migration systems and highlights the importance of specifying migration systems when examining women migrants and work. The main theoretical approaches in migration and labor are discussed in the second part of the paper. This is followed by a section on several dimensions critical for research on women migrants. In particular, it shows that the effects of gender, race and ethnicity, social class, cohort, and history should be explicitly considered because the migration and labor market experiences of women migrants profoundly differ from that of men. The paper concludes with a discussion of some research and policy implications."

Culture↗
PubMed2000

Emigration and development: the case of a Bangladeshi village.

This article examines the developmental consequences of international labor migration in a Bangladeshi village. The data are from the Hoglakandi, a village 30 km southeast of Dhaka, capital of Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire with both open-ended and closed category questions was used among 50 Singapore returnees, supplemented with additional in-depth interviews. International labor migration has often been seen by many sending countries as a short cut development because of its role in unemployment relief, balance of payments relief, and capital formation of national level. The study argues that the causes and effects of emigration can better be understood only when the process is placed within its local context, since what may prove to be advantageous at the national level may prove to be detrimental to a household or community or vice-versa. It demonstrates how the contribution of labor migration is merely the transformation of labor into a structural component of the international political economy. The Hoglakandi experience reveals that labor migration does not fuel the local economy from an external pipeline of remittances and skill acquisition, rather it drains local resources that retard the development.

Asia↗
PubMed1992

Clandestine migrant workers in Japan.

The author assesses the problem of illegal labor migration to Japan. "Labor policies, regulations, types of immigration violations, and the role of the recruitment industry are described. Most of the estimated 200,000 illegal workers are employed in small and medium sized enterprises, especially construction and manufacturing, which pay them wages well below the normal rate. A key issue is the infringement of human rights of these illegal workers, who lack the protection of labor laws and the social security system."

Asia↗
PubMed1989

Migration and development: myths and reality.

Recent research on the impact of labor migration on the socioeconomic development of developing countries has provided opportunity to try and resolve some of the long-standing polemics that have pervaded the literature on migration and development. This article focuses on findings concerning the labor, remittance, and social impacts of emigration on countries that have participated in labor emigration. While a great deal more research needs to be done, recent findings confirm that in some situations the sort-term impacts of labor migration on sending countries have been considerable.

Demography↗